冻土钻孔内温度分布的相关参数研究

介绍了冻土钻孔内温度分布研究的理论基础,其中主要讨论了冲洗介质的质量流量、钻杆杆壁的导热系数、岩石同冲洗介质的热交换强度系数与不稳定热交换系数,以及孔底冲洗介质温度升高值的确定.结合实例分析了边界条件常数、钻杆导热系数与钻杆内和环状间隙中的传热系数对孔内温度分布的影响.孔底温度的上升主要与冲洗介质的质量流量、其初始温度及热容量、孔底碎岩消耗的功率以及钻头结构与物性有关.     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

考虑主应力轴旋转的基坑开挖应力路径研究

首先对应力路径的概念进行丰富和扩展,提出考虑主应力轴旋转的三维应力路径,然后采用数值方法,对基坑开挖过程中的应力路径进行了深入分析,研究了基坑内外各种应力路径及其规律,结果表明：开挖过程中无论横向还是竖向,应力路径都表现出卸荷特性,且坑内卸荷量大于坑外卸荷量,使得坑内应力变化及主应力轴旋转较坑外大;随着离基坑中心距离的增大,坑内应力变化减小,主应力轴旋转趋缓;开挖过程对坑外应力变化及主应力轴旋转的影响随离围护墙距离的增大而减小。坑内应力路径总体表现为平均压应力p减小,广义剪应力q减小,主应力轴偏转角? 增大;坑外应力路径总体表现为p减小,q增大,? 增大。最后归纳出基坑开挖过程中坑内与坑外的典型应力路径,以指导基坑工程实践设计分析和室内试验模拟。     

基于离心试验的反倾层状岩质边坡内非贯通性裂缝变形特性分析

坡体内不同部位结构面间岩桥断裂扩展导致了反倾层状岩坡的破坏。为研究坡体内非贯通性裂缝断裂扩展对坡体演化的控制作用,以苗尾水电站右坝肩倾倒变形体为地质原型,开展含多组非贯通性裂缝的反倾层状岩质边坡离心模型试验,分析反倾层状岩质边坡内非贯通性裂缝变形特性。结果表明：（1）坡体内含非贯通性裂缝的岩层断裂最终呈现为裂缝间岩桥贯通、缓倾裂缝与上岩层贯通、陡倾裂缝与下岩层贯通、陡倾裂缝与缓倾裂缝端口处贯通及非裂缝处岩层发生断裂等5类裂缝断裂模式,并以裂缝间岩桥贯通为主要断裂模式;（2）基于断裂力学并结合裂缝断裂叠加原理,主折断面处岩层的不稳定系数在坡高1/3处最小,并向坡脚和坡顶两侧逐渐变大,而应力强度因子由坡高1/3处向坡脚和坡顶处逐渐变小;（3）裂缝的断裂扩展控制着坡体演化,并受裂纹率及裂缝周围的尖端应力场影响较大。在坡体演化初期,以坡体后缘压缩沉降和局部岩层裂缝压剪破坏为主,岩层倾角发生较大变化,呈现由坡体上部往下逐级变大的趋势;演化中期,坡体后缘裂缝扩展形成主折断面,坡体中上部岩层角度变化较大,裂缝断裂数目的继续增加;演化末期,裂缝断裂数目保持平稳,主要以断裂岩层的位置重分布为主要变形特征...     

湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性研究

用非线性科学和复杂性理论对湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性进行系统、深入的研究 ,以成矿作用与时空结构是一切矿产资源的本质与核心的自然哲学理念为根本立足点 ,从一种新的视角 ,就矿床的动力学属性、矿床的物质成分与结构、矿床的地质学场和成矿系统的演化四大相互联系的范畴 ,对矿产资源进行再认识 ,提出了矿床的新定义 ,并较深刻地揭示了矿床的动力学属性、成矿物质高度多样化和复杂性及其超常规模集成、矿田成矿分带的内部结构、矿床地质学场的时空分形结构、成矿系统时间演化的长期性和成矿过程的多期多阶段性以及成矿作用的发生和矿床形成的分形生长机制等方面的复杂性与动力学本质。项目成果将矿床学的研究提高到非线性科学和复杂性理论的层次 ,提供了如何应用这种理论和方法对矿床的成矿复杂性进行研究的实例 ,也是第一作者所提出的关于成矿系统复杂性的新成矿理论与方法论“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”的具体化及其进一步深化。沿着这一研究方向的不断开拓将可使传统矿床学向精确科学跨越。     

