斑岩型Cu±Mo±Au矿床的勘查标志：岩石化学和矿物化学指标

斑岩型矿床作为全球Cu、Mo等金属的主要来源,蕴藏着巨大的经济价值,一直是矿业公司的重点勘查目标。本文从岩石化学和矿物化学两方面,综述了有关斑岩矿床成矿潜力评价与矿体定位方面的研究进展,总结了相应的勘查指标,以期促进该类矿床的找矿突破。研究证实,成矿岩体一般为富H2O、高氧逸度的浅成中酸性斑岩体,发育角闪石 磁铁矿 榍石等矿物组合,显示埃达克(质)岩的地球化学性质(如高Sr、低Y和Yb、Eu异常不明显等)。斑岩体Al2O3/TiO2、Sr/Y、La/Yb、V/Sc和Sr/MnO等比值可以用来反映其成矿潜力。黑云母中Cu的含量、Cl/F比值以及特殊结构的石英(如UST、石英眼)等也可作为成矿潜力评价的重要指标。近年来,锆石、磷灰石和榍石等副矿物的化学组成被广泛用来评价岩浆的温度、压力、氧逸度以及H2O含量,进而反映其成矿潜力。此外,某些岩石化学和矿物化学参数还是岩浆成矿专属性的灵敏指标。斑岩矿床独特的蚀变 矿化 元素分带模式是找矿勘查的基本准则。针对不同蚀变带发育的特征矿物(如钾化带的金红石、青磐岩化带的绿泥石和绿帘石、绢英岩化带的绢云母等)开展原位微区成分分析和(或)短波红外光谱分析,不仅能够明确勘查方向,还有助于确定主矿体的位置。鉴于不同矿区成矿母岩的成分、侵位深度、围岩性质、蚀变分带模式等可能均存在明显差异,因此在找矿实践中应综合考虑各项找矿指标,进而提升发现新矿产的能力和效率。     

岛弧-陆缘弧环境斑岩Cu±Mo±Au矿床勘查:地质标志应用

斑岩Cu±Mo±Au矿床(以下简称斑岩铜矿)因其巨大的经济价值而倍受勘查界重视。文章基于国内外,尤其是国外斑岩型铜-金(多金属)矿床最新勘查和研究进展,系统总结了岛弧-陆缘弧环境斑岩铜矿勘查地质标志及其找矿应用实践,包括:①大地构造环境分析,宏观上确定斑岩铜矿勘查选区。弧环境斑岩铜矿勘查应重点部署在与大洋俯冲有关的岛弧、陆缘弧等增生造山火山岩浆弧环境;②区域及矿田构造解析,不断缩小找矿靶区。与弧/造山带形成演化应力有关的超壳深大断裂系统控制矿带空间展布,断裂、褶皱、火山(地层)以及岩浆侵入等矿田构造体系控制矿床(体)分布;③岩石化学成分、矿物组成以及岩石结构等含矿斑岩体特征及成矿专属性判断,确定斑岩铜矿找矿目标体;④蚀变分带对成矿斑岩体和富矿区(矿体)指向。从深部到浅部、从核心到外围,钙碱性斑岩铜矿蚀变类型分别为钠-钙(硅酸盐)化、钾(硅酸盐)化、青磐岩化(细化为高温阳起石内带、中温绿帘石中带和低温绿泥石外带)、绢英岩化和泥化;碱性斑岩铜矿蚀变组合为钙-钾化、钾化、内青磐岩化带(阳起石-赤铁矿-绿帘石带)、外青磐岩化带(钠长石-阳起石带)和远青磐岩化带(绿泥石带);⑤岩帽特征对深部斑岩体和潜在富矿中心指向。钙碱性斑岩铜矿形成的岩帽由多孔状(晶洞发育)的硅质核,外侧高级泥化带(石英-明矾石带)和泥化带(高岭石±迪开石带)组成;碱性斑岩铜矿形成以钠长石化为核心、外围(上部)为钠长石-绢云母带的碱性岩帽;⑥脉体和角砾岩(筒)时空分布及其对勘查靶区(位)指向。A、B、D型脉以及C、M型脉等脉体类型、密度以及石英中残余硫化物详细填图是矿区勘查靶区定位和矿石品位预测有效指标之一;3大类、7种主要类型角砾岩在斑岩铜矿中时、空间分布可作为找矿评价的参考标志;⑦矿化元素、金属矿物和矿化类型分带及其找矿相互指示。从矿化中心到外围(浅部),出现[Mo-Cu→Cu-Mo(Au)→Cu-S(Au)]→[Pb-Zn(Au)]→Au-Ag(Mn)→Au(As,Sb)的元素分带,斑铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿硫化物晕分带;斑岩型、矽卡岩型、次浅成环境脉型、高硫型和中硫型浅成低温热液型等矿化类型在斑岩铜矿成矿系统中分布具有显著的规律性,是勘查评价最重要的地质标志;⑧矿体剥蚀与保存,是评价矿田(体)找矿潜力重要因素。     

