海洋Nd同位素演化及古洋流循环示踪研究

海洋Nd同位素演化已经成为示踪陆源风化输入和洋流循环改变的最重要的手段之一,得到了越来越多的应用,并取得了许多重要的成果。海水的Nd同位素组成主要受陆源输入物质控制,热液输入几乎可以忽略。由于Nd在海洋中的停留时间(约500～1000a)略小于海水的平均混合时间(约1500a),且各洋盆有不同的Nd同位素风化输入,因此现代各大洋海水具有不同的Nd同位素组成。在陆源输入稳定的情况下,可以利用海水的Nd同位素组成和演化来示踪水体的混合或洋流循环的改变。目前主要依靠对海洋中水成铁锰结壳、海洋钙质有孔虫壳体、磷酸质鱼骨头或鱼牙齿化石以及沉积物中铁锰氧化物组分等的研究来恢复和反演古海水的Nd同位素组成和演化。4种分析材料各有其优缺点。其中,通过对水成铁锰结壳的Nd同位素分析,基本建立了各大洋新生代以来的主要洋流的Nd同位素组成的长尺度演化。通过有孔虫壳体、鱼化石碎片和沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物组分可以进行高时间分辨率的古海水Nd同位素演化示踪。利用海水Nd同位素演化可以示踪古洋流通道的开启或闭合,以及获得水体交换的直接信息,为研究构造运动与气候变化之间的关系提供指示。同时,将海水Nd同位素演化与气候变化的指标结合起来,可以用于示踪各种气候条件下洋流循环的改变,将洋流循环的改变与气候变化联系起来,研究两者之间的成因关系。对表层水体的Nd同位素组成的研究则可以示踪不同气候条件下大陆陆源风化输入的改变。     

新生代古海洋Nd同位素演化及其古环境意义

本文对当前在新生代古海洋Nd同位素演化及其古环境意义研究方面的最新成果进行了简明的阐述，说明在巴拿马海峡于5－3Ma关闭前后，太平洋和大西洋洋流的变化与其海水Nd同位素的变化相对应。但同期的印度洋Nd同位素没有明显变化，其原因需要进一步研究。     

古海洋研究中的地球化学新指标

有机地球化学与微量元素地球化学古环境指标及其相关的同位素指标已成为追溯古全球变化与古海洋生物地球化学演化的有力工具。从古环境替代指标的示踪原理和应用的角度，综述了有孔虫碳同位素、有机地球化学整体指标、生物标志化合物、单体有机分子同位素、微量元素等在古海洋古环境研究中的应用及相关的研究动态与进展。指出古海洋研究正从以恢复古海洋的物理参数（温度、盐度、古洋流等）为主，向着揭示古水团演化、古生产力、古营养状况、碳贮库及碳循环等古生物地球化学演化过程方向纵深发展。     

Zn同位素分析方法及其地质应用

介绍了Zn同位素组成的表示方法及其化学分离与质谱测定方法,论述了Zn同位素在陨石、沉积物和沉积岩、火成岩、矿床和海水以及生物样品中的组成特征,以及生物有机作用、物理-化学作用对Zn同位素分馏的影响,阐述了Zn同位素在陨石和宇宙化学、古海洋学、全球气候变化研究中的应用现状与前景.     

过去全球变化研究中环境地球化学进展

由于自然档案中稳定同位素组成对气候变化的有效指示作用,环境地球化学研究对古全球变化研究起着十分重要的作用,长期以来被看成古全球变化科学的基石。本文从时间尺度、空间尺度和气候驱动因素等方面的环境地球化学研究,论述了近年来取得的一些新进展。     

有机碳和有机分子碳同位素的地球化学意义

有机碳和有机分子碳同位素组成的研究不仅在沉积地层对比，油－油，油－源对比研究方向发挥了独特作用，而且在古气候，古环境研究方面更具有广阔的应用剪影。开展对全球气候变化及全球碳循环有重要意义的有机碳碳同位素组成及分布研究和对生物演化，恢复古生态，古环境有重要意义的化石及沉积物中有机分子的碳同位素成及分布研究已势在必行。     

