波浪作用下堤前冲淤研究综述

总结了近年来国内外对波浪作用下堤前冲淤的研究状况,包括规则波和不规则波作用下堤前海床的冲淤形态、冲淤形态判别标准、冲淤机理等.针对该课题的研究现状,提出了需进一步研究的问题.     

直立堤前海床的局部冲刷

对不规则波作用下直立堤前海床的局部冲刷进行了研究。研究了由于波浪作用导致床面的底沙运动,从而造成提前海床的局部冲刷,即所谓的“相对粒沙”的情况。报导了;(1)堤前海床面为水平、堤下无基床情况下的堤前局部冲刷,以及堤下有明基床时基床尺度对堤前局部冲刷的影响;(2)堤前海床面为斜坡面时堤前的局部冲刷,以及当堤下有明基床时基床尺度对堤前局部冲刷的影响;(3)从波浪作用下床面边界层的理论分析出发,对于在不规则波作用下,离堤面愈远处的冲刷坑深度愈小的事实给出了解释。     

Glacial bedforms in the Northwind Abyssal Plain,Chukchi Borderland

A series of sub-parallel linear glacial scours are identified on the crest of the Baoshi Seamount in the Northwind Abyssal Plain by compiling new multibeam data acquired during the 9th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-Arc9) in 2018 and previously published data. The new data reveal scours that developed at water depths of 850–1 030 m with an orientation of about 75°/255°. The maximum water depth occurs in the southernmost scour and is deeper than that from previous investigations, which showed a maximum scouring depth of about 900 m on the seamount. The topographic and geomorphological characteristics suggest that these scours resulted from erosion by the ice shelf extending from the Chukchi margin and/or Laurentide Ice Sheet that grounded on the crest of the seamount and moved in a NE–SW direction. Other possibilities of their genesis include armadas of large icebergs/multi-keel icebergs calved from the Chukchi Shelf or the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The new data provide new constraints for assessing the extent and volume of the ice sheet in the Chukchi area during glacial maxima.     

粉沙海床管道在联锁排防护下的冲刷试验研究

采用当地海床的天然粉沙进行试验床面的设计,对海底管道在实际海床受到的极限波浪和最大水流作用进行试验,在管道上方铺设混凝土联锁排,对联锁排块体稳定性和其对管道防护的有效性进行研究。通过物理模型试验,研究了在极限波浪和最大水流作用下,管道在粉沙床面最大冲刷深度。通过不同水深中波流条件下研究了混凝土联锁排防护效果及其周围床面的冲刷变化,观测了联锁排的稳定性。试验结果表明:按半经验半理论简化公式得出的联锁排厚度能满足稳定性的要求,比水利部规范计算的联锁排厚度偏大的公式更加适合应用,试验期间混凝土联锁排的排面稳定,能有效保护管道,在该防护下管道没有冲刷,只在联锁排上下游与床面接触的来流段和尾端有冲刷,但该冲刷深度不影响联锁排整体的稳定性。     

SCOURING PATTERNS IN FRONT OF VERTICAL BREAKWATERS

There are two basic types of scouring pattern of a sand bed in front of a vertical breakwater under the action of standing waves due to the differences of the sand grain sizes and of the wave conditions. The expressions of the scouring profile, the ultimate maximum scouring depth and the development of the scouring for two scouring patterns based on the experimental data are given in the present paper.The scale laws for the sand grain size and for the scouring depth are derived, thus making it possible to apply the results from the model tests to the prototype conditions. The influence of the scouring patterns on the stability of the foundations of vertical breakwaters is discussed through some typical examples in the paper.     

立波作用下的底沙运动

立波作用下的底沙运动关系到港口的规划和建筑物的安全。本文以实验为基础，综合前人研究成果，得到立波作用下床面形态及冲刷类型。对较粗颗粒底沙在立波作用上进行受力分析，得到了一周期内沙粒累计推移距离，净输沙率及冲刷强度。认为冲刷形态的不同与近底速度和加速度的分布密切相连。     

Investigation of Scouring Mechanism Around A Circular Pier

In the present study,the flow field around a circular pier is investigated with experimental measurements and numerical simulations.The transient flow patterns during erosion are studied in detail.The results show that the traditional equations of particle motion are not perfect for the calculation of the sand motion under this complex flow situation.The scouring agents,such as turbulent intensity,the fluctuating pressure and the vertical pressure gradient,having many effects on the sand motion with the increasing scouring depth,need to be considered in modifying the traditional model.     