大兴安岭北部±130Ma火山岩的地质意义

大兴安岭地区北部广泛发育一套早白垩世中酸性火山岩组合,这套组合下部以粗面岩-粗安岩为主,上部以流纹岩为主,二者的形成时代完全一致,锆石年龄均为130Ma,对应的地质时代为早白垩世欧特里夫期。岩石地球化学资料表明,火山岩以富硅、碱及贫镁为特征,且轻重稀土分馏明显,都具有明显的Eu负异常,反映其同源演化的特点。火山岩时代与相邻正常沉积地层中化石组合时代的对比结果表明,这套火山岩与其上下正常沉积地层的沉积时代是连续演化的。火山岩之下南屯组的化石组合时代为早白垩世凡兰吟期,对应的数值年龄为139~132 Ma,之上大磨拐河组—伊敏组的化石组合时代为早白垩世欧特里夫期晚期—芭蕾姆期,对应的数值年龄为129~125 Ma。这一证据揭示,大兴安岭北部在139~125Ma的早白垩世期间经历了连续的沉积—火山—沉积作用演化过程,反映了该区当时伸展盆地的演化特点。其中,约130 Ma的火山岩是该区一次重要的区域性火山岩喷发事件。     

10±Ma--伸展盆地裂陷旋回的重要周期

沉积盆地的发展演化过程往往表现为旋回性和周期性.根据部分典型大陆裂陷盆地的伸展沉降史分析结果,认为10±Ma应该是一个重要的旋回周期,这一周期的控制因素更可能与深部软流圈的脉动性隆升有关.通过理想情况下的盆地非稳态古地温场的模拟计算,发现软流圈上涌作用10±Ma之后,岩石圈温度场便基本达到稳定,造成了岩石圈减薄、盆地沉降以及岩浆作用达到相对平衡,从而使软流圈发生热回沉或进一步上涌.因此软流圈的脉动式上涌造成了裂陷盆地的幕式沉降过程,这一周期可能在10±Ma左右,并因具体的动力学参数的差异而略有不同.而伸展裂陷幕的次数也与软流圈的上涌次数以及板块的边界应力场密切相关.     

Examining potential genetic links between Jurassic porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo and epithermal Au ± Ag mineralization in the Toodoggone district of North-Central British Columbia,Canada