洞穴石笋代用指标的古气候意义初探

现代全球气候变化是当前人类社会普遍关注的一个热门问题。全球气候变化研究的热点问题是获得十年到百年甚至年月分辨的气候变化规律。洞穴石笋作为恢复古气候、研究古环境演变的一把钥匙,因其诸多优点,将在古环境研究中发挥越来越重要的作用。从当前研究现状出发,对石笋中微层年层对比、微层形成机制、稳定同位素记录、微量元素记录、生长速率及微层发光等方面进行一个简单的回顾。     

龙门山地区早泥盆世古海洋环境——来自腕足类壳体的地球化学证据

四川龙门山地区泥盆系是解决我国华南区与西北区及国外泥盆系对比的纽带,也是全球古生代气候变化对比研究的一个重要地区。但该地区早泥盆世古海洋环境研究一直缺乏同位素地球化学方面的证据,影响到该地区泥盆纪地球化学记录与世界其他地区的对比,进而影响全球范围内的古生代气候变化对比研究。针对这一问题,我们通过龙门山地区早泥盆世保存完好的腕足化石稳定同位素地球化学研究,对该地区早泥盆世海洋的古地理环境特征进行了探讨。保存鉴定结果显示:腕足化石壳体结构保存完整;阴极射线照射下壳体不发光或部分壳体呈微弱橙黄色;大多数壳体微量元素Mn < 250 μg/g、Sr > 400 μg/g。表明腕足化石保存完好,后期成岩作用影响微弱。同位素结果揭示龙门山地区δ18O值在-4.5‰ ~ -9.9‰(PDB下同)之间,明显低于该时期世界其他相同纬度地区的δ18O值 (-1.7‰ ~ -6.9‰);微量元素Fe、Mn含量变化与氧同位素组成变化呈反相关系。这说明龙门山海域当时处于海水同开阔海水交流不畅,海水化学成分受陆源淡水注入控制。这一发现从同位素地球化学角度对龙门山古海洋环境做出了判别,为龙门山地区同位素及微量元素研究在世界范围内进行短尺度对比提供依据。     

岩溶石笋的古环境研究进展

全球变化研究的热点问题是获得十年到百年甚至年月分辨的气候变化规律。岩溶石笋因期诸多优点，将在古环境研究中发挥越来越重要的作用，本文从当前研究的现状出发，在石笋微层年层对比，微层形成机制，稳定同位素记录，灰度，生长度，微量元素以及紫外激光诱发荧光等方面的研究进行了综述这，并结俣自身研究成果，提出了自己的看法。     

晚新生代日本海古生产力演化——研究进展评述

【意义】海洋表层初级生产力及其生物泵过程是海洋碳循环的关键环节。日本海作为西北太平洋一个主要的边缘海，其晚新生代古生产力演化与区域构造/火山活动、东亚季风/西风、洋流演变、全球气候和海平面变化等密切相关，是探寻地球系统科学的极佳窗口。【进展和结论】得益于一系列国际大洋钻探计划（DSDP 31、ODP 127/128和IODP 346）等航次的相关研究，有关日本海古海洋演化，尤其是古生产力演化重建方面取得了许多重要认识。日本海古生产力的常用代用指标包括沉积物的微量元素组成、生物标志物、生源组分含量及同位素组成、微体古生物化石种属特征等。在地质时间尺度，日本海表层初级生产力主要取决于浮游生物必需的主要营养盐（氮、磷和硅）和微量营养盐（铁、锰、钴、锌、铜等），而日本海的营养盐主要通过风尘输入、火山活动、表层和深层洋流携带过来。在构造时间尺度，日本海古生产力的长期演化及其驱动机制（如风尘、火山铁肥和洋流贡献）尚不清楚，区域构造演化与海道开合、全球气候和海平面变化、火山活动及亚洲风尘输入演化等可能是关键驱动因素。在轨道—千年尺度，日本海沉积了深—浅色的韵律层，表层生产力大体表现出冰期降低而间冰期...     

