天然气水合物与油气成藏的相关性研究

对天然气水合物的形成机理与分布特征、现今和地质历史时期天然气水合物的识别标志及其与油气成藏的相关性等方面的主要研究进展与实例的分析显示,天然气水合物在主动陆缘俯冲带增生楔和被动陆缘的陆隆台地断褶区非常发育,以似海底反射、特殊自生碳酸盐岩矿物、非搬运成因的局部沉积破坏或杂乱堆积、大型圆形凹陷和巨大规模的海底滑坡为识别标志,与油气成藏具有共生组合关系.深部气藏渗漏或油藏裂解形成的大量天然气为浅层外源成藏天然气水合物提供气源;古天然气水合物的形成有利于页岩气的保存和成藏;古天然气水合物分解可为浅层气藏提供气源.     

水力输送法开采海底浅层天然气水合物技术研究

海洋天然气水合物占全球水合物总储量的99%,海洋天然气水合物大部分沉积在海底浅层没有良好的覆盖层,无法采用开采传统油气资源的方法进行开采.为了开采海底浅层天然气水合物,分析了海洋天然气水合物的存在类型及地质特征,探讨了目前开采海洋天然气水合物的理论方法及局限性.根据海底天然气水合物成矿的地质特点及水合物的物理特性,提出了以水力输送技术为主要理论的海洋浅层天然气水合物开采方法.该方法克服了其他方法开采海底天然气水合物面临的技术困难,为海洋天然气水合物的开采提供了技术基础及理论支撑.     

南海琼东南盆地气态烃地球化学特征及天然气水合物资源远景预测

天然气水合物研究覆盖了地球物理学、地球化学和地质学等多门学科,其中勘查地球化学方法可以从海底介质中直接获得与天然气水合物有关的地球化学信息,圈定水合物异常区域。近些年来大量的研究工作和陆续发现的地球物理和地球化学证据显示,南海北部海域是我国勘查天然气水合物最有潜力的区域之一。依据广州海洋地质调查局2005年第4航次获得的南海琼东南盆地沉积物酸解烃测试结果和高异常段位同位素分析数据,探讨了琼东南盆地气态烃地球化学分布特征和异常成因。结合西沙海槽已有的勘探资料和水合物成藏地质条件,分析南海北部西沙海槽—琼东南地区与天然气水合物有关的地球化学异常特征,并对水合物成藏远景进行了预测。研究成果为南海北部天然气水合物勘探提供地球化学证据。     

西南太平洋天然气水合物形成与分布的地热背景

天然气水合物广泛分布于海底和永久冻土带。自20世纪末以来,新西兰北岛东坡希古朗基陆架和澳大利亚新喀里多尼亚盆地相继被科学家发现了天然气水合物标志BSR(BottomSimulatingReflector),这引起世界广泛关注,文章结合以前的研究工作,从地热角度剖析天然气水合物赋藏状况。依据国际热流委员会(IHFC)提供的西南太平洋地热数据,经过统计确定出该区域的热流分布;计算得出该区域热流平均值为80.1mW/m²,低于全球大洋边缘盆地地区平均热流值101±2.2mW/m²;结合天然气水合物温压方程,计算结果表明西南太平洋天然气水合物稳定带厚度平均值为274±20m,薄于其他已经发现的海洋天然气水合物稳定带平均厚度(约400m)。文章还定量分析了温度参数对天然气水合物稳定带的影响。     

南海天然气水合物稳定带厚度及资源量估算

中国的南海一直被人们认为蕴藏着丰富的天然气水合物资源,综合中国南海的水深、地热梯度及底部水温等地质资料,运用VisualBasic.Net编程分析在该海域范围内天然气水合物稳定带厚度,讨论其分布特征,并以此来评估该区域的水合物资源量.结果表明当地热梯度为0.06℃/m,在区域1中可能存在天然气水合物,其稳定带的最大厚度可达400 m,天然气水合物分布较为规则,从外向内逐渐增厚.但在区域2中由于受到水深和地热等因素的影响不存在天然气水合物,此时天然气水合物的资源量约为0.55×104 km3;当地热梯度随机取值时,该区的天然气水合物资源量约为0.57×104 km3.通过对地热梯度取不同的值,估算得到在该研究区天然气水合物的资源量约为0.6×104 km3.      