关家川沟泥石流流体性质研究

泥石流流体性质不仅决定了泥石流的类型,而且是研究泥石流动力学特征、泥石流治理、泥石流危险性评价等方面的基础。通过分析泥石流堆积物颗粒粒度特征和一系列的定量指标可以分析泥石流流体性质。由于后期洪水作用下泥石流堆积物颗粒粒度特征发生了变化,再加上颗粒粒度分析中取样等因素影响使泥石流堆积物颗粒粒度分析结果难以反映泥石流流体性质。因此,泥石流流体性质不能仅仅依据泥石流堆积物颗粒粒度特征来确定,而应采用综合分析研究方法来确定泥石流流体性质。本文以关家川沟为例,采用堆积物颗粒粒度分析与相关定量指标相结合的方法,综合分析研究了关家川沟泥石流流体的性质。该分析研究方法对研究泥石流流体性质具有实际的工程意义。     

上扬子地区晚三叠世层序地层格架：扬子地台消亡与上扬子前陆盆地形成的地层学效应

发生在中、晚三叠世之交的印支运动,在中国南方表现为以下构造事件:1秦岭-大别造山带的形成与隆升,记录了华北板块与华南板块的对接碰撞;2中国南方东南部1300km宽的陆内造山带的强烈作用,以及由此造成的前陆褶皱逆冲带的北西向迁移。在上述构造事件的结果,结束了扬子地台自埃迪卡拉纪以来以作为一个稳定的古地理单元而且大多数时间发育浅水碳酸盐岩的沉积历史。在扬子地台消亡之后形成一个特别的上扬子前陆盆地(或四川前陆盆地),其中堆积了以河流沉积为特征的须家河组及其相关地层。以河流沉积为特征的须家河组及其相关地层,在川西地区覆盖在马鞍塘组台地碳酸盐岩和小塘子组陆棚至滨岸相砂页岩地层之上,向东、向南逐渐超覆尖灭,从而形成了一个特殊的上三叠统层序地层格架,这个特殊的层序地层格架记录了扬子地台的消亡和上扬子前陆盆地的形成和发育过程。就像黔西南地区在中三叠世台地边缘再生的晚三叠世前陆盆地以及该盆地中填充的特别的上三叠统一样,上扬子前陆盆地上三叠统层序地层格架,尤其是河流沉积为特征的须家河组特别的沉积趋势(从相对集中发育煤层的高可容纳空间低能河流沉积、演变到河道砂岩聚合作用为特征的低可容纳空间高能河流沉积的序列,所组成的沉积层序)所组成的冲积构架,以及逐渐从西向东、从北向南的逐渐超覆尖灭的空间分布,不但是了解扬子地台消亡和上扬子前陆盆地形成的重要物质记录,而且代表了前陆盆地充填序列中一种较为特别的河流相层序地层序列。     

Thermal and mechanical evolution of the Michigan Basin

We examine the formation of the Michigan Basin in terms of elastic flexure of the lithosphere. The shape of the flexure accurately determines the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere and the lateral extent of the load responsible for the flexure. The amplitude of differential subsidence then gives the magnitude of the load. Gravity anomalies in the southern peninsula of Michigan further restrain the dimensions of the load. We propose a model for the formation of the Michigan Basin involving mantle diapirs. We suggest that the first stage in its evolution was diapiric penetration of the lithosphere by hot asthenospheric mantle rock to the vicinity of the Moho. The heating of the lower crust by these hot rocks caused the transformation of lower crust, meta-stable gabbroic rocks to eclogite. Initially the lighter mantle rocks nearly balanced the heavier eclogite. As the mantle rocks cooled by conduction, the basin subsided under the load of the eclogite. The thermal contraction mechanism is supported by evidence that the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere increases with time. This is the effect of thickening of the elastic lithosphere as cooling progresses.     