古海水pH值代用指标——海洋碳酸盐硼同位素研究进展

仪器测量的海水pH记录太短，无法评估海水pH自然变化的频率和幅度,并预测未来大气CO₂急剧增加后海水酸度的响应。海相碳酸盐的硼同位素是目前恢复古海洋pH的有效途径，倍受古气候—环境学家的重视。评述了近年来海洋碳酸盐的硼同位素的最新研究成果和研究现状，重点探讨了海相碳酸盐的硼同位素的测定方法、硼同位素—pH模型和古海水pH恢复等前沿内容，旨在提供一个系统的海洋碳酸盐硼同位素—pH系统的基本概念及研究思路，以利于气候学、地质学界了解这一交叉领域的发展动态。     

Hafnium and neodymium isotopes in surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean: Implications for sources and inputs of trace metals to the ocean

We present hafnium (Hf) and neodymium (Nd) isotopic compositions and concentrations in surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean between the coast of Spain and South-Africa. These data are complemented by Hf and Nd isotopic and concentration data, as well as rare earth element (REE) concentrations, in Saharan dust.Hafnium concentrations range between a maximum of 0.52 pmol/kg in the area of the Canary Islands and a minimum value of 0.08 pmol/kg in the southern Angola Basin. Neodymium concentrations also show a local maximum in the area of the Canary Islands (26 pmol/kg) but are even higher between ∼20°N and ∼4°N reaching maximum concentrations of 35 pmol/kg. These elevated concentrations provide evidence of inputs from weathering of the Canary Islands and from the partial dissolution of dust from the Sahara/Sahel region. The inputs from ocean island weathering are also reflected in radiogenic Hf and Nd isotopes.The Hf isotopic compositions of dust samples themselves are highly variable, ranging between ε_Hf = −20 and −0.6. The combined Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of dust plot close to the “terrestrial array” during periods of appreciable dust load in the atmosphere. During low atmospheric dust loading combined Hf and Nd isotopic compositions similar to seawater are observed. Most of the variability can be explained in terms of variable degrees of zircon loss from the dust samples, which in turn is linked to sorting during atmospheric transport to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and possibly presorting by sedimentary redistribution on the continent. In addition, increasing relative proportions of radiogenic clay minerals with decreasing grain size may contribute to the radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions observed.While the Nd isotopic composition in the surface ocean reflects the Nd isotopic composition of the Saharan dust adjacent to the Sahara/Sahel region, the release of Hf from that dust appears to be incongruent and results in surface ocean Hf isotopic compositions which are ∼10 ε_Hf more radiogenic than the bulk dust. Radiogenic Hf appears to be released from clays and possibly from trace apatite. Rare earth element patterns of dust samples indicate the presence of apatite but provide no evidence for ferromanganese grain coatings, suggesting that such coatings are insignificant in the release of Hf and Nd from Saharan dust to the surface ocean.The Nd isotopic composition of the surface waters becomes less radiogenic south of the equator, most likely reflecting the release of Nd from Congo river sediments. The release of Hf from Saharan dust and the Congo river sediments, however, does not produce distinct Hf isotopic signatures in the surface ocean, implying that the mobile fraction of Hf integrated over large continental areas is isotopically uniform. The Hf isotopic uniformity in the surface ocean means that the limited variability in deep water isotopic compositions is consistent with a short deep water residence time and reflects homogenous continental inputs rather than efficient deep water homogenization.     

