含煤岩系岩石静态产酸潜力综合评价

岩石静态产酸评价对于矿山酸性水防治具有重要的指导意义, 但传统的岩石静态产酸评价方法无法准确地评价复杂岩石样品.通过对山西省西山煤田石炭二叠纪含煤岩系12个岩石样品产酸潜力的评价找出了影响复杂岩石样品产酸潜力评价准确性的关键指标, 并建立了适合复杂岩石样品的评价方法.研究结果表明, 净产酸潜力(NAPP)、酸中和潜力(ANC)与最大产酸潜力(MPA)的比值是产酸潜力评价的关键指标, 根据这2个指标建立的产酸评价分区方法能够准确评价NAPP绝对值较小(＜50 kg·t-1)的复杂岩石样品的产酸潜力; 复杂岩石样品的矿物学信息能够反映样品长期的产酸潜力, 通过分析碳酸盐矿物总含量与黄铁矿含量的比值能够提高复杂岩石样品的产酸潜力评价精度; 样品糊状物的pH值(Paste pH)只能反映岩石样品中已储存酸碱度信息, 可作为岩石产酸潜力评价的参考指标.结合西山煤田典型矿井水水质特征, 进一步验证了岩石产酸潜力综合评价的准确性.      

松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床后生蚀变作用及其对铀成矿的约束

目前对松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床成因的认识存在明显争议.本文利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD等分析测试方法对该矿床后生蚀变作用进行了系统的研究,发现该矿床不同类型砂岩中矿物蚀变作用类型有:赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、粘土化、碳酸盐化和铀矿化,其中黄铁矿化包括胶状黄铁矿化、草莓状黄铁矿化和粒状黄铁矿化,粘土化主要包括水云母化、高岭石化和伊利石化,碳酸盐化包括方解石化、铁白云石化和菱铁矿化.红色砂岩和黄色砂岩以赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化、水云母化、高岭石化、伊利石化和方解石化为主,但黄色砂岩中赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化及水云母化程度略低;灰色不含矿砂岩以微弱赤铁矿化、黄铁矿化、高岭石化、伊利石化、铁白云石化和菱铁矿化为主;灰色含矿砂岩中以黄铁矿化、高岭石化、伊利石化、铁白云石化、铀矿化和菱铁矿化为主;原生灰色砂岩以黄铁矿化和菱铁矿化为主.钱家店铀矿床演化历史和矿物之间的穿插关系分析显示,成岩期矿物蚀变以菱铁矿为代表,形成于中性-弱碱性环境;成矿早期矿物蚀变以赤铁矿、针铁矿、黄铁矿、水云母和高岭石等为代表,形成于酸性环境;成矿晚期矿物蚀变以伊利石和铁白云石为代表,形成于弱碱-碱性环境;成矿期后矿物蚀变以方解石为代表,形成于碱-强碱性环境.因此,钱家店铀矿床经历了成岩期中性-弱碱性环境→成矿早期酸性环境→成矿晚期弱碱-碱性环境→成矿期后碱-强碱性环境的转变.      

菱铁矿的鲕粒结构特征及形成环境

菱铁矿床是铁矿资源之一,国内外已有开采利用。沉积型菱铁矿可以形成在海相、过渡相和陆相地层中,而且可以产在砂岩、灰岩、泥岩和煤层中。因此,研究菱铁矿的成矿条件和分布规律,为寻找富矿体具有重要意义。      

中国东南地区岩石热导率值的分析

测定我国东南地区７１２块岩石样品的热导率数据，计算了各类岩石的平均热导率值。该区中沉积岩的热导率值普遍高于华北地区同类岩石的热导率值。砂岩和泥岩的平均热导率值分别为３．４１±１．２２Ｗ／ｍ．Ｋ和３．５９±１．１９ｗ／ｍ．Ｋ，而且在区域上同类岩石的热导率值变化幅度很大。研究结果表明，这些岩石的热导率值主要受控于其矿物成分，特别是石英的含量。为了确保该地区实测热导率数据的可靠性，对部分样品进行了多种方法的检测，并在此基础上选送７块样品到美国地质调查所用稳态的分棒法进行检测，结果十分一致。在计算热流值时，根据该地区沉积岩的特点采用厚度加权平均热导率值，从而使我国东南地区的实测热流值具有较高的质量和可靠性。     

