共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
G. D. Just 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1973,5(3):151-162
SummaryThe Application of Size Distribution Equations to Rock Breakage by Explosives Size distribution equations can be used to describe the degree of fragmentation produced by explosive rock breakage. This paper describes the results of small scale blasting experiments and the derivation of equations to relate size distributions to blasting design parameters. The application and relevance of these techniques to large scale blasting operations is also discussed.With 7 Figures 相似文献
2.
Enhanced demand for coal and minerals in the country has forced mine operators for mass production through large opencast mines. Heavy blasting and a large amount of explosive use have led to increased environmental problems, which may have potential harm and causes a disturbance. Ground vibrations generated due to blasting operations in mines and quarries are a very important environmental aspect. It is clear that a small amount of total explosive energy is being utilized in blasting for breakage of rock mass, while the rest is being wasted. The amount of energy which is wasted causes various environmental issues such as ground vibrations, air overpressure, and fly rock. Ground vibrations caused by blasting cannot be eliminated entirely, yet they can be minimized as far as possible through a suitable blasting methodology. A considerable amount of work has been done to identify ground vibrations and assess the blast performance regarding the intensity of ground vibrations, i.e., peak particle velocity and frequency spectrum. However, not much research has done into reducing the seismic energy wasted during blasting leading to ground vibrations. In this paper, the blast-induced ground vibrations in three orthogonal directions, i.e., transverse, vertical, and longitudinal, were recorded at different distances using seismographs. An attempt has been made for the estimation of the percentage of explosive energy dissipated in the form of seismic energy with electronic and non-electric (NONEL) initiation system. signal processing techniques with the help of DADiSP software is used to study the same. 相似文献
3.
Shreerup Goswami Kamal Jeet Singh Shaila Chandra 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2006,28(4-6):218-233
Gondwana basins of Orissa State constitute a major part of the Mahanadi Master Basin. These Gondwana sediments, ranging from Asselian to Albian in age, contain remnants of three basic floral assemblages i.e. Glossopteris Assemblage, Dicroidium Assemblage and Ptilophyllum Assemblage which can be recognized through the Permian, Triassic and Early Cretaceous, respectively. The megafloral assemblages of different basins of this state are discussed briefly. This report mainly deals with the plant species diversification in different lithological formations and the development of flora in the Gondwana basins of Orissa. A number of successive megafloras are recognized. Among those, leaves are the dominant part of the preserved flora, followed by fruits and roots. No wood parts are preserved in the major basins. These pre-angiospermic floras have been systematically analyzed to depict the evolutionary trends, and palaeofloristics of these basins. The distribution of plant fossils in different formations of these basins depicts provincialism in Gondwana flora within the Orissa. 相似文献
4.
A comparative study of ANN and Neuro-fuzzy for the prediction of dynamic constant of rockmass 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Physico-mechanical properties of rocks have great significance in all operational parts in mining activities, from exploration
to final dispatch of material. Compressional wave velocity (p-wave velocity) and anisotropic behaviour of rocks are two such properties which help to understand the rock response under
varying stress conditions. They also influence the breakage mechanism of rock. There are different methods to determine thep-wave velocity and anisotropyin situ and in the laboratory. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming. Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks
techniques seem very well suited for typical geotechnical problems. In conjunction with statistics and conventional mathematical
methods, hybrid methods can be developed that may prove to be a step forward in modeling geotechnical problems. Here, we have
developed and compared two different models, Neuro-fuzzy systems (combination of fuzzy and artificial neural network systems)
and Artificial neural network systems, for the prediction of compressional wave velocity. 相似文献
5.
Empirical approaches for predicting fragmentation from blasting continue to play a significant role in the mining industry in spite of a number of inherent limitations associated with such methods. These methods can be successfully applied provided the users understand or recognize their limitations. Arguably, the most successful empirical based fragmentation models have been those applicable to surface blasting (e.g., Kuz-Ram/Kuznetsov based models). With widespread adoption of fragmentation assessment technologies in underground operations, an opportunity has arisen to extend and further develop these type approaches to underground production blasting.
This paper discusses the development of a new fragmentation modelling framework for underground ring blasting applications. The approach is based on the back-analysis of geotechnical, blasting and fragmentation data gathered at the Ridgeway sub level caving (SLC) operation in conjunction with experiences from a number of surface blasting operations.
The basis of the model are, relating a peak particle velocity (PPV) breakage threshold to a breakage uniformity index; modelling of the coarse end of the size distribution with the Rosin-Rammler distribution; and modelling the generation of fines with a newly developed approach that allows the prediction of the volume of crushing around blastholes.
Preliminary validations of the proposed model have shown encouraging results. Further testing and validation of the proposed model framework continues and the approach is currently being incorporated into an underground blast design and analysis software to facilitate its application. 相似文献
This paper discusses the development of a new fragmentation modelling framework for underground ring blasting applications. The approach is based on the back-analysis of geotechnical, blasting and fragmentation data gathered at the Ridgeway sub level caving (SLC) operation in conjunction with experiences from a number of surface blasting operations.