珠江口盆地东部海域近海底天然气水合物地震识别及地质成因

2013年珠江口盆地东部海域钻探取样结果表明,天然气水合物以不同形态分布于海底之下约10m至稳定带之上的不同深度区间。在GMGS2-08井位置,天然气水合物分别以脉状、块状形态出现在海底之下9~25m和65~80m(与碳酸盐岩有关)深度范围内。地震反射剖面上,含分散状水合物沉积层的底部深度与地震反射剖面上的似海底反射深度很好对应,但没有典型地震反射特征表明近海底沉积物中存在天然气水合物。在研究区另一钻探位置(GMGS2-16),取样也获得存在于近海底处的天然气水合物样品。本文研究以多道高分辨地震数据为基础,利用含天然气水合物沉积物具有较高声波速度的特征,在正演分析近海底存在薄高速层时地震反射速度变化规律的基础上,然后采用沿层速度分析方法获取近海底处的速度,据此推测近海底处天然气水合物的分布特征。结果表明,过GMGS2-08井和GMGS2-16井的地震反射数据的海底速度相干反演表现出明显的高速异常,而在GMGS2-11和GMGS2-12井位置则没有任何速度异常,与钻探取样结果一致。将地震数据的反射特征与区域地质条件进行综合分析,进一步预测这一区域近海底天然气水合物分布模式及地质成因。本文的研究结果为近海底天然气水合物地震探测和识别提供了有效手段,对天然气水合物资源勘探以及深海油气工程安全都具有重要意义。     

西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学勘探

天然气水合物研究涵盖了地球物理、地球化学和地质等多门学科, 其中勘查地球化学方法技术可以从海底介质中获得与天然气水合物有关的痕量地球化学信息, 圈定水合物异常区域.依据2000年和2001年在中国南海西沙海槽工作区天然气水合物地球化学现场快速勘查实测和室内分析测试的多种烃类结果, 获得了海上工作区气态烃地球化学异常分布, 以及与该区水合物地震BSR和BZ的对比分析评价结果.同时根据现场实测同位素数据, 探讨了工作区形成水合物气态烃甲烷的成因.研究成果为工作区天然气水合物勘探提供了地球化学方面的直接证据.      

西沙海域南部天然气水合物发育特征及成藏模式

根据新的三维地震资料,在西沙海域南部发现的天然气水合物具有三个主要地震识别标志:(1)似海底反射现象明显,表现为强振幅强连续反射、与海底反射极性相反、与海底近平行及有穿层现象等四个特征;(2)具有空白反射带,且与似海底反射伴生;(3)随偏移距增加,振幅明显增强。研究区天然气水合物平面上具有分块展布的特点,单块内水合物中部富集、向周缘丰度减小。估算水合物稳定带厚度约为120m。通过地质类比研究认为,西沙海域南部天然气水合物成藏主要受气源条件、温度-压力条件和构造-沉积条件三个因素共同控制。据此建立了研究区天然气水合物的成藏模式。     

海洋CSEM法探测二维海底天然气水合物响应特征

针对海底天然气水合物开展了可控源电磁探测法(Controlled-source Electromagnetic Method,CSEM)响应研究,根据实际地质资料设计二维地电模型并进行正演计算,讨论了频率变化对CSEM响应结果的影响以及海底地形起伏时的CSEM响应特征。综合天然气水合物二维正演模拟结果,论证了海洋CSEM探测海底天然气水合物的可行性,研究成果可为今后的海底天然气水合物勘探提供技术支持。     

南海北部神狐海域地质环境综合调查及科学意义

在南海北部神狐海域水合物活跃区域开展了一次综合的海洋地质、物理海洋和生态环境调查,10个站位分布在水深1 000~4 000 m范围内的陆坡和深水盆地区域,是南海北部油气活跃的重要区域和天然气水合物试采区域.航次主要对10个海底站位进行了表层沉积物箱式和重力活塞柱状取样.针对天然气水合物试采区域,开展了一台"海燕"水下滑翔机的海洋物理环境连续走航剖面观测.利用海底地震仪在两个站位开展了连续海底地震和微振动观测.进行了站位的分层水体和沉积物样品中微生物学实验研究.初步航次结果展示了沉积物为黏土和软泥.站位和水下滑翔机走航观测提供了水体内海洋物理环境参数变化特征.海底地震仪观测展示了研究区天然地震活动和可能与水合物活动有关的微震动和短持续事件记录.微生物学实验揭示了沉积物中的微生物细菌群落特征.      

