西准噶尔冬别列克断裂晚第四纪以来的阶地位错与滑动速率

冬别列克断裂是一条全新世活动断裂,位于西准噶尔造山带的关键位置,该断裂总长120km,走向NE。晚第四纪以来,冬别列克断裂的持续活动使得断裂沿线各级地貌面发生了明显的左旋位错,在塔城盆地东侧形成线性连续且笔直的陡坎地貌。文中利用高精度无人机和差分GPS对阿合别斗河多级阶地的左旋位错量进行了面状航拍、测量,建立了分辨率高达0. 1m的数字地形数据,发现T5—T2阶地陡坎的最大左旋位错量依次为30. 7m、12. 0m和8. 7m。通过光释光测年方法得到了各级阶地(T5—T1)的年龄,进而得出冬别列克断裂晚更新世以来的左旋滑动速率为0. 7～0. 94mm/a,结合阶地侧向侵蚀特征,分析认为T4、T2阶地的滑动速率更加接近真实值(0. 91±0. 18) mm/a。结合西准噶尔的其它2条大型走滑断裂(达尔布特断裂和托里断裂)的滑动速率,并对比西准噶尔地区的GPS速率,认为该地区NE向的走滑运动以冬别列克断裂为主,吸收大量剩余变形,同时保持相对较高的左旋滑动速率。     

北天山博乐盆地南缘勒塔干褶皱晚第四纪构造变形

研究天山地区活动逆冲断裂、褶皱对于认识整个天山再生造山带的隆升和地震危险性评估具有重要意义。以天山北麓博乐盆地南缘库松木楔克断裂东段勒塔干褶皱为研究对象,通过无人机航拍提取高精度DEM和野外实地调查结果,将勒塔干背斜东部迪里克河附近的洪积扇分为5期,从新到老分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5。其中,T4洪积扇完整记录了褶皱的变形历史,其后翼褶皱陡坎高度为（8.1±0.6）m。自T4洪积扇废弃以来,勒塔干断层的滑移量为（33.0±2.6）m。T3洪积扇仅发育在迪里克河出水口处,即勒塔干背斜北侧,（16.9±0.2）m的断层陡坎高度揭示了自T3洪积扇废弃以来,控制背斜形成的逆断层发生了21.4～21.7 m的滑动。通过与相邻地区洪积扇期次进行对比,认为T4洪积扇的废弃年龄为（74.01±6.14）ka,勒塔干背斜下断坡晚第四纪滑动速率为（0.45±0.05）mm/a,勒塔干褶皱晚第四纪地壳缩短速率为（0.37±0.04）mm/a。     

东大河阶地陡坎对民乐-大马营断裂垂直滑动速率的指示

祁连山北缘冲断带位于祁连山北缘与走廊盆地群的交界处,其中民乐-大马营断裂位于冲断带的东段民乐盆地和武威盆地之中,是民乐盆地南缘断裂。东大河由北至南横穿民乐-大马营断裂东段。其上游的支流横穿断层,其中的斜河发育了形态完整的阶地(T1—T6),被断层错断并在各级阶地上形成了形迹明显的断层陡坎。各级阶地上的陡坎走向近EW,并且由老至新高度依次降低,反映了断层位移量的累积。为了获得陡坎的横剖面,利用无人机对被错断的阶地实施了0.52km2范围内的扫描,生成了高精度的数字高程模型(DEM)影像,并利用它提取了各级阶地的横剖面形态。根据Thompson等(2002)的模式对各级阶地的上、下盘面分别进行线性拟合,通过蒙特卡洛模拟得到T6—T3的位错量95%置信区间分别为13.26~15.67m、9.74~10.13m、5.86~7.35m和5.03~5.60m。为了得到河流阶地的年代数据,在各级阶地的河流相砾石层顶部进行14C采样,此位置的14C年龄代表了阶地离开水面的年龄。获得T6—T2的年龄(Cal BP)分别为(16 405±210)a、(11 197±45)a、(5 697.5±52.5)a、(4 470.5±54.5)a和(3 137.5±77.5)a。利用各级阶地上陡坎的位错量和年代数据,对民乐-大马营断裂的垂直滑动速率线性拟合的结果为(0.91±0.09)mm/a,是1条全新世活动断裂。为人口稠密的民乐和永昌地区地震危险性分析提供了重要的地震活动性参数。     