碳酸盐岩层系中非碳酸盐矿物分析及地质应用——以塔中地区奥陶系为例

<正>Knoblauch(1963)及Bausch(1980)的研究证明,所有泥岩、粉砂岩及砂岩中能出现的矿物可以在碳酸盐岩中出现。碳酸盐岩层系中除了包括常见的碳酸盐矿物(方解石(或低镁方解石)、镁方解石(高镁方解石)、文石、白云石、菱铁矿、菱镁矿、菱锰矿等),还包括少量(一般1%)的自生非碳酸盐矿物(硅质、黄铁矿、石膏和硬石膏等),以及陆源碎屑矿物(石英、长石、黏土矿物和重矿物等)。在以碳酸     

加客硫铁矿床中菱铁矿的分离试验

该矿是由黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿组成的硫铁矿床。矿石矿物成分比较复杂,金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿,含少量黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿等;脉石矿物有钾长石、斜长石、石英、辉石、角闪石、方解石、菱铁矿、萤石、磷灰石、屑石、绿帘石、绿泥石等。脉石矿物随着矿化的岩石不同,其成分有显著差异。鉴于其中大部分单矿物与前面几文中所介绍的分离方法类似,故本文仅简要介绍菱铁矿的分离方法。     

CO2矿物捕获能力的研究进展

全球碳存储的研究表明, CO2最稳定的存储方式是 CO2的矿物捕获, 即将 CO2注入到地下,使其以方解石、菱铁矿、白云石及片钠铝石等碳酸盐矿物的形式存在.适合 CO2矿物捕获的岩石类型主要有火山岩、砂岩和火山碎屑岩.分析了3种岩石类型的金属元素含量、金属元素的释放能力、与 CO2反应生成的矿物类型及对 CO2的捕获量,并比较了3种岩石类型对 CO2矿物捕获能力的差异.其中玄武岩等火山岩的金属离子含量高,但其孔隙空间有限,制约了成岩反应,且 CO2注入后具有逸散的风险;砂岩分布广泛,有足够的孔隙利于流体注入,但是金属离子含量相对较低,对 CO2的矿物捕获所需时间相对较长;火山碎屑岩则结合了前2种岩石类型在矿物捕获方面的优势,是一种理想的 CO2矿物捕获的岩石类型.     

鄂尔多斯盆地JX井延长组砂岩固碳潜力分析

神华集团在我国CO₂地下埋藏的潜在目标区(鄂尔多斯盆地)实施的CO₂注入工程仍存在有关其注入层之上泥岩盖层安全性方面的争议.通过对与神华集团CO₂注入井相邻且钻遇地层系统、岩石组合一致的JX井三叠系延长组(位于注入层之上)的研究预测一旦CO₂透过盖层后的再续固碳能力.研究层位岩屑样品类型主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,其次为岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩;其物源区岩石类型主要为长英质火山岩、其次为中性火山岩及少量富含石英的沉积岩,具中性斜长岩成分特征;其上段(466~534 m)及下段(666~958 m)砂岩母岩受到弱-中等化学蚀变,并可能经历了再旋回过程;中段(534~666 m)砂岩母岩未受化学蚀变影响,并可能为第一次旋回沉积物.作为潜在的CO₂再续固碳场所,延长组砂岩具有实现CO₂矿物圈闭的物质条件及形成片钠铝石、方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿等固碳矿物的潜力.     

菱铁矿矿石野外鉴定方法

菱铁矿矿石有白、灰、黑、棕及黄等颜色,在结构构造上,分别与灰岩、白云岩、大理岩、方解石、钟乳石、葡萄石、粘土岩、粉砂岩、砂岩及千枚岩等相似,有的还与玄武岩相似.在野外找矿石时,常常把菱铁矿矿石当作岩石而漏掉.菱铁矿矿石有沉积的、热液的和再生的.沉积菱铁矿又有陆相的和海相的两种.菱铁矿矿床分布很广,近年来,已成为重要的找矿、研究对象.在近几年的找矿研究工作中,人们曾把菱铁矿石误认为石灰岩或白云岩;砂岩或粉     

