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1.
前苏联是世界上铁路运输利用率最高的国家。本文从其铁路发展的背景条件出发,分析了铁路成为前苏联最主要运输方式的原因,并进一步探讨了前苏联铁路网的建设、发展和分布特点,对我国正在进行的大规模铁路建设有一定借鉴意义。  相似文献   

2.
本文重点分析了北川县可供开发利用的三大主要片区:即洞穴景区(包括猿王洞景区和香江湾景区)、原始林区(含小寨子沟自然保护区和千佛山景区)以及禹穴沟人文-自然景区。洞穴景区内有世界上罕见的地质剖面、地质构造;有溶洞、漏斗、块状石芽、峡谷、陡壁等典型岩溶地貌景观;还有人迹罕至的原始林区——小寨子沟自然保护区,区内有金丝猴、熊猫、水青树、连香树等许多珍稀动植物,具有很高的观赏价值,同时高山峡谷、急流、险滩、瀑布比比皆是。北川县不仅拥有高品位、丰富的自然旅游资源,亦有高价值的大禹故里、羌族村寨等人文旅游资源。此外,北川还具有优越的区位条件和便利的交通条件。针对北川得天独厚的旅游资源,结合实际情况,对主要景区进行分批分期开发构思:总体以大禹文化为橱窗、洞穴资源为市场、羌族文化为润色来开发北川旅游资源,提出开发利用旅游资源的战略方针及采取的对策,指出北川县致富的唯一途径是充分利用本县丰富的旅游资源,发展旅游业。  相似文献   

3.
Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization. Based on the China’s economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006, the ecological footprint, ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus, and eco-environment quality comprehensive index are calculated, the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China’s urbanization in 2030 is forecasted. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint, negative linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index. (2) By 2030, the urbanization level will reach 61.32%, the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×108 hm2 and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×108 hm2. (3) Under the existing urban development pattern, the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years. Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China’s urbanization process.  相似文献   

4.
This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for the urbanization level in China in terms of four aspects of urbanization connotation: population, economy, society, and land. A comprehensive measurement is carried out for the Chinese urbanization between 1981 and 2006 based on the Entropy method. The results show that the comprehensive level of urbanization in China has a continuous increase with the major features of economic growth and a rapid evolution of the geographical landscape, followed by population urbanization and then social urbanization of health care standard; the distinguished evolutional characteristics can also be found in each of the subsystems. The integrated evolution of urbanization has a profound effect on the resources, energy and the environment, making the land resources and energy security situation under severe pressure. The environment pressure is also increased further.  相似文献   

5.
河南是我国最重要的地理学研究基地之一。基于中国学术期刊网和国家自然科学基金委员会网的相关数据,对改革开放以来河南地理学的发展进行了研究。认为30多年来河南地理学研究事业得到快速发展,主要表现在研究队伍扩充、研究思想转变、研究方法多样化、研究视野扩展、研究水平提高。目前,公司地理与产业集群、农户地理与农区发展、城市地理与城市群发展、区域规划与发展战略、典型地域自然地理研究已成为河南地理学研究的优势领域。未来高层次成果将继续增长,研究将更加注重综合,自然地理研究更加侧重环境化和综合化,人文地理研究将侧重全球化和地域化,新方法将被进一步利用,农区发展、城市化、中部崛起和中原崛起、人地关系与可持续发展、自然地理的综合研究和应用研究等重点研究领域将进一步加强。  相似文献   

6.
中国饮食辛辣口味的地理分布及其成因研究   总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2  
蓝勇 《地理研究》2001,20(2):229-237
以往对中国饮食食辣区域的分析还完全是一种纯感性的认识,如简单地认为南辣北淡,对各个食辣区的食辣程度也是众说纷纭。本文将统计分析、实地考察、文献记载结合起来研究,认为经过历史时期的发展,现代中国在饮食口味上形成了三个辛辣口味层次地区:即长江上中游重辛辣区,包括四川(含今重庆)、湖南、湖北、贵州、陕西南部等地,辛辣指数在151至25左右;北方微辣区,东及辽东半岛、北京、山东等地,西经山西、陕北关中及以北、甘肃大部、青海到新疆,是另外一个相对辛辣区,辛辣指数在26至15之间;东南沿海淡味区,在山东以南的东南沿海江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东为忌辛辣的淡味区,辛辣指数在17至8间,其趋势是越往南辛辣指数越低。传统认为食辣仅主要是去湿驱寒,而本文研究表明冬季日照数少、湿润而寒冷是形成辛辣重区的主要环境因素,同时也分析了形成辛辣重区的社会因素如移民迁移等因素作用  相似文献   

7.
《世界地理研究》2007,16(2):45-51
东欧前社会主义国家匈牙利,经过数年市场化改革和体制转型,实现了国内经济的快速增长和国民生活的不断改善。本文基于匈牙利房地产业的发展背景和现状,探讨并分析了匈牙利政府在国内房地产业相关发展政策及管理举措方面可供借鉴的若干经验和启示。  相似文献   

