Modelling of earth and water pressure development during diaphragm wall construction in soft clay

The influence of a diaphragm wall construction on the stress field in a soft clayey soil is investigated by the use of a three‐dimensional FE‐model of seven adjacent wall panels. The installation procedure comprises the excavation and the subsequent pouring of each panel taking into account the increasing stiffness of the placed fresh concrete. The soft clay deposit is described by a visco‐hypoplastic constitutive model considering the rheological properties and the small‐strain stiffness of the soil. The construction process considerably affects the effective earth and pore water pressures adjacent to the wall. Due to concreting, a high excess pore water pressure arises, which dissipates during the following construction steps. The earth pressure finally shows an oscillating, distinct three‐dimensional distribution along the retaining wall which depends on the installation sequence of the panels and the difference between the fresh concrete pressure and the total horizontal earth pressure at rest. In comparison to FE‐calculations adopting the earth pressure at rest as initial condition, greater wall deflections and surface ground settlements during the subsequent pit excavation can be expected, as the average stress level especially in the upper half of the wall is increased by the construction procedure of the retaining structure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软土地基沉降的二维非线性粘弹性反演与预测

基于Merchant粘弹性模型和简化双曲线模型，建立软土地基沉降的二维非线性粘弹性Biot固结有限元计算公式；根据最小二乘法建立目标函数，采用Simplex直接优化算法反演确定参数；为反演能获得在物理意义上合理且数学上唯一的参数，提出从简单模型到复杂模型的分步反演分析方法。实例分析表明，该方法是可行的。     

Modelling the behaviour of an embankment on soft clay with different constitutive models

The paper investigates the effect of constitutive models on the predicted response of a simplified benchmark problem, an embankment on soft soil. The soft soil is assumed to have the properties of POKO clay from Finland and five different constitutive models are used to model the deposit. Two of the models are isotropic models, i.e. the Modified Cam Clay model and the Soft‐Soil model. The other models are recently proposed constitutive models that account for plastic anisotropy. The S‐CLAY1 and S‐CLAY1S models are embedded in a standard elasto‐plastic framework and account for anisotropy via a rotational hardening law. In addition, the S‐CLAY1S model accounts for bonding and destructuration. In contrast, the Multilaminate Model for Clay (MMC) accounts for plastic anisotropy by utilizing so‐called multilaminate framework. The results of numerical simulations show that accounting for anisotropy results in notable differences in the predicted settlements and horizontal movements compared to the predictions using the isotropic models. There are also significant differences in the K₀ predictions by the different constitutive models and this has a significant impact on the results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河滩相软土地基路堤沉降变形分析

根据伊洛河河谷平原的河滩相软土地基沉降观测结果,用指数法和双曲线法,并配合最小二乘法拟合分析,推算了地基的最终沉降量及固结参数,运用于沉降计算,发现结果比室内试验更与实际接近。对路堤填筑过程中实测沉降资料的深入分析,总结出填土高度对沉降变形的影响规律,并提出了相应的临界填土高度为2.5 m。     

软土盾构施工地表变形的小样本进化神经网络预测

上海地区软土具有高压缩性和易塑流等特性,在盾构机的挤压和不当施工扰动下将会引起较大的土层移动和地表隆陷。以盾构施工实测位移资料为学习样本,通过遗传算法搜索具有最优预测效果的神经网络结构及学习参数。利用获得的进化神经网络在小样本训练情况下建立模型,对下一步施工的地表变形进行合理的预测。对上海市某盾构隧道的施工地表变形预测表明该模型可获得较高预测精度。     

填筑速率对软基上堤防沉降影响的现场试验与数值模拟

堤防的沉降和稳定问题是软土地基上新建堤防工程必须考虑的重要问题。结合南京市长江干堤提升工程小年圩新筑堤项目,开展了软土地基上新建堤防施工全过程的现场监测与分析,主要包括表层沉降、分层沉降、土体侧向位移、土压力、孔隙水压力以及地下水位等内容。基于Plaxis有限元数值软件,建立了软土地基上新建堤防施工填筑过程的数值模型,通过与现场监测结果的对比分析,验证了所建立的数值模型的准确性和可靠性;续而重点分析了填筑速率、填筑间歇时间等关键性施工控制指标对软基上堤防沉降的影响规律。研究结果表明,当单次填筑厚度小于1 m时,单次填筑厚度对整体沉降的影响较小,因此结合实际施工要求,建议单次填土厚度为0.5～1.0 m。相关研究成果可以为类似软基上新建堤防施工质量控制提供参考依据。     