岩石热导率校正对大地热流计算值的影响——以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷为例

岩石热导率是计算大地热流的基础热物性参数,热导率的选取和校正是正确评估热流的基础。当前在冀中坳陷乃至渤海湾盆地的大地热流计算中,多以受季节性气温变化和地下水活动等因素影响较小的古近系和新近系砂泥质岩层作为大地热流的计算层位,岩石热导率也多参考区域内已有定值,而忽略了热导率对水饱和度、温度和压力的依赖性。笔者等从岩石热导率的温压校正和饱水校正角度出发,计算并比较了不同校正方法对热流值的影响。主要认识如下：(1)岩石热导率作为1个受多因素综合影响的热物性参数,其大小与岩性和矿物组分密切相关,同时通常与孔隙率呈负相关,而与密度呈正相关;(2)热导率高温实验结果显示,冀中坳陷砂岩样品热导率总体上随温度的升高而降低,在30～130℃的温度区间热导率降低了6.8%～11.3%,热导率下降率具有随热导率的降低而减小的趋势;由于砂岩和泥岩具有相对较浅的埋深和较低的原位温压条件,温压对热导率的正负效应可以在一定程度上相互抵消,对于热导率小于2 W/(m·K)的样品,温压对其的影响较小。(3)饱水校正后的冀中坳陷JZ03井和JZ04井古近系—新近系砂泥岩热导率的平均偏差分别高达43.0%、47.5%;(4...     

Origin of high manganese concentrations in coal mine drainage, eastern Tennessee

The origin of high dissolved manganese concentrations in slightly acidic mine runoff from a surface mine operated by the Cumberland Coal Company in eastern Tennessee was investigated. Mineralogical and chemical analyses were performed on 31 samples of sandstone, shale, coal, and mudstone from the mine to identify the sources and stratigraphic distribution of high extractable manganese contents in the spoil materials. The samples were analyzed for their bulk mineral content by X-ray diffraction, net acid-base potential, and reaction to 2 or 4 chemical extraction procedures. A limited number of samples were analyzed for petrographic characteristics, clay mineral composition by X-ray diffraction, and mineral compositions by electron microprobe. Analysis of the data and consideration of the geochemical conditions at the mine were used to identify probable sources for the high extractable manganese contents.The results indicate 2 prominent, independent sources of extractable manganese. The first source is exchangeable manganese on clay minerals (mainly illite + muscovite and chlorite) and is concentrated in shale and mudstone rock types. The second and more significant source is manganese in siderite concretions and cement, mainly in shale and mudstone. Comparison to other coal-bearing strata indicates that manganese-rich siderite is common in fresh- to brackish-water subaqueous sediments that overlie coal. This is especially the case for coals formed in wet, tropical environments.Ratios of manganese to calcium and magnesium in mine runoff suggest that manganese from siderite is the major cause of the high dissolved manganese contents. A conceptual model is developed to explain the high manganese contents of the mine runoff. Oxidation of pyrite creates mildly acidic waters that are subsequently partially neutralized by reaction with impure siderite. Solubilized manganese remains dissolved in the slightly acidic runoff water, whereas dissolved iron precipitates as ferric hydroxide or goethite. Consideration of data from other coal mining regions suggests that similar reactions involving impure siderite may be responsible for high manganese concentrations in acidic to slightly acidic mine runoff. Geochemical reaction path modeling of pyrite and impure siderite with rainwater illustrate how resulting water compositions may vary depending on pyrite to siderite ratios in spoil materials. Spoil water compositions from the Cumberland mine are largely consistent with reaction of pyrite and impure siderite in proportions observed in the sediments; however, deviations may be explained by minor mixing with waters that reacted only with impure siderite or clay mineral exchange reactions.     

Geochemical effects of oxidation products and framboidal pyrite oxidation in acid mine drainage prediction techniques