断裂输导向遮挡油气转换时期厘定方法及其应用

为了研究含油气盆地下生上储式受断裂控制油气分布规律,在断裂输导向遮挡油气转换时期及其与油气运聚成藏之间关系研究的基础上,通过确定断裂在盖层内填充物排替压力随时间变化关系和盖层之下储层岩石排替压力随时间变化关系,取二者相等时所对应时期,建立了一套断裂输导向遮挡油气转换时期的厘定方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷老爷庙构...     

Long-period variations of pulsar emission and the dynamical ellipticity of neutron stars

Assuming that the observed periodic variations of pulsar emission are due to the free precession of the spin axis, we investigate the evolution of the rotation of a two-layer neutron star using the Hamiltonian method of Getino. We model the dynamical characteristics of a rotating neutron star using the observed variations of the emission of seven pulsars. We estimate the dependence of the period of the Chandler wobble, the period of precession of the spin axis, and the dynamical ellipticity of a neutron star on the model used to describe the super-dense neutron matter and the mass of the star.     

三维矿床地质模型的不确定性

三维矿床地质模型的不确定性对矿山生产决策有着重要影响,正确地对矿床地质模型进行不确定性分析可以对其本身和在其基础上所做的决策作出科学评价。矿床地质模型的不确定性主要来自于建模数据和插值方法的不确定性。通过对建模数据的产生、处理过程的分析,利用处理不确定性问题的理论和方法建立建模数据的不确定性模型。通过对建模方法产生的理论误差和实测误差进行量化,实现对建模方法不确定性的定量描述。将建模数据的不确定性和建模方法的不确定性进行叠置分析,建立矿床模型的不确定性模型。以内蒙古自治区某煤矿的地质资料为例,通过不确定性分析,建立了该矿的不确定性三维矿床地质模型。      

挡土墙主动土压力分布与侧压力系数

采用库仑土压力理论的假设：挡土墙土压力是由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生,在该滑动楔体上沿竖向取水平薄层作为微分单元体,通过作用在单元体上的水平力、竖向力和力矩平衡条件,建立挡土墙上土压力强度的一阶微分方程式,给出了土侧压力系数、土压力强度、土压力合力和土压力合力作用点高度的理论公式,并分析了填土内摩擦角和墙背摩擦角对土侧压力系数、土压力强度、土压力合力、土压力合力作用点和墙底抗倾稳定性的影响。     

堆积层滑坡水动力位移耦合预测参数及其评价方法研究

在系统分析滑坡的物质组成和失稳动因的基础上,分析和研究了地下水在滑坡稳定性演化过程中的卸载与加载动力作用及其位移响应规律和特点。从非线性系统动力学角度,提出了运用地下水卸加载动力与位移响应耦合预测参数来评价边坡稳定性演化规律与失稳特征,即以地下水位变化量作为堆积层滑坡的卸加载动力参数,以相应的位移作为其卸加载响应参数,建立和确定了地下水卸加载动力与位移响应比预测参数与评价模型。同时,运用损伤力学基本原理,建立了其卸加载响应比与坡体损伤变量和稳定性系数的定量关系以及失稳判据。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡分析为例,运用地下水动力与位移耦合预测模型对其稳定性进行了分析与评价,发现地下水动力位移耦合预测参数变化与边坡稳定性实际动态演化规律基本吻合。研究成果表明,所确定的参数是水诱发型堆积层滑坡的一种有效位移动力评价参数,可运用该参数对该类滑坡的动态稳定性进行实时监测预警与评价。     

Physical properties of rocks in the zone of transition from the Asian continent to the Pacific Ocean

Velocity-density relationships in the south of Sakhalin, Primor'ye, Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the south of the Greater Kuril island arc are based on Neogene - lower Paleozoic rock samples from the part of the crust accessible to drilling. The calculated densities differ in regions with a different type of development of the crust. A comparison of the possible nature of the stresses in the crust of such regions during post-Cretaceous time suggests a similiar pattern of evolution of the crust of Japan and the south of the Kuril arc. The increased densities in the lower part of the crust in Sakhalin and Japan could evidently serve as a source of energy for the completion of future folding of this region.