海原断裂带老虎山段晚第四纪滑动速率精确厘定与讨论

如何准确测定断裂滑动速率是近年来活动构造研究的前沿与热点.随着高精度地形数据获取手段与第四纪测年方法的不断进步,位错量和地貌面年龄的精度均得到大大提高.在进行滑动速率计算时还要考虑地质过程是否合理,蒙特卡洛方法为获取更加符合地质过程的滑动速率提供了重要工具.本文以滑动速率研究程度较低的海原断裂带老虎山段为例,基于LiDAR高精度地形数据,测得T1—T4阶地面年龄分别为1~3 ka,9~11 ka,15~17 ka,40~45 ka,陡坎前缘的位错分别为7~14 m,28~36 m,59~66 m,180~190 m.综合多地点的左旋走滑位错量及不同时代的地貌面年龄数据,并考虑滑动历史,利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法,将位错-时间两个参数的不确定性定量化,限定老虎山断裂45 ka以来平均滑动速率为4.3±0.16 mm·a^-1,17ka以来的平均滑动速率为4.0±0.15 mm·a^-1,与前人研究得到的狭义海原断裂滑动速率4.5±1.0 mm·a^-1基本一致.综合整个海原断裂带滑动速率,本文结果更支持低滑动速率变化趋势,即海原断裂带整体滑动速率趋于稳定,向东至六盘山断裂,滑动速率开始降低,推测海原断裂带的左旋走滑在尾端主要为马东山—六盘山隆起所吸收.结合老虎山断裂历史地震资料和深部锁闭浅部蠕滑的动力学特征,推测老虎山断裂具备与相邻断裂一起触发强震的能力.     

用阶地测量方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段全新世滑动速率

通过分析高精度数字化SPOT卫星影像 ,结合野外考察和年代学测试 ,对阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带的 3个典型走滑断层断错地貌点进行了研究。在安南坝沟 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带一主要分支自 (9.36± 0 .73)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (7.5± 1.7)mm/a ;在七个泉子阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带有 4条分支 ,其中 1条规模较小的断层分支自 (13 86± 1 0 7)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (2 .3±0 5 )mm/a ,由此推断七个泉子附近断裂带全新世以来的滑动速率为 (6 .9± 1.5 )～ (9.2± 2 .0 )mm/a ;约马克其断裂带自 (4 .73± 0 .38)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (10 .6± 3.0 )mm/a。综合以上各点结果 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带中段 88°30′E与 93°0 5′E之间全新世以来的水平滑动速率为 7～ 11mm/a ,与最新的GPS观测结果非常接近     

利用断层自动剖分技术反演汶川M_W7.9地震滑动分布

基于GPS数据,利用断层自动剖分技术来反演汶川M_W7.9同震滑动分布。反演结果显示:(1)断层自动剖分的滑动分布反演结果在各个位错元之间表现出良好的平滑性。(2)此次地震是一次逆冲型地震,并带有少量的右旋走滑分量。其中映秀―北川断裂滑动最大值为15 m,平均滑动量2.61 m;灌县―江油断裂滑动的最大值为8 m,平均滑动量为1.58 m。反演得到此次地震的地震矩M_0为9.153 8×10~(20)N·m,矩震级M_W为7.91。(3)正演结果与实测数据对比显示,两者位移场在运动趋势上基本保持一致,拟合残差的均方误差在合理范围内,验证了断层自动剖分技术的可行性。     

龙门山断裂带北段第四纪活动的地质地貌证据

以龙门山断裂带北段中的青川断裂、茶坝-林庵寺断裂沿线的地质地貌为研究对象,在青川断裂沿线的土关铺、大安,茶坝-林庵寺断裂上的薛家沟、胡家坝等地,对断裂附近的河流地貌进行了详细的构造地貌制图。龙门山断裂带北段所在地区的河流一般发育5级阶地,T1阶地拔河高度3~5m,为全新世堆积阶地。T2阶地拔河高度10m左右,为晚更新世基座阶地。T3阶地拔河高度一般为30~35m,为晚更新世早期形成的基座阶地。T4阶地拔河高度60~70m,残留的阶地砾石层中花岗岩、砂岩砾石已经被强风化,只保留砾石的形态。T5阶地拔河高度为90m左右,阶地堆积物被剥蚀殆尽。青川断裂、茶坝-林庵寺断裂在河流的T4和T5阶地上形成宽30~180m的断层槽地,深度达8~20m,T4阶地砾石层底面落差达10~15m。T3阶地上不发育断层槽地,或断层两盘的T3阶地拔河高度一致,一些地段断层被T3阶地砾石层覆盖。因此认为,这两条断裂在T3阶地形成之前,T4阶地形成之后有过强烈的活动     