Acid mine drainage predictive testwork associated with the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association (AMIRA) P387A Project: Prediction and Kinetic Control of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) has critically examined static acid assessment and kinetic information from acid–base accounting techniques, including net acid production potential (NAPP), net acid generation (NAG) and column leach tests. This paper compares results on two waste rock samples that were obtained from the Kaltim Prima Coal mine (KPC) containing significant quantities of fine-grained framboidal pyrite. In agreement with other research, the authors' results indicated that framboidal pyrite is more reactive than euhedral forms due to the greater specific surface area of framboidal pyrite. This is evidenced by optical microscopy of reacted samples. Importantly, the results showed that NAPP testing is biased by the rapid acid generating oxidation of framboidal pyrite prior to, and during the acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) test. This can result in negative ANC values for samples containing significant framboidal pyrite (often “corrected” to zero kg H₂SO₄/t) when significant ANC is actually present in the sample. NAG testing using H₂O₂ indicated that samples containing a significant quantity of framboidal pyrite can result in the catalytic decomposition of the H₂O₂ prior to complete oxidation of the sulfide minerals present, requiring sequential addition of H₂O₂ for completion. A benefit of the NAG test, however, is that it assesses the net acid generation capacity of the sample without bias towards acid generation as is observed using NAPP methods. The kinetic NAG test also gives information on the reaction sequence of framboidal and euhedral pyrite. Periodic (kinetic) analysis of sub-samples from column leach tests indicated rapid oxidation of the framboidal pyrite compared to the euhedral pyrite, which was correlated with the greater framboidal pyrite surface area.Calculations to determine the sulfide/sulfate acidity derived from the oxidation of framboidal pyrite prior to; and during the ANC test have been developed to provide a better indication of the actual ANC (ANC_Actual) of the sample. Paste pH values of <pH 4–5 may be one suitable trigger mechanism for the implementation of this new method. This has led to an improved NAPP estimation of total acid production. Together with NAG and column leach testing this improved methodology has resulted in accurate AMD characterisation of samples containing acidic oxidation products and framboidal pyrite.     

Measured and computed neutralization potentials from static tests of diverse rock types

Static tests typically are used in the initial stage of environmental assessments to predict the potential for acid mine drainage, and also are used to monitor waste disposal at active mining operations. The neutralization potential (NP) of 19 sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous extrusive rocks was measured by the Sobek method to compare the results with those computed by using the quantitative mineralogy of the rocks and the NP values that were deemed to be appropriate for the individual minerals. Most of the computed NP values of the rocks are lower than the measured values, but a close relationship is evident. If the contents of carbonate minerals are low, the NP in non-ultramafic igneous rocks typically is controlled by the amount of Ca substitution in plagioclase, whereas in ultramafic rocks the NP contribution is dominated by the amount of olivine and serpentine. Compositional and NP analyses of plagioclase concentrates indicate that the NP systematically varies from <1 for the Na end-member to about 14 for compositions near that of the Ca end-member. Among several variables that can affect the Sobek NP values, the volume and normality of the acid added to the sample are well-known to influence the results; however, the temperature and duration of the acidification stage can also have a pronounced effect on the measured NP of some rocks, depending on their mineralogy. Fizz tests to estimate the carbonate content and the consequent acid addition are highly subjective, and the ‘no fizz’ rating is not to be taken literally. The NP results themselves provide a clear indication of whether a sample has been over-acidified or under-acidified in the test procedure.     

Early diagenetic spherulitic siderites from Pennsylvanian palaeosols in the Boss Point Formation, Maritime Canada

The Boss Point Formation of Maritime Canada comprises alternating successions of braidplain sandstone, lacustrine mudstone, and lacustrine fluvio-deltaic sandstone and mudstone. These rocks were deposited within an active strike-slip basin during the early Pennsylvanian (Westphalian A), at a palaeolatitude of 8°S. Palaesols comprise a small but distinct proportion of the formation, and typically occur at the tops of fining upward sandstone-siltstone cycles. Spherulitic siderites from the Boss Point Formation occur within sandy and silty palaeosols. They occur as ‘large’ (>200 μm) and ‘small’ (<200 μm) diameter spherulitic nodules within calcrete, and show either a radially arranged ferroan calcite and siderite spar morphology, or contain a core of ferroan calcite, surrounded by a later formed sheath of siderite. Analytical data indicate that with respect to Ca-Mg-Mn, wide compositional variation occurs within the siderites. The Boss Point Formation siderites are similar to, but contain less Ca for a given Mg/Mn ratio, than previously published siderite compositional data. Published data, together with the results from the Boss Point Formation, indicate that a continuum exists in freshwater siderites, between the relatively Mn-depleted and the Mg-enriched analytical fields that were previously reported. The relatively low Ca values determined in the Boss Point Formation samples reflect the general lack of calcium in the sedimentary basin during sedimentation. Both chlorite and smectite clays may have been important sources of iron. It is concluded that the spherulitic siderites are eogenetic, and formed within small anoxic ponds rich in organic matter, under reducing and low dissolved sulphate conditions. With time these pools dried up, ferroan calcite precipitating as calcrete nodules around the earlier formed siderite spherulites.     

