Research on ultrasonic-based investigation of mechanical properties of ice

Arctic sea ice area and thickness have declined dramatically during the recent decades. Sea ice physical and mechanical properties become increasingly important. Traditional methods of studying ice mechanical parameters such as ice-coring cannot realize field test and long-term observation. A new principle of measuring mechanical properties of ice using ultrasonic was studied and an ultrasonic system was proposed to achieve automatic observation of ice mechanical parameters (Young’s modulus, shear modulus and bulk modulus). The ultrasonic system can measure the ultrasonic velocity through ice at different temperature, salinity and density of ice. When ambient temperature decreased from 0°C to ?30°C, ultrasonic velocity and mechanical properties of ice increased, and vice versa. The shear modulus of the freshwater ice and sea ice varied from 2.098 GPa to 2.48 GPa and 2.927 GPa to 4.374 GPa, respectively. The bulk modulus of freshwater ice remained between 3.074 GPa and 4.566 GPa and the sea ice bulk modulus varied from 1.211 GPa to 3.089 GPa. The freshwater ice Young’s modulus kept between 5.156 GPa and 6.264 GPa and sea ice Young’s modulus varied from 3.793 GPa to 7.492 GPa. The results of ultrasonic measurement are consistent with previous studies and there is a consistent trend of mechanical modulus of ice between the process of ice temperature rising and falling. Finally, this ultrasonic method and the ultrasonic system will help to achieve the long-term observation of ice mechanical properties of ice and improve accuracy of sea ice models.     

北极夏季海冰单轴抗压强度研究

The results on the uniaxial compressive strength of Arctic summer sea ice are presented based on the samples collected during the fifth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2012(CHINARE-2012). Experimental studies were carried out at different testing temperatures(-3,-6 and-9°C), and vertical samples were loaded at stress rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 MPa/s. The temperature, density, and salinity of the ice were measured to calculate the total porosity of the ice. In order to study the effects of the total porosity and the density on the uniaxial compressive strength, the measured strengths for a narrow range of stress rates from 0.01 to 0.03 MPa/s were analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength decreases linearly with increasing total porosity, and when the density was lower than 0.86 g/cm3, the uniaxial compressive strength increases in a power-law manner with density. The uniaxial compressive behavior of the Arctic summer sea ice is sensitive to the loading rate, and the peak uniaxial compressive strength is reached in the brittle-ductile transition range. The dependence of the strength on the temperature shows that the calculated average strength in the brittle-ductile transition range, which was considered as the peak uniaxial compressive strength, increases steadily in the temperature range from-3 to-9°C.     

细粒酒精模型冰的弯曲强度试验研究

基于不同制冰条件和工的细粒酒精模型冰层原位悬臂弯曲强度试验,给出细料酒精模型冰弯曲强度;分析了考虑和不考虑不浮力效应对弯曲强度的差异;利用向睡向下弯曲强度结果给出该模型冰各向同性的证据;得到该冰弯曲强度与其密度、冰内未冻液含量和制冷过程可控制因子的关系,并作为定量控制模型冰质量的基础。     

渤海海冰淡化利用研究进展与问题

海冰是低温条件下的海水冻结物,在我国渤海,每年冬季有4个月左右的结冰期,形成大范围的海冰。海冰具有灾害性,常对冬季海上运输及海洋生产构成危害,但因其含盐量较低,海冰还具有资源性,有可能以较低成本转化为淡水。自1995年以来,我国学者开展了渤海海冰淡化利用研究,在国家有关项目的大力支持下,已在海冰资源特性、资源量估算、海冰淡化技术和海冰水农业利用等方面均取得了一系列重要的研究进展。本文是对这些研究进展及尚需解决问题的综述。     

正倒锥体结构上冰力谱分析实验研究

利用研制的新型非冻结可破碎合成模型冰材料，进行了冰排与正倒锥体结构物作用的物理模拟试验研究，试验中观察记录了冰排的破碎过程并测定了作用于锥体结构物上的冰力，通过快速傅立叶变换方法由所测得的冰力时程曲线得到冰力频谱，分析并讨论了冰排速度，本结构物的水线直径，锥角以及冰排弯曲破坏方向等对冰力频谱对冰力频谱因子的影响。     

