STRUCTURE OF MESO-β AND -γ-SCALE ON SOUTH CHINA HEAVY RAINFALL ON 12～13 JUNE 2005 USING DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR

The three-dimensional wind fields of the heavy rain on 12-13 June 2005 in Guangdong province are retrieved and studied with the volume scan data of the dual-Doppler radar located in the cities of Meizhou and Shantou. It is shown that the meso-β-scale and meso-γ-scale convergence lines located in the convective system at the low and middle layer play an important role in the heavy rainfall. The convergence line is the initiating and maintaining mechanism of the rain. A three dimensional kinematic structure model is also given.     

强热带风暴碧利斯(0604)引发的特大暴雨中尺度结构多普勒雷达资料分析

强热带风暴 “碧利斯” (Bilis) 于2006年7月14日12:50在福建省霞浦县北壁镇再次登陆, 与南海季风相互作用, 在福建省引发特大暴雨。作者利用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对厦门和龙岩新一代多普勒雷达时间同步探测资料进行了风场反演, 综合利用雷达回波强度资料, 对造成长泰、 漳州特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明: (1) 此次特大暴雨主要是由中低层西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度辐合线引发的, 辐合线对于水汽输送以及暴雨的形成、 触发、 维持具有重要作用, 辐合线在暴雨的整个生命史过程中经历了由弱变强、 由强变弱的演变过程, 变化过程与降水的强弱演变过程基本同步。 (2) 由于丰富的水汽供应和中低层辐合线的动力抬升作用, 西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度回波带的西南不断有新的γ中尺度对流单体生成, 在沿着辐合线向东北移动过程中进一步发展、 合并形成β中尺度对流线, 造成持续的强降水。最后, 还给出了此次特大暴雨的三维云系结构模型。     

Kinematic structure of a heavy rain event from dual-Doppler radar observations

The detailed kinematic structure of a heavy rain event that occurred in the middle reaches oi the Yangtze River was investigated using dual-Doppler radar observation. A variational analysis method was developed to obtain the three-dimensional wind fields. Before the analysis, a data preprocessing procedure was carried out, in which the temporal variation with the scanning time interval and the effect of the earth curvature on the data position were taken into account. The analysis shows that a shear line in the lower and middle levels played an important role in the rainfall event. The precipitation fell mainly on the south end of the shear line where southerly flow prevailed and convergence and updraft were obvious. With the movement and decay of the shear line, the precipitation moved and decayed correspondingly.     

变化涡动沾性系数的Ekman动量近似模式风场结构

在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。     

An Approximate Analytical Solution For The Baroclinic And Variable Eddy Diffusivity Semi-Geostrophic Ekman Boundary Layer

The WKB method has been used to develop an approximate solutionof the semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer with height-dependenteddy viscosity and a baroclinic pressure field. The approximate solutionretains the same simple form as the classical Ekman solution. Behavioursof the approximate solution are discussed for different eddy viscosityand the pressure systems. These features show that wind structure inthe semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer depends on the interactionbetween the inertial acceleration, variable eddy viscosity and baroclinicpressure gradient. Anticyclonic shear has an acceleration effect on theair motion in the boundary layer, while cyclonic shear has a decelerationeffect. Decreasing pressure gradient with height results in a super-geostrophicpeak in the wind speed profile, however the increasing pressure gradient withheight may remove the peak. Anticyclonic shear and decreasing the variableeddy viscosity with height has an enhanced effect on the peak.Variable eddy viscosity and inertial acceleration has an important role in thedivergence and vorticity in the boundary layer and the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer that is called Ekman pumping. Compared to the constanteddy viscosity case, the variable eddy diffusivity reduces the absolute value ofEkman pumping, especially in the case of eddy viscosity initially increasing with height. The difference in the Ekman pumping produced by different eddy diffusivity assumptions is intensified in anticyclonic flow and reduced in cyclonic flow.     