Giant iceberg plow marks at more than 1 km water depth offshore West Greenland

During a recent (2006) cruise of RV ‘Dana’ high resolution side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiling was carried out on selected shelf and slope transects offshore Disko Bugt, central West Greenland. Available commercial seismic data from the margin indicate here irregular seabed morphology with erosional features locally extending down to c. 1100 m water depth. The newly acquired side-scan sonar data reveal the presence of giant iceberg plow marks extending (sub)parallel to the slope between about 800 and 1085 m water depth. The height difference between bottom of the scours and rim crest is up to 40 m. The largest plow marks are about 750 m wide. To date no observed modern icebergs including those from Antarctica have drafts in excess of c. 500 m. Taking into account maximum glacial sea level lowering of c. 120 m, the paleo-iceberg keel depth was at least 950 m. Due to the presence of the relatively shallow (< 700 m) sill of Davis Strait to the south, calving of these paleo-icebergs is thought to have occurred from an ice margin in the Baffin Bay region (Jakobshavn Isbræ paleo-ice stream?). The depth of occurrence (> 1000 m) and dimensions of the plow marks are concluded to be exceptional, and comparable to glacial scouring features reported from the Arctic Ocean.     

中太平洋海山富钴结壳成矿的空间分布规律研究

海山是富钴结壳主要的成矿载体,结壳成矿分布不仅受到海洋最低含氧带、碳酸盐补偿深度、生物生产力、物质来源、海水氧含量等大尺度宏观因素的影响,同时也受到海山地形、沉积作用和底层海流冲刷等小尺度微观因素的控制。通过对以中太平洋R海山为主的水下结壳成矿与分布的深入研究,发现结壳富集区以海山浅水区域为主;地形地貌上的尖顶高地区、顶坡过渡带、山体鞍部、山脊、斜坡上部等区域结壳质量较好,覆盖率高;下斜坡、山谷、山顶平坦区和斜坡区平缓台地是结壳贫乏区,结壳厚度小、覆盖率也低;15°以下的小坡度地形结壳成矿较好,3°~7°最佳,15°以上的大坡度区质量有所下降,陡崖区最差。地形对结壳分布和成矿起基础性影响作用,沉积作用和底流冲刷分别起到阻滞和促进作用,海流是保持低坡度区结壳长期稳定生长的关键因素,地形控矿本质上是和底层流联合对抗沉积堆积作用的过程。     

Experiments on Interaction Between Current-Induced Vibration and Scour of Submarine Pipelines on Sandy Bottom

In order to understand the dynamic behavior of submarine pipelines exposed to current andthe mechanism of the interaction between current-induced vibration and scour of pipelines on a sandy bot-tom,an experimental investigation is conducted with a small scale model.A test model which can be testedin the flume is set up by taking into account the typical working conditions of the pipelines and by ap-plying the similarity theory.The interactions between the shape of the scour hole and the behavior of thepipeline as well as the flow patterns of the current are detailed,and the interaction mechanism outlined.The effect of vibration of the pipeline on the development of dynamic scour at different stages is foundout.The proposed experimental method and test results provide an effective means for design of marinepipelines against scouring.     

黄河水下三角洲北部区域海底地形冲淤变化研究

为了明确黄河水下三角洲北部区域海洋动力对海底地形变化的影响,采用2009年黄河水下三角洲北部区域高精度水深地形资料,与2004年水深地形资料进行对比分析。同时,利用2009年对表层沉积物的粒度分析,结合该区域的水文潮流特征,对该海区悬移质泥砂引起的冲淤变化进行了预测。研究结果表明该区域经过多年的冲淤调整正逐渐达到冲淤平衡,形成稳定的粉砂淤泥质海岸,但在大风大浪引起的恶劣海洋作用下,本区仍然经历着缓慢的冲刷过程。埕北海域在CB151平台附近形成一个冲刷中心,冲刷深度超过1 m;孤东海堤外侧海域,自陆地向等深线12 m区域均发生轻微冲刷作用,尤其是海堤根部,由于波浪的累加作用,冲刷最为明显,最大冲刷深度可达1.5 m以上。     