The Toodoggone district comprises Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Hazelton Group Toodoggone Formation volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which unconformably overlie submarine island-arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Lower Permian Asitka Group and Middle Triassic Takla Group, some of which are intruded by Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic plutons and dikes of the Black Lake suite. Although plutonism occurred episodically from ca. 218 to 191 Ma, the largest porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo systems formed from ca. 202 to 197 Ma, with minor mineralization occurring from ca. 197 to 194 Ma. Porphyry-style mineralization is hosted by small-volume (<1 km³), single-phase, porphyritic igneous stocks or dikes that have high-K calc-alkaline compositions and are comparable with volcanic-arc granites. The Fin porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit is anomalous in that it is 16 m.y. older than any other porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo occurrence in the district and has lower REEs. All porphyry systems are spatially restricted to exposed Asitka and Takla Group basement rocks, and rarely, the lowest member of the Hazelton Group (i.e., the ca. 201 Ma Duncan Member). The basement rocks to intrusions are best exposed in the southern half of the district, where high rates of erosion and uplift have resulted in their preferential exposure. In contrast, low- and high-sulfidation epithermal systems are more numerous in the northern half of the district, where the overlying Hazelton Group rocks dominate exposures. Cogenetic porphyry systems might also exist in the northern areas; however, if they are present, they are likely to be buried deeply beneath Hazelton Group rocks. High-sulfidation epithermal systems formed at ca. 201 to 182 Ma, whereas low-sulfidation systems were active at ca. 192 to 162 Ma. Amongst the studied epithermal systems, the Baker low-sulfidation epithermal deposit displays the strongest demonstrable genetic link with magmatic fluids; fluid inclusion studies demonstrate that its ore fluids were hot (>468°C), saline, and deposited metals at deep crustal depths (>2 km). Sulfur, C, O, and Pb isotope data confirm the involvement of a magmatic fluid, but also suggest that the ore fluid interacted with Asitka and Takla Group country rocks prior to metal deposition. In contrast, in the Shasta, Lawyers, and Griz-Sickle low-sulfidation epithermal systems, there is no clear association with magmatic fluids. Instead, their fluid inclusion data indicate the involvement of low-temperature (175 to 335°C), low-salinity (1 to 11 equiv. wt.% NaCl) fluids that deposited metals at shallow depths (<850 m). Their isotope (i.e., O, H, Pb) data suggest interaction between meteoric and/or metamorphic ore fluids with basement country rocks.     

距今1850±150Ma—地球发展演化的重要转折时期

文章以我国华北地台、塔里木地台、西南地台及华南、秦岭、天山等造山带的地质和同位素年龄为基础,并联系北美地台、泛非地台、东欧地台等古老地块及重要造山带的地质、同位素年代等资料,分析了1850±150Ma期间的一次强烈的构造一热事件的重要性和全球普遍性,论证了该构造-热事件前后地球发展演化在地质构造特征、成岩成矿特征等诸重要方面的差异,指出该事件是地球历史发展演化的一个重要转折或里程碑。     

中电工程中标世界首个±1100千伏特高压直流输电工程项目

<正>近日,中国电力工程顾问集团有限公司所属六大设计院公司中标准东-华东±1100千伏特高压直流输电工程,这也标志着该项工程建设已全面启动。据了解,准东-华东±1100千伏特高压直流输电工程是目前全球电压等级最高、输电规模最大的直流输变电工程,送电线路起点为新疆,途经新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、河南、安徽6个省、区,线路长度约3400千米,额定     

会聚束电子衍射中晶带轴和±G暗场图像的同时观察

在会聚束衍射中(CBED).晶体点群和空间群的标准测量方法需要四种类型的图象(正常衍射图,明埸象,暗场象和±G暗场象).在同一胶片上同时获取四种图象的方法已经报导过(JEOL,NEWS,24E.62,1986)。然而该方法所需要的样品必须具有1μm直径,相同厚度,无弯曲的薄区。因此此,法不适用于实际应用.本文介绍一种从样品中100nm直径薄区获得这些图象的具有使用价值的方法.该方法是通过调节物镜励磁电流和中间镜励磁电流来观察的:它的应用结果也作相应的描述。     

Genetic link between saline and carbonatitic mantle fluids: The system NaCl-CaCO3-MgCO3 ± H2O ± Fe0 at 6 GPa