8.
20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的主要理论演变与启示   总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10  
杨忍  陈燕纯  张菁  徐茜 《地理科学》2020,40(4):544-555
采用Citespace工具和文献归纳方法,系统梳理了20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的热点及理论发展脉络。在全球化和逆城市化背景下,西方国家乡村地区普遍经历了发展转型与空间分化过程,其研究热点和主要理论发展大致分为3个阶段。20世纪90年代,主要关注于乡村农业去中心化和逆城市化过程,延续20世纪80年代政治经济学的研究范式,围绕农业经济展开的监管理论和根植于浪漫主义运动的乡村田园牧歌式理论主张占主导,受后现代思潮影响兴起了社会文化转向的"他者"研究;进入21世纪,在网络视角转向下,全球尺度的乡村分化及其内在机制的综合研究引起学界关注,研究议题及理论切入主要涉及全球乡村、乡村重构、乡村分化、多功能农业、舒适性迁移和创新理论等;近10 a以来,在全球气候变化和粮食危机背景下,危机下的乡村可持续发展得以较大关注,衍生出可持续生计、社区恢复力、脆弱性、生态经济、生物经济等的概念和理论主张。中国乡村地理的学科发展需集成多学科方法与理论,融合中西方乡村研究的理论与实证成果,以人地关系地域系统理论为核心指导,全面深化从系统的"要素-结构-功能"视角分析乡村生产、生活、生态、经济、社会、文化等多维...  相似文献   

9.
There is a generally accepted assumption that the primary productivity of the natural vegetation cover of an area is the most appropriate indicator of the level of primary productivity that may be attained by agricultural systems in the same area. However, this relationship is not clearly understood. This paper assesses the potential rate of primary productivity for southern Ontario and compares these results with the equivalent values for the agro-ecosystems. Analysis is conducted at the level of the county. Climatically determined potential (natural) primary productivity values are adjusted by a soil performance index yielding a range of values from 986 g m?2 y?1 to 44 g m?2 y?1. The actual primary productivity for agriculture ranges from 3593 g m?2 y?1 to 515 g m?2 y?1. Over southern Ontario actual (agricultural) productivity exceeds potential (natural) productivity by an average of 2.6. The variations about this mean are examined. The results indicate where, and by which agricultural processes, the humanized landscape can improve the organic resource base.  相似文献   

10.
The issue of China’s energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China’s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China’s primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal’s, oil’s and natural gas’s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions, production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index (DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province’s energy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Generally speaking, China’s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China’s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of “concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to “T-shaped” pattern gradually since 1949. (2) The structure evolution of China’s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of “coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing” since 1949. (3) At the provincial scale, China’s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China’s energy production will evolve from “T-shaped” to “Π-shaped pattern”. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market.  相似文献   

11.
The journey to school in Britain since the 1940s: continuity and change   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The journey to school has major significance both for families and urban environments, yet little is known in detail about the ways this has changed over the twentieth century. This study uses oral history evidence to compare decisions about the journey to school in the past and the present, and to assess the impact of these changes on the mobility experience of children. The paper argues that despite obvious increases in car use, and decreases in children travelling alone, other characteristics of the journey to school in British urban areas have changed little over the past 60 years.  相似文献   

12.
1965年以来我国对外贸易及其 地域格局的演变态势   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
鲁奇  张超阳  段娟 《地理研究》2007,26(6):1247-1254
本文总结了我国不同尺度地域单元近40年不同阶段对外贸易总量增长、对外依存度不断提高的基本特点及其地域格局演变的基本态势,分析了出口商品结构变化的基本趋势,并初步探讨了我国对外贸易特点及其地域格局形成的基本成因。研究发现:(1)从时间尺度看,40年来,我国不同尺度的不同区域对外贸易总量和对外依存度均呈长期增长态势,外贸年均增长速度长期高于GDP年均增长速度;(2)从空间尺度看,东、中、西地带对外贸易的区域差异格局没有根本改变,相反中、西地带的相对地位随着市场经济的发展呈下降趋势。我国进/出口位居前四位的省市绝大部分位于东部地区,随着市场经济的进一步发展,呈现出由北向南演变的趋势。在国际上,我国对亚洲的进/出口占绝对优势,但相对地位逐渐下降。  相似文献   