软基侧向变形对邻近桥台及桩基的影响和防治

基于非线性粘弹性理论,描述了土体的蠕变特性,并对某小桥桥台挡板开裂原因进行分析,同时对修建在软土中桩基与土、桥台及台背填土的相互作用进行了有限元计算,得出软土侧向挤出是挡板开裂原因的结论。对加铺地基梁的加固效果进行了计算,提出用改变工序来减少土体侧向挤出的方法,对用修建浅平基础代替桩基的工程效果进行有限元计算,论证了使用浅平基础的可行性。     

软土地基工后沉降预测模型的研究

预测工后沉降是高速公路所要解决的主要问题之一。指数曲线法和双曲线法是以往常用的分析方法。但实践表明,前者推算的结果常常偏小,而后者推算的结果又常常偏大。文中提出了一种反映沉降速率与沉降半立方非线性关系的双曲型曲线预测模型。理论分析和实例预测结果表明,该模型的预测值更接近实测值,预测结果的可靠度更高。     

公路软基沉降函数干涉神经网络预测模型

建立了基于函数干涉神经网络的公路软基沉降预测模型。工程实例表明,所建议的模型外延性好,而且,可以由较短预压期内沉降观测资料预测远期沉降发展,与传统沉降预测模型相比具有显著的优越性,工程应用前景广阔。     

软土地区深基坑连续墙最大变形简易计算方法

采用有限单元法研究了影响软土地区地下连续墙最大侧向变形的主要参数。针对基坑开挖深度H、基坑开挖宽度B、单位宽度地下连续墙系统刚度S、支撑结构的轴向刚度 及黏土归一化的不排水抗剪强度 为不排水抗剪强度, 为有效垂直应力）5个参数进行分析研究,通过回归分析研究结果,给出地下连续墙最大侧向变形的简易计算方法。利用简易计算方法,计算实际工程中基坑案例的地下连续墙最大侧向变形,并与现场监测结果进行对比,验证了计算方法的准确性,可为以后预估地下连续墙最大侧向变形及检查设计提供参考。     

考虑蠕变性状的港区软土地基参数反演和长期沉降预测

结合上海某集装箱码头建设项目,针对本工程深厚淤泥质黏土的场地条件,引入Mesri蠕变模型考虑堆场地基的长期蠕变变形。利用施工期和工后短期实测分层沉降资料,由最小二乘法建立目标函数,运用分层迭代反演方法反演得到各软土层的黏弹性参数;将反演得到的土层参数代入自行编制的沉降计算软件,计算得到地基沉降量,并将计算值与实测值进行对比,对比结果证明了参数反演的可靠性;利用反演得到的土层参数对工后的长期沉降进行了预测,为本工程的安全运营提供了指导。     

Numerical predictions of the behaviour of soft clay with two anisotropic elastoplastic models

The numerical predictions obtained with the Melanie and MIT-E3 models are compared. Firstly, the performance of the constitutive models is checked against undrained triaxial tests. The models are then used to replicate the behaviour of an embankment built on soft clay. The numerical results are compared with the field data in terms of settlements, lateral displacements and excess pore pressures. Additionally, the numerical predictions are also analysed in terms of yield area, contours of vertical effective stresses, horizontal effective stresses and shear stresses and in terms of effective stress paths.     

Numerical modelling of the effect of curing time on the creep behaviour of a chemically stabilised soft soil

This work studies the effect of the curing time on the creep behaviour of a stabilised soft soil, using volumetric and deviatoric creep laws associated with constitutive models. Results of unconfined compressive strength tests for several curing times are used to define the time evolution of the mechanical and creep properties. The models/creep laws are validated by oedometer and triaxial creep tests, for 28 and 90 days of curing. The long-term behaviour of an embankment built on a soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns shows that the effect of curing time decreases the settlement and increases the improvement factor.     