Iron-Molybdenum Isotopes and the Chemical Evolution of Ancient-Oceans

Iron(Fe) is abundant in nature while molybdenum(Mo) is the most abundant transition metal in seawater. Due to their high sensitivity to the redox state of the environment, the isotopic compositions of Fe and Mo as well as variations have been widely used to probe the redox conditions and the evolution of ancient ocean chemistry in favor of improved analytical techniques. Here, we summarized isotopic fractionation mechanisms and natural distribution of both iron and molybdenum isotopes, and further we summarized and partially reinterpreted the redox evolution of ancient oceans through time based on available Fe-Mo data compiled in this study. The process that causes the largest iron isotope fractionation is redox reaction and the iron in oxidation state is generally enriched in ⁵⁶Fe. Biotic and abiotic pyrite formations also produce a large Fe isotope fractionations. Isotopic fractionation of molybdenum in seawater is mainly caused by the adsorption process of dissolved Mo onto ferromanganese oxides or hydroxides in sediments. Fe-Mn (hydro)oxides tend to adsorb isotopically light molybdenum resulting in the isotopic composition of Mo in seawater heavier. However, the Mo sinks in euxinic settings cause almost no molybdenum isotope fractionation. The Fe Mo isotope isotopic records through geological timegenerally suggest similar ocean redox evolution: Oceans older than 2.3 Ga was mainly dominated by ferruginous condition, and there was a slight increase in oxygen content between 2.6 and 2.5 Ga. Earth’s surface was initially oxidized during 2.3 to 1.8 Ga, during which euxinic deposition of sulfide was elevated. Euxinic waters may have expanded greatly between 1.8 and 0.8 Ga, and after that, Earth’s surface had being gradually oxidized and the euxinic waters shrank substantially.Finally, suggestions are proposed for further work on the Fe-Mo isotope research in the context of ancient ocean chemistry.     

贺兰山地区树轮碳氧同位素与夏季风降水的相关性讨论

分析了贺兰山地区油松树轮的稳定碳氧同位素组成对环境因素的响应关系 , 发现树轮碳氧同位素组成均与当年 5～ 9月总降水量具有较好的响应关系 , 碳同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈负相关关系 ,而氧同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈正相关关系 ,二者都可较好地反映该地区夏季风降水量的变化.同时 ,碳氧同位素的相关性分析表明二者具有一定程度的负相关性.树轮碳氧同位素的分馏机理十分复杂,其同位素组成不仅与降水量有关,同时还受其他环境因素的影响,单纯利用一种同位素指标来提取相应的气候信息,存在很大的不确定性.在本研究中 ,同时采用两种同位素指标来研究其气候意义 ,使得出的结论更加可靠.因此 ,夏季风降水量是控制该地区树轮稳定碳氧同位素组成的主要因素.     

Deep-sea coral aragonite as a recorder for the neodymium isotopic composition of seawater

Deep-sea corals have been shown to be useful archives of rapid changes in ocean chemistry during the last glacial cycle. Their aragonitic skeleton can be absolutely dated by U-Th data, freeing radiocarbon to be used as a water-mass proxy. For certain species of deep-sea corals, the growth rate allows time resolution that is comparable to ice cores. An additional proxy is needed to exploit this opportunity and turn radiocarbon data into rates of ocean overturning in the past.Neodymium isotopes in seawater can serve as a quasi-conservative water-mass tracer and initial results indicate that deep-sea corals may be reliable archives of seawater Nd isotopes. Here we present a systematic study exploring Nd isotopes as a water-mass proxy in deep-sea coral aragonite. We investigated five different genera of modern deep-sea corals (Caryophyllia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsamia, Flabellum, Lophelia), from global locations covering a large potential range of Nd isotopic compositions. Comparison with ambient seawater measurements yields excellent agreement and suggests that deep-sea corals are reliable archives for seawater Nd isotopes.A parallel study of Nd concentrations in these corals yields distribution coefficients for Nd between seawater and coral aragonite of 1-10, omitting one particular genus (Enallopsamia). The corals and seawater did however not come from exactly the same location, and further investigations are needed to reach robust conclusions on the incorporation of Nd into deep-sea coral aragonite.Lastly, we studied the viability of extracting the Nd isotope signal from fossil deep-sea corals by carrying out stepwise cleaning experiments. Our results show that physical removal of the ferromanganese coating and chemical pre-cleaning have the highest impact on Nd concentrations, but that oxidative/reductive cleaning is also needed to acquire a seawater Nd isotope signal.     