夏季加拿大海盆海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度研究

声信号的体积后向散射强度是声传播过程中一个关键的参数。海冰边缘区的声体积后向散射强度研究对深入认识北极声场环境有着十分重要的意义。本文利用中国第六次北极科学考察获取的数据资料研究了海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度特性。结果表明:加拿大海盆海冰边缘区是声体积后向散射强度的明显过渡区。无冰海面(海冰密集度小于15%)海洋深层水的声体积后向散射强度明显大于密集海冰区域的海水(海冰密集度大于50%)。讨论了声体积后向散射强度与海冰融化之间的关系,造成融冰区声体积后向散射强度增大的原因是水下悬浮泥沙、浮游生物等悬浮物质增加。根据海冰密集海域的海水后向散射强度弱的特点,对北极下放式声学多普勒测流仪(LADCP)观测的设置提出建议。     

Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in Antarctic sea ice and their release during sea ice melting

This study presents concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and its precursor compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in a variety of sea ice and seawater habitats in the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone (ASIZ) during spring and summer. Sixty-two sea ice cores of pack and fast ice were collected from twenty-seven sites across an area of the eastern ASIZ (64°E to 110°E; and the Antarctic coastline north to 62°S). Concentrations of DMS in 81 sections of sea ice ranged from < 0.3 to 75 nM, with an average of 12 nM. DMSP in 60 whole sea ice cores ranged from 25 to 796 nM and showed a negative relationship with ice thickness (y = 125x^− 0.8). Extremely high DMSP concentrations were found in 2 cores of rafted sea ice (2910 and 1110 nM). The relationship of DMSP with ice thickness (excluding rafted ice) suggests that the release of large amounts of DMSP during sea ice melting may occur in discrete areas defined by ice thickness distribution, and may produce ‘hot spots’ of elevated seawater DMS concentration of the order of 100 nM. During early summer across a 500 km transect through melting pack ice, elevated DMS concentrations (range 21–37 nM, mean 31 nM, n = 15) were found in surface seawater. This band of elevated DMS concentration appeared to have been associated with the release of sea ice DMS and DMSP rather than in situ production by an ice edge algal bloom, as chlorophyll a concentrations were relatively low (0.09–0.42 μg l^− 1). During fast ice melting in the area of Davis station, Prydz Bay, sea ice DMSP was released mostly as extracellular DMSP, since intracellular DMSP was negligible in both hyposaline brine (5 ppt) and in a melt water lens (4–5 ppt), while extracellular DMSP concentrations were as high as 149 and 54 nM, respectively in these habitats. DMS in a melt water lens was relatively high at 11 nM. During the ice-free summer in the coastal Davis area, DMS concentrations in surface seawater were highest immediately following breakout of the fast ice cover in late December (range 5–14 nM), and then remained at relatively low concentrations through to late February (< 0.3–6 nM). These measurements support the view that the melting of Antarctic sea ice produces elevated seawater DMS due to release of sea ice DMS and DMSP.     

基于广义接触模型的离散元方法及其对船体冰载荷的分析

冰载荷是影响船舶结构安全的主要环境载荷,因而确定破冰船的冰载荷特征可用于船体结构设计及船舶安全预警分析。海冰作为典型的脆性材料,可采用单元间具有黏结失效效应的离散元方法模拟其破碎行为。为有效地模拟海冰破碎的渐进过程,采用由局部黏结点组成黏结单元的广义接触模型。为分析该模型中直接决定黏结单元失效的强度参数的影响,采用海冰单轴压缩和三点弯曲试验数值模拟进行分析。通过模型试验确定了失效模型中法向黏结强度、切向黏结强度和Mohr-Coulomb准则中的接触摩擦系数的影响。将该数值模型应用于极地科学考察船"雪龙号"的平整冰区冰载荷分析中,并与船舶整体冰阻力经验公式进行了对比验证。     

Sea ice,hydrological, and biological processes in the Churchill River estuary region,Hudson Bay

A conceptual scheme for the transition from winter to spring is developed for a small Arctic estuary (Churchill River, Hudson Bay) using hydrological, meteorological and oceanographic data together with models of the landfast ice. Observations within the Churchill River estuary and away from the direct influence of the river plume (Button Bay), between March and May 2005, show that both sea ice (production and melt) and river water influence the region's freshwater budget. In Button Bay, ice production in the flaw lead or polynya of NW Hudson Bay result in salinization through winter until the end of March, followed by a gradual freshening of the water column through April–May. In the Churchill Estuary, conditions varied abruptly throughout winter–spring depending on the physical interaction among river discharge, the seasonal landfast ice, and the rubble zone along the seaward margin of the landfast ice. Until late May, the rubble zone partially impounded river discharge, influencing the surface salinity, stratification, flushing time, and distribution and abundance of nutrients in the estuary. The river discharge, in turn, advanced and enhanced sea ice ablation in the estuary by delivering sensible heat. Weak stratification, the supply of riverine nitrogen and silicate, and a relatively long flushing time (∼ 6 days) in the period preceding melt may have briefly favoured phytoplankton production in the estuary when conditions were still poor in the surrounding coastal environment. However, in late May, the peak flow and breakdown of the ice-rubble zone around the estuary brought abrupt changes, including increased stratification and turbidity, reduced marine and freshwater nutrient supply, a shorter flushing time, and the release of the freshwater pool into the interior ocean. These conditions suppressed phytoplankton productivity while enhancing the inventory of particulate organic matter delivered by the river. The physical and biological changes observed in this study highlight the variability and instability of small frozen estuaries during winter–spring transition, which implies sensitivity to climate change.     