山东省一次积层混合云暴雨三维风场的双多普勒雷达探测

使用地基双多普勒天气雷达监测资料和常规探测资料,对2005年9月19日凌晨发生在鲁中地区的一次暴雨进行分析,结果表明：本时段暴雨是积层混合云降水所致,中低层存在切变线和辐合线,风场中尺度结构造成小尺度对流单体的发展,这些对流单体以带状结构组成回波群镶嵌在大面积的层状云中;伴随弱冷空气侵入,风场的中尺度结构主要出现在4km以下的层次,中低层切变线和冷空气的侵入是强回波单体发展的动力因素;在垂直方向上,强回波区有明显的垂直运动。风场的中尺度结构对鲁中强降水的发生和维持有重要作用。     

Mean circulations of boundary-layer rolls in lake-effect snow storms

An observational study of the roll-average flow fields of boundary-layer rolls is presented. Data used for this purpose were collected by dual-Doppler radar and aircraft measurements taken over southern Lake Michigan during the 1983/1984 field operations of Project Lake Snow. The roll circulations agreed well with findings of past observational, numerical and theoretical studies, with cross-roll components roughly 10% of the convective internal boundary layer (CIBL)-mean wind speeds and weaker vertical components. Along-roll winds were systematically stronger in the rollupdraft regions than in the roll-downdraft regions, probably due to distortion of the along-roll wind profile by the rolls. Comparison of observed wind profiles to those required by roll formation mechanisms found by past numerical and theoretical studies suggested that the observed rolls were formed by the along-roll wind shear (Asai, 1970) or wind shear curvature (Kuettner, 1971) in the lowest 0.2Z _i, whereZ _i is the height of the top of the CIBL.     

Three-Dimensional Wind Field Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Based on a Variational Method: Refinement of Vertical Velocity Estimates

In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations.     

双多普勒雷达风场反演误差和资料的质量控制

提出了用双多普勒雷达观测资料进行回波强度、径向速度和方位定位的质量控制方法,以及利用概率分布法订正配对的双多普勒雷达回波强度的方法。以2001年973“中国暴雨”外场试验期间获取的双多普勒雷达观测资料为例,比较了合肥、马鞍山和宜昌、荆州的两对双多普勒雷达同步观测的回波强度、径向速度和方位的改变对观测数据对比的影响;分析了这两对双多普勒雷达径向速度测量误差引起的风场反演的误差。结果表明:两对双多普勒雷达观测的回波强度和径向速度的空间位置和变化趋势比较一致,合肥与马鞍山雷达的回波强度有一定差异,径向速度也有1～2 m/s的差异。风场反演的误差与风场的方向、大小、空间位置等有关。在两个径向速度夹角在40°～140°范围内,共面上的风场的反演误差在1～2倍的雷达探测径向速度的误差范围内。     

台风“碧利斯”的雷达反演与改进

利用两步变分反演方法研究2006年第4号台风＂碧利斯＂,比较单部雷达资料和双部雷达资料的反演结果。结果表明：利用单部雷达资料不能很好地反演出台风的风场结构特征,而双部雷达资料在第一步反演背景场时,可以显示出台风的涡旋特征。通过检验发现,此次台风过程的水平切向风在最大风速半径内部与Rankine模型相近,外部与Chen 3模型接近。为了更有效地利用单部雷达的观测信息准确定位台风的移动路径,故在单部雷达资料第一步反演背景场时加入模型弱约束。反演结果表明,加入模型弱约束后,反演的背景风场可以看出台风的涡旋特征,通过第二步反演后与双部雷达资料结果相近;加模型弱约束的单部雷达反演结果与双部雷达反演结果间u、v分量的相关系数均为0.8或以上,2—7 km高度层u、v分量的均方根误差明显减小。     