淡水软体动物壳化石碳氧同位素组成及其在恢复古气候环境中的应用

本文研究了昆明滇池和太湖无锡湾软体动物壳化石的碳氧同位素组成,利用化石同位素组成,恢复了昆明盆地百万年以来和太湖无锡湾近四万年以来的古气候环境。研究表明:淡水软体动物壳化石氧同位素组成,在不同的环境条件下,最大差值可达7‰;钻孔中的不同层位的贝壳化石碳氧同位素组成与现代贝壳同位素相比,既有富集重碳氧同位素的层段,也有富集轻碳氧同位素组成的层段,氧同位素变化周期为十万年;富集轻碳氧同位素组成层段与湿润期对应,而富集重碳氧同位素组成层段与干燥期对应。化石氧同位素记录了昆明盆地古气候干湿变化有十万年的周期,随时代变新,气候逐渐干燥;以化石碳氧同位素为主,综合沉积物特征,推断太湖无锡湾近20m地层形成于近四万分年至今,气候温和潮湿,环境可能为河口相。     

The process of glauconitization: chemical and isotopic evidence

Sequential leaching experiments were made on Recent glauconies and clay fractions of the associated mud from off-shore Africa near the estuary of the Congo River. Analyses of major/rare earth elements (REE) and Nd isotopic compositions on the resulting leachate and residue pairs allow identification of at least three important and isotopically distinct components which contributed to the glauconitization process: (1) a detrital component with relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and relatively low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotopic ratios; (2) a phosphate phase rich in REE and Sr with sea water Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics; (3) a component rich in organic matter and Ca with a sea water Sr isotopic signature, a relatively low Nd isotopic composition and elevated Sm/Nd ratios. This latter component probably represents the suspended organic and carbonate-rich river load. The detrital and the river components were mixed up in the muddy off-shore sediment, ingested by worms, and integrated into faecal pellets. The resulting material has Sr and Nd isotopic signatures intermediate between those of the detrital and river components, and represents the precursor of the glaucony minerals. During the subsequent dissolution-crystallization process, the glauconitic pellets remain isotopically closed to any external supply, but expulsion of Sr and Nd with increasing degree of maturation is observed without any effect on the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. At a higher maturation stage (K₂O>4.5%), the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions tend to decrease and increase, respectively, approximating the isotopic composition values of the phosphate-rich phase. Because the Sr and Nd concentrations decrease, the evolution of the glauconies toward lower Sr and higher Nd isotopic compositions can only be explained by expulsion of Sr and Nd of the detrital component with high Sr and low Nd isotopic signatures. Dissolution of the chemically unstable, wormdigested clay material from mud may be responsible for the liberation of these elements. Consequently, the phosphate-rich phase with sea water Sr and Nd isotopic signatures becomes increasingly important for the isotopic characteristics of the maturing glauconite grains, and sea water isotopic signatures can be reached during the stage of mature glauconite (K₂O>6.5%), without chemical exchange with the depositional environment.     

树轮纤维素中氧同位素温度意义

树轮作为自然档案中的一种, 其同位素研究是较为新颖的领域文章比较系统地从树轮纤维素的提取、氧的来源、植物体内氧的分馏、与温度变化的关系等４ 个方面评述了树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的气候学意义已有的研究结果表明, 树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的变化是温度变化的良好载体, 但在定量恢复古温度变化时遇到了不少限制, 有待于进一步完善分馏模型     

热带珊瑚的高分辨率环境信息与全球变化研究进展

星罗棋布的热带珊瑚作为海洋环境的信息载体,具有分辨率高、时间跨度大、记录连续完整、体系封闭性好、蕴涵的信息丰富、可选择的代用指标多、测定简便和易于定年等特点。珊瑚有效地记录了全球环境变化的诸多信息,已成为研究过去（如末次间冰期以来）和近代（如数十至数百年以来）的气候—环境变率和可预测性（PAGES CLIVAR）领域重要的环境载体。以全球变化为背景,对近年来珊瑚环境代用指标的研究成果进行评述。重点讨论了珊瑚氧同位素和微量元素比值等指标在海表温度（SST）变化、海气交换程度、季风强弱、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）发生的频率和强度,以及它们之间的相互作用等全球变化的核心问题上的研究进展,并展望了南海珊瑚在高分辨率全球变化研究中的地位与方向。