Concept and Intension of Natural Gas Hydrate Petroleum System and Case Analysis

According to the hot topics of the natural gas hydrate distribution regularity,formation conditions,accumulation process and accumulation pattern, gas hydrates reservoir forming conditions including gas source, gas hydrate stability zone, reservoir stratum, water source and migration passage were summarized by literature review first. Then, three main factors, geological structure condition, sedimentary condition and geographical climate change were summarized and analyzed, which control the accumulation and distribution of gas hydrates. On basis of this,basic concepts and research methods of natural gas hydrate petroleum system were analyzed and discussed by the example of gas hydrate accumulation conditions and process in permafrost regions of Kunlun mountain pass. The results show that the key of studying gas hydrate accumulation process and evaluating gas hydrate reservoir forming potential is analyzing how the static accumulation elements couple and match in geological time and space.     

海底天然气渗漏形成水合物量的线性动力学模型:以墨西哥湾GC185区块Bush高地为例

世界许多地区如墨西哥湾，存在着大量天然气渗漏并形成水合物的现象，出于科学，生态，气候和安全的需要。人类有必要弄清存在于海底以水合成形式存在的天然气的比例。因此，构建了水合物形成量的线性动力学模型，以分析墨西哥湾GC185块区Bush高地海底渗漏天然气的地质过程和行为。Bush高地渗漏的天然气来源于附近的Jolliet气藏，结果表明，渗漏天然气中约有9％的海底形成了水合物。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Effect of Horizontal Well Reservoir Stimulation for Gas Hydrate Production

A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.     

Sediment permeability change on natural gas hydrate dissociation induced by depressurization

The permeability of a natural gas hydrate reservoir is a critical parameter associated with gas hydrate production. Upon producing gas from a hydrate reservoir via depressurization, the permeability of sediments changes in two ways with hydrate dissociation, increasing with more pore space released from hydrate and decreasing due to pore compression by stronger effective stress related to depressurization. In order to study the evolution of sediment permeability during the production process with the depressurization method, an improved pore network model (PNM) method is developed to establish the permeability change model. In this model, permeability change induced by hydrate dissociation is investigated under hydrate occurrence morphology of pore filling and grain coating. The results obtained show that hydrate occurrence in sediment pore is with significant influence on permeability change. Within a reasonable degree of pore compression in field trial, the effect of pore space release on the reservoir permeability is greater than that of pore compression. The permeability of hydrate containing sediments keeps increasing in the course of gas production, no matter with what hydrate occurrence in sediment pore.     

南祁连盆地哈拉湖坳陷青徳地2井三叠系天然气水合物储层特征及其意义

哈拉湖地区目前基本属于地质空白区,有关天然气水合物形成及分布的研究较少,尤其针对该地区天然气水合物储层研究与认识较为有限。青徳地2井(QH-2)位于南祁连盆地哈拉湖坳陷西部,为坳陷内首口天然气水合物调查深井,钻遇第四系、新近系-古近系和三叠系。以青徳地2井三叠系主要储集岩层段岩心为研究对象,通过岩石薄片观察以及孔隙度、渗透率、密度、铸体薄片等物性测试,结合测井资料开展哈拉湖坳陷储层特征研究,结果表明: 青德地2井三叠系储层分布较广,厚度巨大,但储集性能整体较差,绝大部分属非常规储集层,且整体裂隙较不发育,较难形成类似木里地区固结岩层中的裂隙型水合物及孔隙型水合物,而该区冻土层下存在厚层第四系松散沉积物及裂隙相对发育的古近系-新近系,可为天然气水合物形成提供良好的储集空间。     

Characteristics and significance of natural gas hydrate reservoir of Triassic in well QH-2 in Harlahu Depression of Southern Qilian Basin