13.
20世纪90年代以来江苏区域发展均衡性的测度分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
基于GIS 方法对1990 年以来江苏区域发展的均衡性进行了测度分析。首先,引入区域重心模型,对江苏省 几何、人口、经济(GDP)、外资(FDI)等主要重心的时空偏离进行了可视化测算,然后结合相关统计指标对江苏省区 域经济均衡性的时间特征和空间特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)江苏的经济、外资重心相较人口重心有显著 的空间偏离,1990 年以来的人口重心呈东南向西北,复向西南,再折回西北的倒U 型空间位移趋势,经济重心则一 直向南偏东方向位移,而外资重心大致以2003 年为拐点,之前大体向南位移,之后逐渐向北偏东位移;(2)江苏省 区域经济不均衡性总体在加剧,相对发展速率呈现出南北不均衡,县域和市区不均衡,且苏南、苏中、苏北内部不均 衡性各有特点;(3)本世纪发展速率加快的县市主要在苏南和苏中空间范围的四个边角带上,呈“口”字型格局,苏 北为相对发展速率下降县市的主要分布区;(4)苏南初步形成了东部以苏州无锡为核心的高度发达趋同区和西部 的快速发展趋同区,苏北形成了盐城为代表的县域快速成长趋同区和以连云港为代表的县域缓慢发展趋同区。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract:  In a government search for uranium in 1944–1946, uneconomic deposits of radioactive minerals were found concentrated in dredge tailings on the West Coast. In 1954 a new search was initiated, leading to the 1955 discovery of uranium in the Buller Gorge. In the 25-year investigation programme that followed, prospectors were assisted by staff from the Mines Department and the Geological Survey and were funded by grants from the New Zealand and UK governments. The prospecting continued unchallenged by the media or peace or environmental movements until 1979 when it ended for economic rather than philosophical reasons.  相似文献   

15.
Australian road funding in the 1970s and 1980s has been characterised by conflict between federal and state governments over control of spending. This has influenced both total funds made available and spending priorities between national, arterial and local roads. Having the constitutional responsibility for roads, state governments have refused to discuss priorities with the Commonwealth, have not stated policies, have given the Australian government as little public acknowledgement as possible, have spent money on markedly different priorities, and yet are changing their means of determining priorities to reflect changing community wishes. Interestingly, at neither state nor federal level is there evidence of pursuance of a single, dominant policy objective.  相似文献   

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In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of cultivated land change between 1982 and 2011 using global vector-based land use/land cover data. (1) Our analysis showed that the total global cultivated land area increased by 528.768×104 km2 with a rate of 7.920×104 km2/a, although this increasing trend was not significant. The global cultivated land increased fastest in the 1980s. Since the 1980s, the cultivated land area in North America, South America and Oceania increased by 170.854×104 km2, 107.890×104 km2, and 186.492×104 km2, respectively. In contrast, that in Asia, Europe and Africa decreased by 23.769×104 km2, 4.035×104 km2 and 86.76×104 km2, respectively. Furthermore, the cultivated land area in North America, South America and Oceania exhibited significant increasing trends of 7.236× 104 km2/a, 2.780×104 km2/a and 3.758×104 km2/a, respectively. On the other hand, that of Asia, Europe and Africa exhibited decreasing trend rates of–5.641×104 km2/a,–0.831×104 km2/a and–0.595×104 km2/a, respectively. Moreover, the decreasing trend in Asia was significant. (2) Since the 1980s, the increase in global cultivated lands was mainly due to converted grasslands and woodlands, which accounted for 53.536% and 26.148% of the total increase, respectively. The increase was found in southern and central Africa, eastern and northern Australia, southeastern South America, central US and Alaska, central Canada, western Russia, northern Finland and northern Mongolia. Among them, Botswana in southern Africa experienced an 80%–90% increase, making it the country with the highest increase worldwide. (3) Since the 1980s, the total area of cultivated lands converted to other types of land was 1071.946×104 km2. The reduction was mainly converted to grasslands and woodlands, which accounted for 57.482% and 36.000%, respectively. The reduction occurred mainly in southern Sudan in central Africa, southern and central US, southern Russia, and southern European countries including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Hungary. The greatest reduction occurred in southern Africa with a 60% reduction. (4) The cultivated lands in all the continents analyzed exhibited a trend of expansion to high latitudes. Additionally, most countries displayed an expansion of newly increased cultivated lands and the reduction of the original cultivated lands.  相似文献   

19.
With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China’s floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then, the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China’s 2000 census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously, and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method, by using the share of a region’s certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China’s floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio- economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather higher population densities and economic development levels.  相似文献   

20.
“一带一路”:中华民族复兴的地缘大战略   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11  
当前中国已经发展到一个特定历史节点,在经济利益已经遍布世界的同时,必须面对日渐趋紧的外部约束,因此亟须在国际上实现战略突破。欧亚大陆是世界政治舞台的中心,在综合国力尚存结构性缺陷之际,中国的全球战略应围绕欧亚大陆率先展开部署。"一带一路"为21世纪中国国家大战略指明了地理方向,是中国在新的地理历史条件下融入欧亚大陆的第一次尝试。在空间上,"一带一路"分别从欧亚大陆中部心脏地带和南部边缘地带,从东向西把这块大陆上的主要战略枢纽区串连了起来,其成功实施将赋予中国作为重要力量参与欧亚大陆战略态势的基本能力,并极大优化中国外部安全环境。从时间和空间两个维度分析"一带一路"的地缘战略内涵,预测"一带一路"建设中可能遇到的四大战略风险,提出"一带一路"的五大地理支点,勾勒出"一带一路"地缘战略的总体轮廓。  相似文献   

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