风廓线雷达资料对GRAPES_MESO数值预报系统影响的初步研究

针对一个南方切变线系统降水个例,通过观测系统模拟试验(OSSEs)对我国拟建风廓线雷达观测网内的不同类型风廓线雷达观测资料在GRAPES_MESO系统中的影响、对风廓线雷达观测和探空观测及两者混合使用时在GRAPES_MESO系统中的影响差异进行了初步分析和讨论。试验结果表明,在GRAPES_MESO系统中,风廓线雷达资料对500 hPa高度以下水平风速分析场的修正作用明显优于探空资料;风廓线雷达资料对水平风速分析场的影响高度极限大约在300 hPa附近,经过6h的传播,其影响可以向上继续传播至250 hPa以上高度;在300 hPa高度以下,同化对流层Ⅱ型风廓线雷达资料对水平风速分析场的影响比边界层型风廓线雷达资料略大;单独同化风廓线雷达资料对降水预报的贡献较弱,与探空观测混合使用时有助改进降水预报。     

济南边界层风廓线雷达与L波段雷达探空测风资料对比研究

采用统计、相关分析等方法,对2014年济南站边界层风廓线雷达观测资料和L波段雷达探空资料进行了长期时空变化规律的对比,进而研究了地面无降雨、有降雨时段两者的风向、风速数据的相关关系及差值。结果得出全年有降雨、无降雨时段两者的风向、风速总体一致性较好,相关性较高,并具有较好可比性和互补性的结论,对了解固定式边界层风廓线雷达探测的准确性,改进观测资料质量控制方法等具有很好的参考价值。     

台风“碧利斯”的雷达反演及改进

利用两步变分反演方法,研究2006年第4号台风“碧利斯”,对照单部雷达资料和两部雷达资料的反演结果。结果表明：利用单部雷达资料不能很好的反演出台风的风场结构特征,而两部雷达资料在第一步反演背景场时,可以看出台风的涡旋特征。通过检验发现,此次台风过程的水平切向风在最大风速半径内部与Rankine模型相近,外部与Chen 3模型接近。为了更有效地利用单部雷达的观测信息准确定位台风的移动路径,故在单部雷达资料第一步反演背景场时加入模型弱约束。反演结果表明,加入模型弱约束后,反演的背景风场就能看出台风的涡旋特征,通过第二步反演后与两部雷达资料结果相近;加模型弱约束的单部雷达反演结果与两部雷达反演结果间u、v分量的相关系数均在0.8或以上,2-7 km高度层u、v分量的均方根误差明显减小。     

双多普勒天气雷达反演大气三维风场的个例研究

根据笛卡尔坐标系下双多普勒天气雷达反演大气三维风场的理论，以2003年7月5日发生在安徽省的一次强降水过程为例，反演大气三维风场。结果表明：利用双多普勒天气雷达反演大气风场能够更加详细地反映出大气风场的三维结构。     

边界层风廓线雷达对登陆台风观测适用性评估

利用2014—2019年6个台风合计34组数据,通过与机动式边界层风廓线雷达以及同点探空数据进行对比,分析风廓线雷达对登陆台风边界层结构诊断的适用性。初步分析表明：有30组数据完整度高于80%,且平均标准差为3.64 m·s-1,平均误差为4.67 m·s-1。30组数据中有19组数据的对比结果较好,均呈现风廓线雷达与探空廓线在250 m高度以上重合度较高、250 m高度以下重合度较低的特征,其原因可能与探空低层加速以及风廓线雷达低层受干扰有关。将250 m高度以下的数据剔除后和剔除前对比发现,数据质量得到提高。从空间分布看,低质量数据大多分布在台风中心距离观测点200 km及以外的区域,但较高质量数据相对于台风中心并无明显的倾向性分布。从降水分布看,未发现数据质量与降水关系明显。尽管使用的数据比较有限,但风廓线雷达在台风边界层结构观测中展现较好应用潜力。     