Laboratory study on cement admixed marine silt bricks

For the purpose of efficient utilization of sediments dredged from harbor, a new method was proposed in this study. Marine silt bricks were made by mixing sediments with cement and gypsum, placing it in a cubic mold with 240 mm in length, 115 mm in width, and 53 mm in height, and curing for certain days. To investigate the effects of cement and initial water content of soil on the mechanical behavior of marine silt bricks, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out. Given the same curing time and cement content, the higher the initial water content, the lower the compressive and flexural strength. After 60 days of curing, the compressive strength of marine silt bricks with cement content = 20% and water content = LL (liquid limit) reached approximately 5 MPa. The flexural strength was relatively low. The flexural strength of marine silt bricks with 20% cement and water content = LL was around 1.5 MPa. The compressive and flexural strength decreased with the increase of water/cement ratio. As for the curing time, longer curing time had a positive impact on the compressive strength. The ratio of flexural to compressive strength varied slightly in the range of 0.4–0.5.     

预测细粒酒精模型冰物理和力学参数的实验关系

依据模型冰物理性质控制其力学性质的原则 ,利用能量平衡观点建立了冰内未冻结液体含量同制冰过程中的冰池温度、降温及升温时间、模型冰厚度 (喷雾时间×流量 )的理论关系 ,以其量纲表达式作为预测模型冰物理和力学参数的综合控制指标 ;通过系统测量酒精溶液冰点温度、冰池大厅气温、模型冰温度、冰内未冻液含量、冰密度、冰压缩强度、冰弯曲强度和冰变形模量 ,获得了不同冰点温度模型冰的物理和力学参数同该综合控制指标的实验关系 ;实现了用人为可控制因子定量控制模型冰物理和力学参数的目的     

冰和直立结构相互作用的静冰力可靠性分析

我国渤海每年约有3个月的结冰期,冰与海洋结构的相互作用远较波浪为甚,因此有必要进行冰与海洋结构相互作用的可靠性分析.首先,采用热力学的方法根据每年实测的环境参数对海冰平整冰厚进行数值模拟计算,然后根据计算结果对不同重现期的极值冰厚采用极值统计法给出了极值分布,并与其他文献作比较.其次,以应变速率为海冰强度的主要影响参数,给出了海冰强度的概率分布.最后,以Schwarz公式为静冰力计算公式,结合得到的冰厚和冰强度的概率分布,采用映射变换法进行不同重现期静冰力的可靠度分析计算,并用蒙特卡罗重点抽样法进行模拟.     

海冰弯曲强度的研究

简要介绍了国内外海冰弯曲强度研究概况;给出了1990年冬作者在辽东湾西部的实验结果;并且讨论了海冰弯曲强度与应力率的关系。     

海冰对北极海冰边缘区大洋光学观测的影响评估

Diffuse attenuation coefficient(DAC) of sea water is an important parameter in ocean thermodynamics and biology, reflecting the absorption capability of sea water in different layers. In the Arctic Ocean, however, sea ice affects the radiance/irradiance measurements of upper ocean, which results in obvious errors in the DAC calculation. To better understand the impacts of sea ice on the ocean optics observations, a series of in situ experiments were carried out in the summer of 2009 in the southern Beaufort Sea. Observational results show that the profiles of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients of seawater near ice cover within upper surface of 50 m were not contaminated by the sea ice with a solar zenith angle of 55°, relative azimuth angle of 110°≤φ≤115° and horizontal distance between the sensors and ice edge of greater than 25 m. Based on geometric optics theory, the impact of ice cover could be avoided by adjusting the relative solar azimuth angle in a particular distance between the instrument and ice. Under an overcast sky, ice cover being 25 m away from sensors did not affect the profiles of spectral DACs within the upper 50 m either. Moreover, reliable spectral DACs of seawater could be obtained with sensors completely covered by sea ice.     