红层软岩微观结构与抗剪强度关系实验分析

红层软岩属于滑坡、崩塌灾害的易发地层,岩石的微观结构特性对其宏观力学强度有着重要影响。对四川省屏山县和云南省绥江县采集的侏罗系红层砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩样品进行了扫描电镜观察及变角模抗剪强度实验。基于MATLAB数字图像处理技术,提取了红层砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩的微观结构参量,即孔隙率、颗粒磨圆度、颗粒定向度及欧拉数的量化值,进一步分析了上述各参量和抗剪强度的定量关系。研究结果表明：红层软岩的抗剪强度和孔隙率呈负指数关系,和颗粒磨圆度、定向度呈负相关线性关系,和欧拉数呈正相关线性关系。     

软硬相间层状复杂岩体综合变形模量原位试验研究

某拟建大型电站坝基岩体为一套河湖相沉积岩,包含了砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩等多种岩性岩体。不同岩体变形参数各异,常规变形试验只能获得单一岩性岩体的变形模量,而这种软硬相间层状复杂岩体的综合变形模量是与单一岩性岩体变形模量、岩层倾角、岩层厚度多个因素相关的,如何通过试验获得这种复杂组合岩体的综合变形模量是一个重要问题。本文首先对坝址区不同岩性所占的比例进行了详细的统计,获得砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩的厚度比为6:2.5:1.5,根据这一统计结果在坝轴线附近选择含有砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩三种岩体的大型变形试验区,将承压板尺寸设定为200cm37cm,承压板就能同时覆盖砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩三种岩体,且将其厚度比确定为6:2.5:1.5。通过在承压板上施加大荷载（250余吨）将应力传至下部多层岩体,从而获得软硬相间层状复杂岩体的综合变形模量。试验结果表明坝基弱下风化岩体的综合变形模量可达到7.0GPa,已经满足筑坝的要求。通过原位试验成功地论证了坝基岩体综合变形模量量值的问题。      

庐枞盆地及周缘地区黄马青组沉积微相及与含铜岩系的关系

庐枞盆地及其周缘地区黄马青组具有典型的河控三角洲沉积层序,为前三角洲亚相-三角洲前缘亚相沉积。上段主要由泥岩-砂岩组成,三角洲前缘亚相,发育远砂坝、河口砂坝、分流间湾、分支河道和天然堤等微相,总体构成向上变粗的海退三角洲序列。含铜岩系分布于黄马青组上段,由灰绿色、深灰等还原色调的粉砂质泥岩或泥质粉砂岩等细碎屑岩类组成,属于三角洲前缘亚相中的分流间湾微相环境,在庐枞盆地中南部最为发育。     

二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统湖相沸石成因:来自矿物学、微量元素特征的证据

二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统暗色沉积物中发育由白色颗粒构成的同沉积纹层、条带,其矿物组合中包含大量成因不明的钠沸石和方沸石.在薄片鉴定和电子探针（EMPA）分析的基础上,通过场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）法对两种沸石矿物的形貌、微结构、共生矿物组合和微量元素成分进行分析.实验结果表明,钠沸石和方沸石自形程度较高,其中钠沸石为半自形-自形的棱柱状,长轴方向长度最大可达600 μm,集合体为纤维状或块状;方沸石呈自形的四角三八面体,粒径变化较大,介于10~300 μm.钠沸石和方沸石既能独立生长,也能互相交代,与重晶石、含铁白云石、菱镁矿和菱铁矿以及立方体黄铁矿等矿物紧密共生.与地壳及同区和同层位湖相泥岩微量元素配分曲线比较,含沸石岩石的全岩微量元素富集Pb、Sb、Tl、W、Mo、Bi,亏损V、Cr、Co、Ni,暗示了中高温含深源物质的碱性热液流体的加入.在综合分析沸石矿物形态结构、共生矿物组合及微量元素特征的基础上,认为在异常热流驱动下,中高温热液流体沿着断裂等运移通道喷出或溢流至湖底沉积物表面,与冷的湖水混合直接结晶沉淀形成方沸石、钠沸石和其他共生矿物,属于热水沉积成因.