Melt inclusions in kimberlitic minerals and diamonds indicate that chlorides are important constituents of mantle carbonatite melts. Besides, alkaline chlorides are important constituents of saline high-density fluids (HDFs) found in diamonds from kimberlites and placers around the world. Continuous compositional variations suggest that saline and carbonatitic HDFs could be genetically linked. However, the essence of this link remains unclear owing to the lack of data on phase relations in the chloride-carbonate systems under pressure. Here we studied subsolidus and melting phase relations in the system NaCl–CaCO₃–MgCO₃ at 6 GPa and 1000–1600 °C using a Kawai-type multianvil press. We found that at 1000 °C, subsolidus assemblage consists of halite, magnesite, and aragonite. At higher temperatures, the stabilization of dolomite splits the subsolidus area into two partial ternary fields: halite + magnesite + dolomite and halite + dolomite + aragonite. The minimum on the liquidus surface corresponds to the halite-dolomite-aragonite ternary eutectic, situated at 1100 °C. The eutectic melt has Ca# 89 and contains 30 wt.% NaCl (26 mol% 2NaCl). The system has two ternary peritectics: halite + dolomite = magnesite + liquid located near the ternary eutectic and magnesite + dolomite = Mg-dolomite + liquid situated between 1300 and 1400 °C. Although under dry conditions incipient melting yields carbonate-dominated melt, the addition of water facilitates the fusion of NaCl and expands the liquid field to NaCl-rich compositions with up to 70 wt.% NaCl. The obtained results favor the idea that hydrous saline melts/fluids (brines) found as inclusions in diamonds could be a lower temperature derivative of mantle carbonatite melts and disagree with the hypothesis on chloride melt generation owing to the chloride-carbonate liquid immiscibility since no such immiscibility was established. We also studied the interaction of the NaCl–CaCO₃–MgCO₃ system with iron metal and found that carbonate reduction produces C-bearing species (Fe⁰, Fe-C melt, Fe₃C, Fe₇C₃, C⁰) and wüstite containing Na₂O, CaO, and MgO. Besides, a carbonate chloride compound, Ca₂Cl₂CO₃, was established among the reaction products. The interaction between NaCl-bearing carbonate melt shifts its composition toward Mg-poor and NaCl-rich. Given the above, an alternative hypothesis can be proposed, according to which the interaction of alkaline chloride-bearing carbonate melts formed in the subduction zones with the reduced mantle should be accompanied by diamond crystallization and shift the composition of the melt from carbonatitic to alkali-rich saline.     

火焰塞曼δ^±偏振原子吸收分光光度法测定地质样品中的锰

在塞曼效应扣除背景的原子吸收分光光度计上用Zeeman方式测定高含量的锰，或某些(如测定土壤中有效态锰)要求取样量大的样品中测定锰时，往往要稀释样品溶液，这样既麻烦又易引起误差。根据献[2、3]介绍，本将塞曼效应产生的δ^±偏振组份用于火焰原子吸收测定，使锰的校正曲线的线性范围变宽，可在不经稀释样品溶液的条件下测定较高含量的锰，应用于地质样品分析，结果令人满意。     

Zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of Late Cretaceous–early Eocene granodiorites in the southern Gangdese batholith of Tibet: petrogenesis and implications for geodynamics and Cu ± Au ± Mo mineralization