Harlahu Depression is basically a geological blank area now. Few studies on the formation and distribution of natural gas hydrate have been published, especially the research and understanding of natural gas hydrate reservoir in this area. The borehole QH-2 is located in the western part of Harlahu Depression of South Qilian Basin, and it was the first deep drilling hole for natural gas hydrate investigation in this area, in which Quaternary,Neogene—Paleogene and Triassic strata were drilled. The authors took the core of Triassic reservoir in well QH-2 as the research object to study the reservoir characteristics of Harlahu Depression, through the thin section observation of rock, porosity, permeability, rock density, casting thin section and other physical property tests, as well as the logging data. The research shows that Triassic reservoir of well QH-2 is widely distributed with great thickness. However, the physical property of the reservoir is poor, and most parts of the reservoir were unconventional reservoirs. The fractures are not developed, so it is difficult to form fracture type hydrate and pore type hydrate in the consolidated rock stratum similar to Muli area. While, the thick Quaternary loose sediments and Tertiary strata with relatively developed fissures were developed under the permafrost regions in this area, which may provide a better reservoir space for the formation of natural gas hydrate.     

Seismic fine imaging and its significance for natural gas hydrate exploration in the Shenhu Test Area,South China Sea

Shenhu area in South China Sea includes extensive collapse and diapir structures, forming high-angle faults and vertical fracture system, which functions as a fluid migration channel for gas hydrate formation. In order to improve the imaging precision of natural gas hydrate in this area, especially for fault and fracture structures, the present work propose a velocity stitching technique that accelerates effectively the convergence of the shallow seafloor, indicating seafloor horizon interpretation and the initial interval velocity for model building. In the depth domain, pre-stack depth migration and residual curvature are built into the model based on high-precision grid-tomography velocity inversion, after several rounds of tomographic iterations, as the residual velocity field converges gradually. Test results of the Shenhu area show that the imaging precision of the fault zone is obviously improved, the fracture structures appear more clearly, the wave group characteristics significantly change for the better and the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution are improved. These improvements provide the necessary basis for the new reservoir model and field drilling risk tips, help optimize the favorable drilling target, and are crucial for the natural gas resource potential evaluation.     

天然气水合物藏品质评价的多级模糊综合评判

天然气水合物作为一种储量巨大的后备能源,近年来已受到广泛关注。建立与天然气水合物藏开发相适应的品质评价模型是其商业开采的前提。针对天然气水合物藏的特点,在文献调研和数值模拟研究的基础上,运用多级模糊综合评判法,对影响天然气水合物藏品质的主要因素进行层次划分和权重统计,建立天然气水合物藏品质评价的多级模糊综合评判模型。最后应用该模型,对4个模拟天然气水合物藏的品质进行了分析,证实了该评价模型的适用性。     

冲绳海槽天然气水合物稳定带厚度的计算

水合物稳定带（HSZ）的研究对天然气水合物的成矿与分布规律以及资源评价研究都具有重要的指导意义，文章根据天然气水合物的相平衡条件和相应的压力-温度方程，参照有关的身体算法，讨论了海底天然气水合物稳定带厚度的理论计算方法，并根据稳定带厚度的理论计算方法，在Windows中文平台上编制了简单实用的程序，利用该程序对冲绳海槽水合物稳定带的厚度进行了计算，并讨论了冲绳海槽水合物稳定带厚度的分布特征。     

Analysis of the gas hydrate accumulation condition in Quemocuo area of Qiangtang Basin

Based on the survey results of QK-8 gas hydrate drilling test well and the clue of high hydrocarbon gas in Quemocuo area, the authors systematically analyzed the influence of permafrost thickness on natural gas hydrate accumulation, hydrocarbon source rocks characteristics, reservoir space, mitigation system and other geological factors, considering the geological factors affecting gas hydrate accumulation in permafrost regions. The potential of gas hydrate accumulation was also clarified. The results show that the thickness of permafrost is large (100 m). Hydrocarbon source rocks of Triassic have a overall performance of high abundance of organic matter, with kerogen type Ⅱ₂ and higher maturity (R_o about 1.3%~1.5%). The reservoir space is mainly composed of cavity - fractured reservoirs, followed by fracture and pore types. It has an effective migration pathway and a good regional cap layer. At the same time, natural gas hydrate associated minerals such as calcite and pyrite were well developed in the multilayer sections. It is concluded that there is a certain potential for gas hydrate accumulation in Quemocuo area after comprehensive analysis, which is the main direction for the comprehensive energy resources investigation of the gas hydrate petroleum system.