西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形

受新生代印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应影响,西准噶尔地区平行斜列的走滑断裂系统被重新激活。托里断裂作为其中重要的组成部分,获取其晚第四纪构造变形特征对于认识和理解天山以北区域的构造变形和地壳缩短吸收方式都具有重要意义。文中基于野外调查结果和无人机三维重建技术分析了托里断裂晚第四纪的构造变形特征,并利用光释光测年方法对托里断裂的地貌面期次进行定年,进而通过冲沟和阶地陡坎等标志性地貌的位错量和地貌年龄计算托里断裂的晚第四纪活动速率。研究结果表明：托里断裂由东、西2支分支断裂构成,均以左旋水平走滑为主。东支断裂使喀普舍克河T3和T2阶地分别产生了(89±31) m和(39±13) m的水平位错量,结合T3阶地(52.9±5.1) ka和T2阶地(23.4±1.5) ka的形成年龄,计算得到其活动速率约为(1.7±0.8) mm/a;西支断裂使铁斯巴汗河T2阶地产生了(34.0±6.8) m的水平位错量以及喀普舍克河T3阶地上最大为(37.5-4.1/+2.7) m的冲沟水平位错量,结合T2阶地(18.8±1.3) ka的形成年龄,计算得到其活动速率为(1.8+0.5/-1.3) mm/a。结合...     

InSAR数据约束的2021年5月21日云南漾濞MS6.4地震发震构造研究

运用Sentinel-1A卫星数据和D-InSAR技术,获取2021-05-21云南漾濞M_S6.4地震的同震形变场。结果显示,漾濞地震同震形变场长轴近NW展布升降轨形变场符号相反,视线向最大沉降量和抬升量为0.1 m。InSAR同震形变场反演的滑动分布主要集中在沿走向2～12 km,倾向1～9 km的范围内,最大滑动量0.35 m,发震断层长9.8 km、宽4 km,滑动量主要集中在地下3～6 km范围内,滑动角-146.7°。同震位移场及滑动分布模型反映本次地震为发震断层的右旋走滑事件,地震破裂未达到地表。断层模型反演结果显示,矩震级为M_W6.1,发震断层以北西走向右旋走滑运动为主,初步认为本次M_W6.1地震发震断裂可能是一条NW向的维西—乔后断裂西侧的隐伏次生断裂。     

甘孜-玉树断裂带晚第四纪走滑速率与滑动分解作用

滑动速率是研究断裂运动学特征、地震活动性和区域应变分配的重要参数和依据。前人关于甘孜-玉树断裂带滑动速率的研究结果存在较大差异,因此,其晚第四纪滑动速率有待进一步调查研究。本文基于卫星影像解译和野外实地考察,对甘孜-玉树断裂带西段（玉树断裂）上典型断错地貌点进行测量分析,得到玉树断裂晚第四纪走滑速率为6.6±0.1-7.4±1.2mm/a。通过与前人对甘孜-玉树断裂带东段（甘孜断裂）滑动速率的研究结果进行对比,发现甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段滑动速率不一致,其原因是甘孜断裂的左旋滑移在向西传递的过程中,一部分应变被分配到了巴塘盆地南缘断裂上。巴塘盆地南缘断裂的存在很好地解释了玉树断裂的走滑速率比甘孜断裂偏低的原因。但是,从区域变形来看,巴塘盆地南缘断裂分配的滑动速率恰好说明了甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段及鲜水河断裂带的水平构造变形是协调一致的。     

黄河阶地特征与地震动参数的相关性研究

在分析已有资料的基础上划分了兰州盆地与建设工程分布密切相关的T₀、T₁、T₂、T₃和T₄级黄河阶地,建立201个土层地震反应模型。通过一维等效线性化计算和反应谱分析,得出兰州盆地沉积阶地50年超越概率10%地表地震动参数,分析阶地高度和v_S≤500 m/s覆盖层厚度特征与地震动参数峰值加速度Am和加速度反应谱特征周期T_g的相关性。表明兰州盆地T₀~T₂阶地覆盖层厚度与50年超越概率10%A_m呈正相关,T₃及以上阶地覆盖层厚度对A_m增大有明显的减小作用。T_g值随T₀~T₃阶地覆盖层厚度的增加而变大,当覆盖层厚度进一步变大,T_g值不再同步增大,阶地覆盖层厚度对T_g的影响是有限的,阶地海拔高度与地表50年超越概率10%地震动参数没有关系。     