一次华北暴雨过程中边界层东风活动及作用

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h分析资料、微波辐射计资料及FY-2E气象卫星及雷达探测资料,针对2013年6月4日发生在北京及周边地区的一次暴雨过程中边界层东风活动及作用进行了天气学诊断分析,结果表明:对流性暴雨过程伴随有源自东北平原的边界层东风活动,东风活动具有尺度小、降温明显和湿度大等特点。暴雨过程是边界层东风和中低空暖式切变线、偏南风急流和500 hPa短波槽共同作用的结果;东风湿冷空气的锋面抬升和地形抬升作用共同加强了中低层暖湿气流的辐合上升运动,同时东风冷垫和地形抬升作用触发了雷暴的再次发生,相应雷暴具有高架对流特点。东风气流起到了边界层水汽输送作用,中低层偏南暖湿气流为暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽和不稳定层结条件。     

Mesoscale Structure of Rainstorm Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Observations Using the 4DVAR Assimilation Technique

The four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method was applied to dual-Doppler radar data about two Meiyu rainstorms observed during CHeRES (China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study). The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of the 4DVAR technique in retrieving rainstorm mesoscale structure and to reveal the feature of rainstorm mesoscale structure. Results demonstrated that the 4DVAR assimilation method was able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind, thermodynamics, and microphysics fields from dual-Doppler radar observations. The retrieved wind fields agreed with the dual-Doppler synthesized winds and were accurate. The distributions of the retrieved perturbation pressure, perturbation temperature, and microphysics fields were also reasonable through the examination of their physical consistency. Both of the two heavy rainfalls were caused by merging cloud processes. The wind shear and convergence lines at middle and lower levels were their primary dynamical characteristics. The convective system was often related to low-level convergence and upper-level divergence coupled with up-drafts. During its mature stage, the convective system was characterized by low pressure at lower level and high pressure at upper level, associated with warmer at middle level and colder at lower and upper levels than the environment. However, a region of cooling and high pressure occurred in the lower and middle levels compared to warming and low pressure in the upper level during its dissipating stage. The water vapor, cloud water, and rainwater corresponded to the convergence, the updraft and the intensive reflectivity, respectively.     

Influence of mesoscale winds on the turbulent structure of the urban boundary layer over St. Louis

Two fair weather afternoons have been examined, where the urban boundary layer over St. Louis, though exhibiting similar thermal characteristics, had a markedly different kinematic structure. The turbulent nature of the boundary layer was examined through analysis of double theodolite wind profiles at an urban and at a rural site on each day. On 14 July 1975, the winds increased with height above the inversion at both sites and on the following day, the winds decreased above the boundary layer in the same region. While the mean wind speed in the lowest 0.8 km agl was similar on both days, the turbulence characteristics of the urban boundary-layer winds were distinctly different on these two afternoons. This was evidenced by the variance of the wind and is in agreement with simultaneous aircraft measurements reported by Hildebrand and Ackerman (1984). A similar difference in turbulence was not found over the rural site. It is suggested that the enhanced turbulence at the urban site on 14 July is likely associated with the wind profile immediately above the boundary layer, where the downward flux of high momentum air from above the inversion may have resulted in stronger mechanical mixing within the boundary layer.     

双多普勒天气雷达风场探测的可靠性研究

从双多普勒天气雷达风场探测原理和多普勒天气雷达数据处理技术出发，分析了影响双勒天气雷达风场反演可靠性的内在因素。即两部雷达观测同一点的非一致性 (空间和时间上的非一致性) 和空间各测量点观测时间及照射体积的非统一性，以及微波在大气中的非直线传播和地球表面的非几何平面引起的坐标、定位等问题都严重影响了双多普勒天气雷达风场反演可靠性。该文提出一些解决办法，但在应用双多普勒天气雷达风场反演数据时，还必须进行可靠性分析。     

积层混合性暴雨三维动力结构的双多普勒雷达对比分析

对2002年7月22～23日长江中游的积层混合性暴雨的中尺度三维动力结构进行了双多普勒雷达对比观测分析，表明中低层切变线、中尺度辐合线和中尺度气旋是这次强降水的重要特征；不同反演算法得到的三维动力模型差别较大，必须引起重视。