The disproportion of changes in the velocities of the P and S waves with change in pressure on the rock samples suggest the possibility of discriminating the predominant directions (horizontal or vertical) of past tectonic stresses. A study of the changes in velocities of the P and S waves in the tectonically weakened regions of the crust may provide information on the present stress state of the earth. —Author.     

The Andes as a peripheral orogen of the breaking-up Pangea

Formation conditions of the peripheral orogen are expressed most fully in the Central Andes, a mountain system almost not yielding in height to the Himalayan-Tibetan system but formed at the margin of ocean without any relations to intercontinental collision. The marine transgression and rejuvenation of subduction in the Early Jurassic during the origination of foldbelt at the margin of Pangea marked the transition to a new supercontinental cycle, and the overall further evolution began and continues now in the frame of the first half of this cycle. The marginal position of this belt above the subduction zone, the rate and orientation of convergence of the lithospheric plates, the age of “absolute” movement of the continental plate, variation in slab velocity, and subduction of heterogeneities of the oceanic crust were the crucial factors that controlled the evolution of the marginal foldbelt. At the stage of initial subsidence (Jurassic-Mid-Cretaceous), during extension of the crust having a moderate thickness (30–35 km), the Andean continental margin comprises the full structural elements of an ensialic island arc that resembled the present-day Sunda system. These conditions changed with the separation and onset of the western drift of the South American continent. Being anchored in the mantle and relatively young, the slab of the Andean subduction zone served as a stop that brought about compression that controlled the subsequent evolution. Due to the contribution of deep magma sources along with marine sediments and products of tectonic erosion removed to a depth, the growth of crust above the subduction zone was favorable for heating of the crust. By the middle Eocene, when compression enhanced owing to the acceleration of subduction, the thermal evolution of the crust had already prepared the transition to the orogenic stage of evolution, i.e., to the progressive viscoplastic shortening and swelling of the mechanically weakened lower crust and the concomitant reverse faulting and thrusting of the upper crust. The general compression of the Central Andes by more than 250 km relative to the stop created by the oceanic slab accommodated up to 40% of the western continental drift over this time and increased the thickness of the crust up to 65–75 km. It is suggested that the onset of fast uplift and growth of the mountain edifice 12–10 Ma ago was predetermined by the approach of the submarine Juan Fernandez Ridge in the south and the Nazca Ridge in the north toward the continental margin and their involvement in subduction. As a result, the Central Andes were transformed into a region of advanced shortening and vigorous orogeny.     

水库汛限水位调整与运用

基于对水库汛限水位主要影响因素的系统分析,从洪水资源安全利用的角度出发,阐明了水库汛限水位调整综合分析论证所应遵循的原则,提出了风险设计分析论证的框架、定量分析方法和汛限水位合理调整的论证。最后以海河流域潘家口水库为分析实例,从设计洪水、预报预泄、洪水预报调度方式、上下游防洪设计标准、上游移民淹没及土地退赔线、水库长期运行的风险和效益等多个方面分析论证了水库汛限水位的合理调整方案。     

磨盘山水库坝基渗透稳定研究

磨盘山水库兴建遇到的主要地质问题是坝基渗漏及渗透稳定问题,将影响水库工程效益的发挥和大坝的安全运行,需采取适当的渗控工程措施。通过对坝基土颗粒组成及结构的分析,判别可能发生渗透破坏的类型,确定抗渗比降和允许比降。应用Visual MODFLOW进行水库坝区渗流场的三维渗流数值模拟分析,通过对18种渗控计算方案渗流场、渗流要素及防渗效果的统计分析,依据坝基土的允许比降,在安全、经济、合理原则的基础上,确定哈尔滨市磨盘山水库坝基渗控设计首选方案为：左岸防渗长度200 m、帷幕灌浆标准5 Lu。     