Cu ± Au ± Mo mineralization is found in multiple intrusive suites in the Gangdese belt of southern Tibet (GBST). However, the petrogenesis of these ore-bearing intrusive rocks remains controversial. Here, we report on mineralization-related Late Cretaceous-early Eocene intrusive rocks in the Chikang–Jirong area, southern Gangdese. Zircon U–Pb analyses indicate that the mainly granodioritic Chikang and Jirong plutons were generated in the Late Cretaceous (ca. 92 Ma) and early Eocene (ca. 53 Ma), respectively. They are high-K calc-alkaline suites with high SiO₂ (64.8–68.3 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (15.1–15.7 wt.%) contents. Chikang granodiorites are characterized by high Sr (835–957 ppm), Sr/Y (118–140), Mg# (58–60), Cr (21.8–36.6 ppm), and Ni (14.3–22.9 ppm), and low Y (6.0–8.1 ppm), Yb (0.54–0.68 ppm) values with negligible Eu anomalies, which are similar to those of typical slab-derived adakites. The Jirong granodiorites have high SiO₂ (64.8–65.3 wt.%) and Na₂O + K₂O (7.19–7.59 wt.%), and low CaO (2.45–3.69 wt.%) contents, Mg# (47–53) and Sr/Y (14–16) values, along with negative Eu and Ba anomalies. Both Chikang and Jirong granodiorites have similar ε_Hf(t) (7.6–13.1) values. The Chikang granodiorites were most probably produced by partial melting of subducted Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust, and the Jirong granodiorites were possibly generated by partial melting of Gangdese juvenile basaltic crust. In combination with the two peak ages (100–80 and 65–41 Ma) of Gangdese magmatism, we suggest that upwelling asthenosphere, triggered by the rollback and subsequent break-off of subducted Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere, provided the heat for partial melting of subducted slab and arc juvenile crust. Taking into account the contemporaneous occurrence of Gangdese magmatism and Cu ± Au ± Mo mineralization, we conclude that the Late Cretaceous–early Eocene magmatic rocks in the GBST may have a significant potential for Cu ± Au ± Mo mineralization.     

1214 ± 5 Ma dyke from the Darling Range,southwestern Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

High thorium euhedral, twinned and elongate zircons from the felsic part of a mafic dyke located in the Archaean Yilgarn Craton approximately 30 km northeast of Perth and approximately 2 km east of the Darling Fault, have consistent 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages of 1214 ± 5 Ma. This age is interpreted as the age of dyke emplacement and is identical, within the uncertainties, with other U–Pb dyke ages reported for the southwest Yilgarn Craton. The present result extends the known occurrence of ca 1210 Ma dykes to the western margin of the Yilgarn Craton and confirms earlier conclusions that a major mafic dyke emplacement occurred throughout the southern Yilgarn Craton during a short‐lived magmatic pulse at ca 1210 Ma.     

兰坪盆地西缘沉积岩容矿脉状Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床成矿流体特征

兰坪盆地西部发育大量沉积岩容矿的Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床,矿体的分布受逆冲推覆系统控制。逆冲推覆系统根部带主要发育脉状Cu-Ag(Mo)矿床(包括金满Cu-Ag、连城Cu-Mo及一系列脉状Cu矿床);前锋带主要发育Pb-Zn-Ag(±Cu)矿床(包括白秧坪Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu多金属矿集区及一系列小型的Pb-Zn矿床)。文章系统分析了盆地西缘Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床流体包裹体及C、H、O同位素特征进行了根部带Cu和前锋带Pb-Zn矿床成矿流体的对比研究,探讨了盆地西缘Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床成矿流体的性质、来源及演化。研究表明,根部带的CuAg(Mo)多金属矿床成矿流体主要为与围岩充分交换的深循环大气降水,具有富CO2、中高温(集中在280~340℃)、中低盐度w(Na Cleq)(1%~4%)的特点;前锋带Pb-Zn-Ag(±Cu)多金属矿床成矿流体则主要为源于大气降水的盆地卤水,具有贫CO2、中低温(集中在160~240℃)、中高盐度w(Na Cleq)(集中于22.0%~24.0%)的特点。     

The relation between Cu/Au ratio and formation depth of porphyry-style Cu–Au ± Mo deposits