On coda waves of earthquakes

Summary Coda waves viz. the tail portion of an earthquake record have been observed and analysed byCarder, Macelwane and others. They showed that the periods of such waves increase with the increase of epicentral distances.Carder observed that these waves have very little transverse component so that these may be considered as of the type of Rayleigh waves. RecentlyOmote showed that the Coda waves contain three periodsT ₁,T ₂,T ₃ of whichT ₁ increases with epi-central distances as observed by previous observers. ButT ₂,T ₃ remain constant for all earthquakes from different epicentral distances.Omote tried to explain this phenomenon by considering that the surface of the earth consists of several layers andT ₂,T ₃ are free oscillation periods of the surface layers.T ₁ period has been explained bySezawa and also byJeffreys which has been shown byGutenberg. The author has attempted to explain the periodsT ₂,T ₃ by considering passage of cracks at the focal region. The Rayleigh wave character of Coda waves and low velocity of such waves have been explained.     

Accuracy in measurements and the temperature and volume dependence of thermoelastic parameters

To obtain the temperatureT and volumeV (or pressureP) dependence of the Anderson-Grüneisen parameter _T , measurements with high sensitivity are required. We show two examples:P, V, T measurements of NaCl done with the piston cylinder and elasticity measurements of MgO using a resonance method. In both cases, the sensitivity of the measurements leads to results that provide information about _T (,T), where V/V ₀ andV ₀ is the volume at zero pressure. We demonstrate that determination of _T leads to understanding of the volume and temperature dependence ofq=( ln / lnV) _T over a broadV, T range, where is the Grüneisen ratio.     

Roundhouse (RND) Mountain Top Research Site: Measurements and Uncertainties for Winter Alpine Weather Conditions

The objective of this work is to better understand and summarize the mountain meteorological observations collected during the Science of Nowcasting Winter Weather for the Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Paralympics (SNOW-V10) project that was supported by the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) project. The Roundhouse (RND) meteorological station was located 1,856 m above sea level that is subject to the winter extreme weather conditions. Below this site, there were three additional observation sites at 1,640, 1,320, and 774 m. These four stations provided some or all the following measurements at 1 min resolution: precipitation rate (PR) and amount, cloud/fog microphysics, 3D wind speed (horizontal wind speed, U _h; vertical air velocity, w _a), visibility (Vis), infrared (IR) and shortwave (SW) radiative fluxes, temperature (T) and relative humidity with respect to water (RH_w), and aerosol observations. In this work, comparisons are made to assess the uncertainties and variability for the measurements of Vis, RH_w, T, PR, and wind for various winter weather conditions. The ground-based cloud imaging probe (GCIP) measurements of snow particles using a profiling microwave radiometer (PMWR) data have also been shown to assess the icing conditions. Overall, the conclusions suggest that uncertainties in the measurements of Vis, PR, T, and RH can be as large as 50, >60, 50, and >20 %, respectively, and these numbers may increase depending on U _h, T, Vis, and PR magnitude. Variability of observations along the Whistler Mountain slope (~500 m) suggested that to verify the models, model space resolution should be better than 100 m and time scales better than 1 min. It is also concluded that differences between observed and model based parameters are strongly related to a model’s capability of accurate prediction of liquid water content (LWC), PR, and RH_w over complex topography.     

大震前复杂震源系统的非线性阶段和大震预报(一)

本文应用现代统计物理学中相态突变前系统内出现的非平稳态现象于地震预报的研究中,得到了大震孕育时间T、弹性应变时段T_1与非线性时段T_2之比分别稳定在5和4附近。此比值与震源破裂方式、介质强度差异、构造运动速度差异无关,因而可作为浅源大震发生的临界指数。同时它还具有普适数特性,对不同地区的地震均适用。利用此比值常数以及由测震学指标所确定的T_1和求得的T_2可以进行确定性的中长期地震预报。另外本文还得到了孕震时间T与震级之间的两个统计式,它们分别对应于构造运动速度不同的地区。M_1=4.2+1.5logT (1) M_2=5.8+1.2logT (2) (1)式应用于构造运动速度高的地区,(2)式应用于构造运动速度一般的地区,式中的T以年为单位。利用上述两式可以进行粗略的地震长期预报。     

