Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

Analysis of the bedding landslide due to the presence of the weak intercalated layer in the limestone

Analysis and research results show that the sliding plane of Jiudingshan landslide is along the weak intercalated layer (clay-filled) in the limestone and the sliding block is separated by the tension crack on the slope crest. The earlier study results show that for the rough, ups and downs structural plane, when i is greater than 2.0, the shear strength of the structural surface is intensely close to the strength of the filling. By the earlier theory, this failure must be through the clay filling. In this study, the failure is back-analyzed and the shear strength of the infilling is tested by the laboratory direct shear tests for which samples were retrieved in the field. The failure cannot be explained by the laboratory results of shear strength parameters. To simulate the field conditions, the real strength parameters of sliding surface are measured by the in situ shear tests for the weak intercalated layer. By the in situ tests, it is shown that the failure initiates along the contacts between the clay infilling and the limestone boundaries, but not through the clay itself. Though the contact surface is the interface of the clay–limestone, the cohesion is not 0 and it is not negligible too.     

激发极化法在准噶尔盆地含水区测定中的应用

采用激发极化法对准噶尔盆地盆五井区进行了含水区定位研究,通过分析视电阻率单点曲线和视极化率单点曲线,对研究区范围内的地质及地层的含水情况进行初步判断,识别了含水层及水层的顶界埋深;在这一基础上用二维直流电法反演软件对视电阻率资料进行了二维反演,使之更接近地层真电阻率。视极化率剖面图的分析表明盆五井区存在一定的地下水资源,其中P200201、P200202、P200207线所经过的区域的含水性较好。第三系上新统上独山子组（N₂d₂）地层为强含水层,第三系上新统下独山子组（N₂d₁）为弱含水层。盆五井区含水层的特点是高阻含水、低阻不含水,这反映出该区的砂岩沉积较为疏松,地下水的矿化度偏低。推测该研究区地下水的水质较好。     

基于弹塑性分析的堤岸分期施工模拟

根据堤岸结构分期施工的特点,以有限单元法为分析手段,取用土体为Mohr-Coulomb模型,基于弹塑性算法,分析模拟了堤岸分期施工的整个过程.同时作为对比,将分期施工的堤岸转化为等效荷载作用于地基土体,进行了有限元分析计算.两种方式的计算结果表明,采用分期施工模拟的方式更接近于实际,其结果用于设计和施工更为安全.     

运用滑移线理论确定挤扩多盘桩盘下土体应力计算模式

通过对挤扩多盘桩桩周土体极限破坏机理的理论分析及试验研究,证明盘下土体的破坏形式为滑移破坏。据此,应用Coulumb-Mohr定律建立了应力函数表达式,并运用滑移线理论,通过简单破坏区域,选择适合盘下土体的破坏形式Prandtl区域应力场,建立极坐标应力方程,从而推导出挤扩多盘桩盘下土体应力的计算模式,以便进一步确定土体极限承载力。     

北羌塘盆地中部上侏罗统研究新进展

北羌塘盆地腹地自然条件恶劣 ,地层研究难度极大。经在北羌塘盆地腹地东湖、河湾山、长水河及半岛湖等地进行了详细的岩石地层及生物地层研究工作 ,依据岩石特征和生物化石特征 ,将上侏罗统二分 :下部灰岩层为索瓦组 ,含 L acunosella triobatiformis- Pentithyris vulgaris、Radulopecten fibrosus- Gervillella aviculoides组合 ,其时限为牛津期 ;上部灰岩、碎屑岩互层为白龙冰河组 ,具 Radulopecten scarburgensis、R.moondanensis、Cladophylliaqeibulaensis、Stylosmilia chaputi化石 ,其主体时限为基默里奇期—提塘期 ,顶部可能跨入早白垩世。白龙冰河组的确立 ,是北羌塘盆地上侏罗统岩石地层与生物地层研究上一个新进展     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Statistical analysis of the reasons for the varying magnetization of the granitoids of the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka fold region and the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt

The granitoid intrusions are classified into nonmagnetic, weakly magnetic, and strongly Magnetic groups. Various characteristics of the intrusions are examined and an attempt is made to statistically relate these characteristics of the intrusions to the intensity of magnetization. The conclusionsreached are: 1) the intensity of magnetization is closely related to the tectonic environment of emplacement. Intrusions emplaced into residual massifs and fold belts where fracturing is common tend to be magnetic. Those emplaced in regions of prolonged subsidence where fracturing is not common tend to be nonmagnetic. 2) Petrography of the intrusion does not seem to affect magnetization; nor does thetype of country rock. 3) The most highly magnetic intrusions are those emplaced at a depth of about 1 km. The intensity of magnetization drops off sharply for those emplaced at depths less than 1 km; a more gradient drop off is noticed for those emplaced at depths greater than 1 km. 4) The intensity of magnetization is dependent upon the magnetic content in the intrusion. However, totaLiron oxide content is about the same in highly magnetic and nonmagnetic intrusions. 5) Tin deposits seem to be associated with nonmagnetic intrusions and gold deposits with magnetic intrusions. — J. R. Hayes.     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