Constraints on gold and copper ore grades in porphyry-style Cu–Au ± Mo deposits are re-examined, with particular emphasis on published fluid pressure and formation depth as indicated by fluid inclusion data and geological reconstruction. Defining an arbitrary subdivision at a molar Cu/Au ratio of 4.0 × 10⁴, copper–gold deposits have a shallower average depth of formation (2.1 km) compared with the average depth of copper–molybdenum deposits (3.7 km), based on assumed lithostatic fluid pressure from microthermometry. The correlation of Cu/Au ratio with depth is primarily influenced by the variations of total Au grade. Despite local mineralogical controls within some ore deposits, the overall Cu/Au ratio of the deposits does not show a significant correlation with the predominant type of Cu–Fe sulfide, i.e., chalcopyrite or bornite. Primary magma source probably contributes to metal endowment on the province scale and in some individual deposits, but does not explain the broad correlation of metal ratios with the pressure of ore formation. By comparison with published experimental and fluid analytical data, the observed correlation of the Cu/Au ratio with fluid pressure can be explained by dominant transport of Cu and Au in a buoyant S-rich vapor, coexisting with minor brine in two-phase magmatic hydrothermal systems. At relatively shallow depth (approximately <3 km), the solubility of both metals decreases rapidly with decreasing density of the ascending vapor plume, forcing both Cu and Au to be coprecipitated. In contrast, magmatic vapor cooling at deeper levels (approximately >3 km) and greater confining pressure is likely to precipitate copper ± molybdenum only, while sulfur-complexed gold remains dissolved in the relatively dense vapor. Upon cooling, this vapor may ultimately contract to a low-salinity epithermal liquid, which can contribute to the formation of epithermal gold deposits several kilometers above the Au-poor porphyry Cu–(Mo) deposit. These findings and interpretations imply that petrographic inspection of fluid inclusion density may be used as an exploration indicator. Low-pressure brine + vapor systems are favorable for coprecipitation of both metals, leading to Au-rich porphyry–copper–gold deposits. Epithermal gold deposits may be associated with such shallow systems, but are likely to derive their ore-forming components from a deeper source, which may include a deeply hidden porphyry–copper ± molybdenum deposit. Exposed high-pressure brine + vapor systems, or stockwork veins containing a single type of intermediate-density inclusions, are more likely to be prospective for porphyry–copper ± molybdenum deposits.     

Intermediate sulfidation epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu (±Ag-Au) mineralization at Cheshmeh Hafez deposit, Semnan province, Iran

The Cheshmeh Hafez epithermal base metal deposit is located in Troud-Chah Shirin mountain range in the Alborz magmatic belt of northern Iran. In this area, the Eocene volcanism and associated mineralization are controlled by NW-SE trending Anjilo and Troud major faults. Geological units are composed of porphyritic andesite, andesitic basalt, dacite, rhyodacite, trachyandesite and basalt, which are typically high-K igneous rocks transitional to shoshonites. Alteration in Cheshmeh Hafez area comprise of propylilitization, sericitization, argillization and silicification. Mineralization consists of three stages. Stage 1, quartz, carbonate with early pyrite I and chalcopyrite assemblages. Stage 2, the main stage of sulfide deposition, comprises early euhedral galena I followed by galena II and sphalerite, then galena III, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrite II, bornite and digenite. Stage 3 involves the deposition of quartz and calcite barren veins with minor pyrite. The average assays from 12 channel samples of Cheshmeh Hafez veins are 0.15 g/t Au, 3.23 g/t Ag, 4.47 wt % Pb, 2.64 wt % Cu, and 1.73 wt % Zn. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (Th) in quartz fall within the range of 140°-280°C with salinities ranging from 4.7 to 18 wt. % NaCl equivalent. Comparison of Th versus ice melting (Tm_ice) values indicates fluid dilution.     

赣北Pt_[(3h)~3]汉阳峰组Sm-Nd同位素年龄为845.6±6Ma

江西省地矿调研大队四0三队在赣北地区(庐山图组)进行1:5万区域地质调查过程中,首次对该区新元古代古人山岩(Pt_[(3h)]~3汉阳峰组变基性熔岩)采用Sm—Nd全岩等时线年龄方法测定,其年龄值为845.6±6Ma,该成果的获得为赣北地区陆相古火山机构的研究及陆相古火