Properties of sea ice and overlying snow in the Southern Sea of Okhotsk

The general properties of sea ice and overlying snow in the southern Sea of Okhotsk were examined during early February of 2003 to 2005 with the P/V “Soya”. Thin section analysis of crystal structure revealed that frazil ice (48% of total core length) was more prevalent than columnar ice (39%) and that stratigraphic layering was prominent with a mean layer thickness of 12 cm, indicating that dynamic processes are essential to ice growth. The mean thickness of ice blocks and visual observations suggest that ridging dominates the deformation process above thicknesses of 30 to 40 cm. As for snow, it was found that faceted crystals and depth hoar are dominant (78%), as which is also common in the Antarctic sea ice, and is indicative of the strong vertical temperature gradients within the snow. Stable isotope measurements (δ¹⁸O) indicate that snow ice occupies 9% of total core length and that the mass fraction of meteoric ice accounts for 1 to 2% of total ice volume, which is lower than the Antarctic sea ice. Associated with this, the effective fractionation coefficient during the freezing of seawater was also derived. Snow ice was characterized by lower density, higher salinity, and nearly twice the gas content of ice of seawater origin. In addition, it is shown that the surface brine volume fraction and freeboard are well correlated with ice thickness, indicating some promise for remote sensing approaches to the estimation of ice thickness.     

北冰洋中心区表层淡化层的藻类色素组成

季节性海冰融化在北冰洋中心区表层形成淡水层,影响了浮游植物的类群。研究发现岩藻黄素（Fuco,指示硅藻）是冰芯底部检测到的主要光合色素,叶黄素（Lut）和叶绿素b （Chl b）（指示绿藻）是冰水界面浓度最高的类胡萝卜素。海冰底部硅藻占据了绝对的优势,但在冰水界面藻类类群转变了以绿藻为主的结构。冰下水中,浮游植物群落随着深度的增加,由绿藻为主快速转变为以硅藻为主,盐度可能是导致这种变化的原因。     

海冰与不锈钢材料冻黏特性的实验研究

利用自行设计制作的实验夹具, 在拉伸试验机上进行试验, 着重研究了温度及材料结构形态对海冰与不锈钢材料之间冻黏强度的影响规律。结果为: 由于表面卤水的存在, 海冰冻黏强度低于淡水冰冻黏强度, 海冰与不锈钢材料的冻黏强度随冻黏温度降低而增大; 且材料的结构形态对冻黏强度有着显著影响, 柔性介质可有效防止冻黏。研究结果为海冰离心分离设备的工业化设计及工艺操作条件的优化提供了可靠依据。     

卤水体积和应力速率影响下海冰强度的统一表征

无论在地球物理尺度下研究海冰的动力学演化特性,还是在工程结构尺度下分析海冰与海洋结构物的相互作用过程,海冰强度均是影响海冰宏观变形和细观破坏规律的重要力学参数。本文通过对渤海海冰物理力学性质的现场和室内试验,分析了海冰压缩、弯曲和剪切强度参数与卤水体积、应力速率的对应关系。试验结果表明,海冰强度与卤水体积更好地呈指数关系,与应力速率呈线性关系;在此基础上,本文建立了由卤水体积和应力速率共同表征的海冰强度统一函数关系,为工程领域对海冰强度的选取提供有力的参考依据。     

Numerical simulation for dynamical processes of sea ice

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2018年北极太平洋区域夏季海冰物理及光学性质的研究

The reduction in Arctic sea ice in summer has been reported to have a significant impact on the global climate. In this study, Arctic sea ice/snow at the end of the melting season in 2018 was investigated during CHINARE-2018, in terms of its temperature, salinity, density and textural structure, the snow density, water content and albedo, as well as morphology and albedo of the refreezing melt pond. The interior melting of sea ice caused a strong stratification of temperature, salinity and density. The temperature of sea ice ranged from –0.8℃ to 0℃, and exhibited linear cooling with depth. The average salinity and density of sea ice were approximately 1.3 psu and 825 kg/m~3, respectively, and increased slightly with depth. The first-year sea ice was dominated by columnar grained ice. Snow cover over all the investigated floes was in the melt phase, and the average water content and density were 0.74% and 241 kg/m~3, respectively. The thickness of the thin ice lid ranged from 2.2 cm to 7.0 cm, and the depth of the pond ranged from 1.8 cm to 26.8 cm. The integrated albedo of the refreezing melt pond was in the range of 0.28–0.57. Because of the thin ice lid, the albedo of the melt pond improved to twice as high as that of the mature melt pond. These results provide a reference for the current state of Arctic sea ice and the mechanism of its reduction.