水库诱生的孔压变化及应力特征

应用“固结问题和布辛涅斯克问题解”,计算了丹江水库水位在130m和157m两种情况下,库区基岩体深度分别为1、3、5、7、9、11、13和15km时的水压应力场、变形场和超孔隙水压力场。结果表明,σ_1、σ_3和τ_(max)在库中心位置最大,库岸边较小;同时σ_1和σ_3在库中心均显压性,而在库岸边σ_3显张性;垂直位移在库中心最大(7cm),而水平位移在库岸边最大(0.5cm);超孔隙水压力一般在库中心深水区库基下3—9km处最大,库岸边和浅水区较小;体应变一般在库中心位置形成压缩区,而在库岸边则形成拉伸应变区并同时向四周扩展,与诱发地震震中分布相一致。     

Earthquake response spectra taking account of number of response cycles

Proposed is a new definition of earthquake response spectra, which takes account of the number of response cycles N. The Nth largest amplitude of absolute acceleration response of a linear oscilator with natural period T and damping ratio h, which is subjected to ground motion at its base, is defined as S_A(T, h, N). By defining a reduction factor η(T, h, N) as S_A(T, h, N)/S_A(T, h, 1), characteristics of η(T, h, N) were investigated based on 394 components of strong motion records obtained in Japan. Two practical empirical formulae to assess the reduction factor η(T, h, N) are proposed.     

TheT e-T n difference in the lowerE region and radio-wave absorption

Summary The difference observed between the electron temperature, T _e , and the neutral atmosphere temperature, T _n , is shown to be able to contribute significantly to the observed variability of ionospheric radio-wave absorption (A1 andHF-A3 measurements).     

An evaluation of methods for determining during-storm precipitation phase and the rain/snow transition elevation at the surface in a mountain basin

Determining surface precipitation phase is required to properly correct precipitation gage data for wind effects, to determine the hydrologic response to a precipitation event, and for hydrologic modeling when rain will be treated differently from snow. In this paper we present a comparison of several methods for determining precipitation phase using 12 years of hourly precipitation, weather and snow data from a long-term measurement site at Reynolds Mountain East (RME), a headwater catchment within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW), in the Owyhee Mountains of Idaho, USA. Methods are based on thresholds of (1) air temperature (T_a) at 0 °C, (2) dual T_a threshold, −1 to 3 °C, (3) dewpoint temperature (T_d) at 0 °C, and (4) wet bulb temperature (T_w) at 0 °C. The comparison shows that at the RME Grove site, the dual threshold approach predicts too much snow, while T_a, T_d and T_w are generally similar predicting equivalent snow volumes over the 12 year-period indicating that during storms the cloud level is at or close to the surface at this location. To scale up the evaluation of these methods we evaluate them across a 380 m elevation range in RCEW during a large mixed-phase storm event. The event began as snow at all elevations and over the course of 4 h transitioned to rain at the lowest through highest elevations. Using 15-minute measurements of precipitation, changes in snow depth (z_s), T_a, T_d and T_w, at seven sites through this elevation range, we found precipitation phase linked to the during-storm surface humidity. By measuring humidity along an elevation gradient during the storm we are able to track changes in T_d to reliably estimate precipitation phase and effectively track the elevation of the rain/snow transition during the event.     

ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE PRIMARY FIELD WAVEFORM OF THE GROUND TEM METHOD*

Many ground TEM systems use an on-off type of primary field waveform and measure the secondary field only in the transmitter off-time, so as to realize the pure secondary field measurement. The width of the trailing edge of the primary pulses and the duration of the transmitter on-time form a time-constant (T_c) window. Most effective excitation is achieved if the target conductor has a T_c falling into this window. To be able to measure in the transmitter on-time, two primary field waveforms are proposed. The first is a series of unipolar pulses with identical steep ramps at both leading and trailing edges. Measurements made in the on-time after the leading edges simply reduce the stacking time needed and power consumption by half. Also, long- T_c conductors are better excited. The second is a series of bipolar pulses with long ramps as the leading edges and short ramps as the trailing edges. This waveform presents two different T_c-windows at the same time and helps to improve the detection of long-T_c conductors in the presence of short- T_c ones.