基于袋装砂井排水固结法处理软基的沉降过程流固耦合模拟

在软土分布地区,高速公路的“桥头跳车”、路面开裂等一直是困扰工程建设者的最主要问题,而对软土路基的沉降过程进行模拟预测则是其中的难点。利用改进的剑桥模型,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件,以珠江三角洲某高速公路试验段的地层数据进行袋装砂井排水固结法处理软土地基沉降过程的流固耦合模拟,通过模拟结果来对比实际检测的应力、应变情况。结果表明,表面沉降和分层沉降的模拟值与实测值能很好地吻合,模型能较为真实地反映路基沉降变形的实际情况。     

上海软土的流变特性试验研究

本文利用无侧向变形的单向压缩试验仪,对原状和重塑上海软土进行了压缩试验和流变试验,研究了不同压力和超固结比对次固结系数的影响以及压缩特性和次固结变形特性的关系。试验结果表明,原状上海软土的次固结系数随着压力而变化,而重塑上海软土的次固结系数随压力变化不大。上述研究得到的结论及相关参数可为工程实践、上海软土流变模型的建立提供参考数据。     

软土地基邻近堆载对桥梁桩基偏位的影响研究

在软土地基中,邻近堆载不仅将引发桥梁桩基发生侧向偏位,还将导致桩身产生附加弯矩,这对于桥梁的安全使用将产生极其不利的影响。通过对具体工程实例的介绍,利用有限元分析手段,并结合现场桩基偏位的实测结果,对邻近单侧堆载及双侧堆载所引发桩基偏位情况进行深入剖析。通过分析结果可知,在单侧堆载的作用下,桩基将产生侧向偏移及附加弯矩,且反弯点位于软土层与硬土层交界处附近,严重时将导致桩顶区域发生开裂破坏;在双侧堆载的作用下,桩基的偏位情况取决于两侧的堆载作用,而双侧卸载对桩基偏位影响较小,但对缓解桩身附加弯矩具有显著的作用。     

超大型"管幕-箱涵"顶进施工土体变形的分析与预测

结合上海市中环线北虹路下立交地道工程采用“管幕-箱涵”顶进的非开挖施工全过程,分别应用ANSYS和FLAC三维数值分析程序,对顶进施工所引起的地表变形位移进行了全过程的动态仿真模拟,并采用弹性地基梁法和室内模拟试验以及现场实测数据比拟法,对地表变形特征进行了系统地研究,最后应用软科学的智能方法,对“管幕-箱涵”顶进非开挖工法所引起的地表变形位移进行了人工神经网络滚动预测.其研究成果已经提交施工部门参考和采用.     

塑料板排水预压法加固软基效果分析

根据欲加固软基特点,采用塑料板排水预压法对其进行加固处理,通过合理安排施工顺序、布设排水系统和监测系统,现场监测及检测资料分析证明软基排水固结效果良好,达到了设计要求。     

Numerical prediction of the creep behaviour of an unstabilised and a chemically stabilised soft soil

This paper examines the ability of volumetric and deviatoric creep laws associated with constitutive models to simulate the creep behaviour of a soft soil in its natural state or chemically stabilised state. Initially, the models/laws are validated by oedometer and triaxial creep tests, for the stabilised and unstabilised soils. Finally, the long-term behaviour of an embankment built on a soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns is predicted based on the properties for a curing time of 28 days. The results show that the creep phenomenon should be considered in a long-term analysis of deep mixing columns.     

BP神经网络-灰色系统联合模型预测软基沉降量

目前软基沉降预测多采用指数曲线和双曲线延伸法,其结果不够理想,神经网络在此方面的运用也存在一定的局限,虽然GM(1,1)模型在软基沉降预测领域已得到运用,但在已有的案例中所使用的等时距模型都没有明确说明所采用的插值方法。以深圳湾西部通道填海软基沉降预测分析为例,建立BP神经网络-灰色系统联合模型来探讨解决这一问题的方法。采用BP神经网络逼近非线性插值方法构建等时距时间序列数据,在此基础上建立沉降变形时间序列的GM模型,并建立相应的时间响应函数,预测沉降量。计算实例表明,该模型短期沉降预测结果比较准确,其最终沉降预测结果具有一定的工程参考价值。