SinoProbe——中国深部探测实验

在人类向太空发展,实施新一轮太空计划,中国“神舟7号”载人航天飞船、“嫦娥”探月工程圆满成功之时,中国地球科学家不得不面对这样一个现实：对人类赖以生存的地球内部了解的太少,直接钻探深度只有12 km,涉及的仅仅是地球的表皮。可谓上天不易,“入地”更难。地球是人类居住的唯一场所,为人类提供了生命必需的粮食、水,和生活必须能源和矿产资源;同时也常给人类带来诸如火山、地震、海啸等灾难。通过深部探测,了解地下的物质、结构和动力学过程,不仅是人类探求自然奥秘的追求,更是人类汲取资源、保障自身安全的基本需要。近百年来,各国的地球科学家一直不断地进行探索,我国科学家也意识到必须开展中国的地球深部探测计划,才能解决面临的重大资源环境问题,才能全面实现地球科学的创新和发展。最近,国家启动“深部探测技术与实验研究”专项（英文简写SinoProbe）,标志了我国地球科学的深部探测计划拉开帷幕。该专项（2008~2012）年总体任务是,为全面开展我国地壳探测工程做好关键技术准备,解决关键探测技术难点与核心技术集成,形成对固体地球层圈立体探测技术体系;在不同自然景观、复杂矿集区、含油气盆地深层、重大地质灾害区等关键地带进行试验、示范,形成若干深部探测实验基地;解决急迫的重大地质科学难题,部署实验任务;实现深部数据融合与共享,建立深部数据管理系统;积聚、培养优秀人才,形成若干技术体系的研究团队。     

基于破坏概率的滑坡稳定性分析

综述了概率分析法的基本原理和实施方法,并运用Monte carlo模拟对滑坡的破坏概率进行了模拟分析。在探讨具体工程实例的基础上,提出了计算机处理滑坡稳定性的程序设计方法。实践表明,滑坡的破坏概率分析是滑坡稳定性评价的有效手段之一。      

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系地层沉积特征

新疆塔里木盆地塔中地区是重要石油天然气产区。奥陶系是烃源岩，也是主要勘探层系之一，具有分布广，纵、横向变化大的特点。下奥陶统与寒武系相似，碳酸盐台地发育，以灰岩、白云岩为主。中上奥陶统岩性分区以塔中Ⅰ号断裂为界，分为两大地层、岩性区。为碳酸盐台地与外源碎屑岩同时发育时期。寒武－下奥陶统是该区分布最广的烃源岩，中上奥陶统烃源岩只分布在浅海台地区。     

On the origin of the carat as the unit of weight for gemstones

The carat is the unit of weight for diamonds and other gemstones. It corresponds to the average weight of the seeds of a leguminous tree. What kind of tree is this? We have studied the samples from Ethiopia. Egypt, Cyprus and the United States. The tree is neither “Kuara” nor “Locust” (Robina pseudoacacia Linn.), but rather Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua). In Ethiopia, as called by local inhabitants, “Kuara” is a species of Erythrina—E. brucei rather thanE. abyssinica. As might be expected, using the seeds as a means of weighing an extremely valuable commodity is not very scientific. Before 1907, at various times and in various countries, there were at least twenty-three standards for the carat ranging from 187.00 mg to 215.990 mg. The metric carat equal to 200 mg was proposed in Paris in 1907. It was adopted in the United States on July 1, 1913 and now is the world-accepted standard. But in reality, the standard of the carat is still confused with respect to its usage throughout the world. This is why the author reiterates that the standard of the carat should be integrated with the metric system.     

祁连山疏勒河上游基流变化及其影响因素分析

基流是河川径流的重要组成部分,也是干旱半干旱地区最重要的枯季水文特征之一. 基流在维持河川径流和维护河流湖泊生态等方面具有重要意义. 基于祁连山疏勒河上游出山口控制水文站昌马堡站1954-2009年的日径流资料,采用递归数字滤波法和平滑最小值法对日径流进行基流分割,对比分析基流和基流指数BFI的变化特征,并从气温和降水两方面探讨基流变化的主要影响因素. 结果表明：两种方法的计算结果有差异,但平滑最小值法更适用于研究区. 疏勒河上游多年平均基流量为6.07×10⁸m³,基流变化总体上呈上升趋势,进入21世纪以后基流量增加最为显著. 研究区多年平均基流指数为0.66,基流指数的年际变化相对比较稳定,但年内波动幅度较大. 在长时间尺度上,降水是基流变化的主要影响因素,降水量的增加在一定程度上影响了基流和基流指数的变化. 在全球变暖的背景下,气温升高导致冰雪融水的增加和冻土的退化,间接的影响了基流的变化.     

星地碰撞的板块构造效应

板块构造是一种全球大地构造理论.它以洋底扩张、洋壳边缘俯冲及转换断层为主要构造活动形式,配以地幔对流为原动力,建立一套颇具魅力的板块构造机制理论,被受到广泛认同.但也存在一些重要问题,主要是其地幔对流理念难以令人信服和对海陆格局变迁问题没提出明确的动力机制.在阐明造成板块构造理论这两方面困难问题的主要理由之后,介绍了星地碰撞事件的存在状况及其动力作用,着重论述了大规模星地碰撞的动力作用强大,对全球地质构造活动都有重要影响,板块构造也难以避免;星地碰撞的强烈冲击作用,有能力造成洋底开裂或使大陆裂解.据此设想,可用"星地撞击成缝,减压诱发岩浆上侵"的模式,取代与地球内部层圈结构相抵触的"地幔对流"模式来解释洋底扩张;并以星地碰撞发生地点的随机变化性作为大规模海陆格局变迁的主控原因.如此,则可有助于上述板块构造理论中存在的两大难题的解决.