察尔汗盐湖的河流改道、湖泊迁移与钾盐富集

目前察尔汗盐湖正处在干盐湖早期阶段,即干盐滩与卤水湖并存的阶段。在它的周缘分布有10个大小不一的湖泊,除了东陵湖以外,各湖均依靠内陆河的补给来维持其生命,各湖的大小与汇水河的流量基本成正比。由于察尔汗的内陆河经常改变自己的河道,从而造成了湖泊的迁移,也使钾发生了富集。本文通过对比50年代和80年代,察尔汗地区的河湖分布情况,结合古湖、古河道和达布逊湖、达东古湖水化学的研究,证明河湖迁移的情况,并阐明与河湖迁移有关的钾盐富集机理。     

Realization of the oil-generation potential in the estimated source rocks of the sedimentary basin in the shelf of northeastern Sakhalin: Numerical simulation

The numerical simulation of the subsidence history and heat flux of sedimentary rocks in the northeastern part of the Sakhalin shelf was applied to evaluate the variation in the level of catagenesis of organic matter and the realization of the hydrocarbon potential in the course of subsidence of major sedimentary formations in the Sakhalin 5 Kaigan-Vasyukan area. Our simulations demonstrate that, according to the parameters of OM maturity and the realization of the HC potential, the oil-generating source rocks in the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin could be those of the upper part of the Upper Cretaceous complex, Eocene, Machigan, and the lower part of the Uininskii complexes, whereas the rocks of the upper part of the Uininskii, Dagin, Okobykai, Lower and Upper Nutov complexes can be interesting only as those possibly hosting traps for oil and gas generated in underlying rocks. The broadest time span of the generation of liquid hydrocarbons was typical of the rocks of the Upper Cretaceous complex, while the Eocene and younger rocks generated hydrocarbons mostly in the Pliocene-Pleistocene.     

南海西南次海盆扩张期热液循环与洋壳增生的数值模拟

洋壳厚度受多方面因素的影响，前人大多关注地幔温度、地幔源成分等岩石圈深部因素，很少关注岩石圈浅层的热液循环对洋壳厚度的影响。利用基于有限元的数值模拟手段，对扩张期不同背景(洋中脊、拆离断层)、不同扩张速率的热液循环与洋壳增生的关系进行研究。结果表明：洋壳增生达到稳定前，热液循环导致理论洋壳厚度发生阶段性减薄，减薄量随时间改变，并且推迟了上地幔中熔融体出现的时间；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，热液循环下产生的理论洋壳厚度反而比无热液循环的更厚。结合洋壳增生过程中对流热通量的变化分析，在洋壳增生前期的上地幔温度低，驱动热液循环的热源小，产生的对流热通量相对较小且不稳定，热液循环缓慢冷却上地幔顶部的温度，进而推迟上地幔初始熔融的时间，减弱上地幔的熔融，并造成一定时间阶段内的生成理论洋壳比正常理论洋壳厚度更薄；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，对流热通量达到最大并稳定，热液循环持续快速的冷却上地幔顶部温度，导致上地幔深部的热向上地幔顶部补给，反而增大了上地幔顶部的温度和熔融量，进而增大了理论洋壳厚度。随着扩张速率的增大，理论洋壳厚度增大，对流热通量增大，热液循环导致的洋壳阶段性减薄的最大减薄量也增大，阶段性减薄的时间缩短。结合南海西南次海盆的洋壳结构特征分析：两条横跨南海西南次海盆的地震剖面显示，海盆内存在异常薄的洋壳区域，并且两条地震剖面的最薄洋壳厚度相差0. 85 km,推测海盆内异常薄洋壳和不同扩张时期的最薄洋壳厚度差异受到扩张期热液循环阶段性减薄洋壳作用的影响。