The basis of the model are, relating a peak particle velocity (PPV) breakage threshold to a breakage uniformity index; modelling of the coarse end of the size distribution with the Rosin-Rammler distribution; and modelling the generation of fines with a newly developed approach that allows the prediction of the volume of crushing around blastholes.
Preliminary validations of the proposed model have shown encouraging results. Further testing and validation of the proposed model framework continues and the approach is currently being incorporated into an underground blast design and analysis software to facilitate its application. 相似文献
6.
Pankaj Sharma N. V. Mahure Murari Ratnam 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(6):1035-1048
Rockfill material is the most readily available and the most flexible material for the construction of dams especially in
the seismic prone regions. The material is obtained either by blasting available rock or is collected from the alluvial deposits
of the river. During construction of the dam, the available rockfill material is compacted to required density layer by layer
using various sophisticated compactors to achieve the required density and slope. Gradually the vertical load on the lower
layers goes on increasing due to placement of subsequent layers of the materials to achieve the desired height. This may result
in variation of grain size distribution of the lower layers due to the breakage of particles. This will certainly influence
the shear parameters. Present studies have been carried out to find the influence of loading the rockfill materials under
two different stress conditions i.e. multistage loading and single stage loading on the grain size distribution and its subsequent
effect on its shear parameters. Consolidated drained triaxial shear tests have been conducted on the materials obtained by
blasting available rock as well as on the materials collected from the alluvial deposits of the river which are generally
used for construction of rockfill dams. Test data have been analyzed to study the breakage factor and corresponding shear
parameters under both conditions. 相似文献
7.
空气间隔装药爆炸冲击荷载作用下混凝土损伤分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
采用JHC混凝土损伤演化模型,模拟计算了不同空气间隔装药结构情况下炮孔近区岩石损伤破坏机制,分析了空气层比例以及起爆方式对爆破效果的影响。计算表明,不同空气层位置及比例会产生不同的爆破效果,并能运用于不同的爆破目的。空气层比例与炮孔粉碎区大小成反比,空气比较小时可以用于梯段爆破,而空气比较大时可用于预裂或光面爆破。对于梯段爆破、反向起爆(空气层位于上部)和中间起爆(空气层位于中间)的效果要好;起爆方式对梯段爆破效果的影响要比预裂和光面爆破效果明显。 相似文献
8.
Ali Mortazavi P. D. Katsabanis 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2000,4(3):175-197
The objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a dynamic blasthole expansion model, which is coupled to the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code of Shi (1988). The developed model considers the effects of blast geometry (blasthole shape, angle, and location), the physical properties of the intact rock and existing discontinuities, the distribution and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities, and the blasthole pressure on the processes of burden breakage, fragment throw and muckpile formation. The newly modified DDA code (DDA_BLAST) describes the expansion of the blasthole as a function of blast chamber volume and time. It is assumed in the code that the rock is already fragmented in-situ due to the intersection of pre-existing discontinuities and the passage of stress wave. Hence, the model only considers the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process. Moreover, the proposed model for the blasthole expansion assumes an adiabatic expansion of explosion products and variations in the explosion pressure upon expansion of the blast chamber are calculated from an equation of state. Accordingly, the newly modified DDA_BLAST code was used to simulate typical blasting problems in jointed media and delve into the mechanisms involved (in a macro scale) in the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process, burden breakage, and the effects of the discontinuity properties on the process of rock breakage by blasting. 相似文献
9.
10.
J. C. Jhanwar 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(5):651-663
The mechanism by which the explosive energy is transferred to the surrounding rock mass is changed in air-deck blasting. It
allows the explosive energy to act repeatedly in pulses on the surrounding rock mass rather than instantly as in the case
of concentrated charge blasting. The air-deck acts as a regulator, which first stores energy and then releases it in separate
pulses. The release of explosion products in the air gap causes a decrease in the initial bore hole pressure and allows oscillations
of shock waves in the air gap. The performance of an air-deck blast is basically derived from the expansion of gaseous products
and subsequent multiple interactions between shock waves within an air column, shock waves and stemming base and shock waves
and hole bottom. This phenomenon causes repeated loading on the surrounding rock mass by secondary shock fronts for a prolonged
period. The length of air column and the rock mass structure are critical to the ultimate results. Several attempts have been
made in the past to study the mechanism of air-deck blasting and to investigate its effects on blast performance but a clear
understanding of the underlying mechanism and the physical processes to explain its actual effects is yet to emerge. In the
absence of any theoretical basis, the air-deck blast designs are invariably carried out by the rules of thumb. The field trials
of this technique in different blast environments have demonstrated its effectiveness in routine production blasting, pre-splitting
and controlling over break and ground vibrations etc. The air-deck length appropriate to the different rock masses and applications
need to be defined more explicitly. It generally ranges between 0.10 and 0.30 times the original charge length. Mid column
air-deck is preferred over the top and bottom air-decks. Top air-deck is used especially in situations, which require adequate
breakage in the stemming region. The influence of air-deck location within the hole on blast performance also requires further
studies. This paper reviews the status of knowledge on the theory and practice of air-deck blasting in mines and surface excavations
and brings out the areas for further investigation in this technique of blasting. 相似文献
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开展饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性试验研究,探索饱和钙质砂爆炸密实机制和密实效果,对钙质砂地层中进行的工程建设有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。通过控制爆炸参数,测试不同参数作用时钙质砂爆炸前后声波特性和表面沉降规律,揭示饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性。试验结果表明:钙质砂高孔隙比和颗粒破碎特性对爆炸密实效果有重要影响。爆炸密实作用后,在爆炸近区,钙质砂颗粒受到较强爆炸冲击作用,导致钙质砂颗粒破碎而形成破碎区和压缩区,压缩区随着时间的推移有松弛的趋势,钙质砂颗粒结构重新固结过程在爆炸后2 h内基本完成。 相似文献
14.
坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的宏观损伤破坏程度研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
根据综放开采坚硬顶煤预先弱化爆破作用的目的和特点,认为在爆炸载荷作用下坚硬煤体的动态断裂破坏也是一个连续损伤演化积累过程。通过大煤样爆破超动态应变测试,提出坚硬顶煤预先弱化爆破的爆破中区应变波峰值体积应变符合幂函数衰减规律,并在此基础上,结合Tarlor、Drady等岩石爆破损伤演化模型,建立了坚硬顶煤预先弱化爆破宏观损伤破坏程度的分布函数,给出了相应的计算参数和系数,为分析和确定顶煤弱化爆破合理参数提供了基础。 相似文献
15.
工程爆破施工过程中如何控制其对周围建筑物、正在施工项目和处于养护龄期内的混凝土结构的影响一直是爆破施工中的实际问题,直接关系爆破施工的单响药量和施工进度。隧道爆破掘进施工中为了追求施工进度,往往在爆破方案中使用较大的单响装药量,从而忽略了大药量爆破产生的冲击波效应对隧道岩壁、已有结构的破坏,本文简单介绍了施工前或施工中,进行质点振动速度监测的实际应用。 相似文献
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17.
This paper discusses the formulation and the numerical performance of a fully implicit algorithm used to integrate a rate-dependent model defined within a breakage mechanics framework. For this purpose, a Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm has been implemented according to two different linearization strategies: The former is derived by a direct linearization of the constitutive equations, while the latter introduces rate effects through a consistency parameter. The accuracy and efficiency of the GBE algorithm have been investigated by (1) performing material point analyses and (2) solving initial boundary value problems. In both cases, the overall performance of the underlying algorithm is inspected for a range of loading rates, thus simulating comminution from slow to fast dynamic problems. As the viscous response of the breakage model can be recast through a viscous nucleus function, the presented algorithm can be considered as a general framework to integrate constitutive equations relying on the overstress approach typical of Perzyna-like viscoplastic models. 相似文献
18.
Yvon Halbwachs Gabriel Courrioux Xavier Renaud Philippe Repusseau 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(5):625-656
The consistent geometric and topological representation of a fault network is possible through a method based on the implementation of 3-dimensional Generalized maps (3-G-map) enabling all subdivisions of space to be represented. The fault network is modeled as an assemblage of polygonal faces from a set of geometric data on the faults and a knowledge of the relationships between the faults. The resultant model is expressed in terms of a 3-G-map in which volume, surface, and topological information is constructed taking into account computed intersections between faults and known interception relations. The fault network can be edited through an interactive 3-D viewer which provides several tools for navigating within the 3-G-map. Information relevant to a fault network, such as block geometry, connectivity, adjacencies, and connectivity relationships, can be obtained by exploring the data structure of the 3-G-map. The fault network architecture is made comprehensive through interactive modeling and visualization. 相似文献
19.
Considering different mechanical cutting tools for excavation of rock, drilling and blasting is said to be inexpensive and
at the same time most acceptable and compatible to any geo-excavation condition. Depending upon strength properties of in-situ
rock mass, characteristics of joint pattern and required quality of blasting, control blasting techniques viz., pre-split
and smooth blasting are commonly implemented to achieve an undamaged periphery rock-wall. To minimize magnitude of damage
or overbreak, the paper emphasized that in-situ stresses and re-distribution of stresses during the process of excavation
should be considered prior to selection of explosive parameters and implementation of any suitable blast pattern. Rock structure
being not massive in nature, the paper firstly explains the influence of discontinuities and design parameters on smooth-wall
blasting. Considering the empirical equations for estimation of stress wave’s magnitude and its attenuation characteristics
through transmitting medium, the paper has put forward a mathematical model for smooth blasting pattern. The model firstly
illustrates that rock burden for each hole should be sub-divided into thin micro strips/slabs to understand the characteristics
of wave transmission through the medium and lastly with the help of beam theory of structural dynamics have put forward a
mathematical model to analyze and design an effective smooth blasting pattern to achieve an undamaged periphery rock-wall. 相似文献