长江口南沙头通道限流潜堤局部冲刷原因及对策分析

长江口南北港分汊口河段新浏河沙护滩潜堤及南沙头通道潜堤工程是典型的航道整治工程,经调查发现限流潜堤冲刷坑在两侧余排外对称分布,12 m以深等深线呈不连续坑状,南侧个别区段冲刷坑已侵入排内。基于工程地形监测和地质资料分析,通过现场水深测量、旁扫声纳扫测、潜水探摸、水文观测和三维潮流数学模型计算等手段,对限流潜堤排外局部冲刷情况和发生原因进行研究。研究结果表明潜堤排外冲刷是越顶水流长期作用所致,冲刷发展变化具有代表性,冲刷最大深度与地质条件有一定相关性。潜堤南侧护底余排边缘局部余排受外力损毁,引起排内冲刷,如进一步发展会影响堤身及结构安全,需对护底损坏部位进行修复以保证整治建筑物护底功能正常发挥。     

海坛海峡海缆路由区工程地质条件及评价

根据路由勘察区水深测量、旁侧声纳、浅地层剖面探测等多项物理探测所获取的资料,结合其它自然环境及历史资料,对勘察区内海底工程地质条件进行了详尽的分析和研究．此外,还对近20a来勘察区海床稳定性进行初步分析,为选择一条最佳的路由通道提供依据．研究分析表明：可能影响该海缆安全运行的不良工程地质条件主要为海底灾害性地貌,如基岩、潮流冲刷槽等;勘察区不同区域内海底冲淤变化存在一定差异,潮汐通道底部受较强冲刷,冲刷速率为0．035～0．1m／a,20m以浅区域海底处于弱冲刷状态一冲淤动态平衡状态,冲刷速率为0．015m／a,海床较稳定;该路由勘察区工程环境较适合海缆的铺设,且其最佳路由区域是在勘察区南半部相对稳定的海底平滑区．     

动、定砂床底部剪切力对比试验研究

在河口海岸工程中,常常会面临岸滩冲蚀、岸线演变、航道淤积、建筑物底部淘刷等涉及泥沙起动和输运的问题,而水流对底床的剪切力是研究泥沙起动与输运的重要参数。本文利用自行设计的底床剪切力测量装置,在不同流速的水流中,分别在固定砂床(定床)和可移动砂床(动床)上进行了底部剪切力的直接测量;同时,根据试验中声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测得的流速信息,采用湍流动能法对底床剪切力进行了估算。结果显示:当比例系数取值0.19时,估算出的底床剪切力与测量值吻合较好。对测量结果进行分析后发现,流速较小、砂粒未起动时,动、定砂床上的底部剪切力大致相同;在有砂粒起动的情况下,动床上的底部剪切力比定床上的大,相对差值最大约20%。因此当涉及底床剪切力的问题时,需要先确认床面形式,然后再进行分析研究。     

填海工程建设前后丹东港海域泥沙冲淤变化特征与成因分析

利用近年来水深地形数据和2010年全潮水文观测资料分析了丹东港海域在填海工程建设前后的冲淤变化特征,并阐述了冲淤变化的成因,以对该类型海域海洋工程的选址和海洋环境保护等提供科学依据。研究结果表明,研究区海底在工程建设前除靠近大东作业区的岬角处冲刷较大外,其他海域整体冲淤厚度小于0.2 m/a。工程建设后海底冲淤格局发生重新分布,主要表现在工程南侧普遍冲刷和东侧航道内及西南侧海域的淤积。利用刘家驹公式计算了工程建设前后的航道回淤强度,计算结果表明:工程后A点年均淤积厚度减小了0.09 m,B、C点年均淤积厚度分别增加了0.02、0.19 m。Mike21数值模拟结果显示,工程建设改变了原来的流场,造成研究区冲刷悬浮的泥沙在潮流的作用下重新搬运与沉积,同时波浪场也因工程的影响下蚀海底的能力增强。     

长江口南汇嘴潮滩短期冲淤演变及其动力机制研究

潮滩地形的冲淤演变规律可以在一定程度上反映动力作用与地貌特征之间的相互耦合机制.根据近几年在长江口南汇嘴潮间带多断面连续观测资料,探讨区域内潮间带滩地的近期冲淤演变特征及其主要影响因子.研究结果表明:(1)南汇嘴潮滩近期主要呈现淤涨态势,而且年内过程季节性差异明显;受区位差异影响,不同观测断面的潮滩冲淤演变呈现特征不尽相同,断面1冲淤变化最为显著,年最大冲淤厚度均在10cm以上;(2)在波浪、潮流的作用下,区域内沉积物很容易被掀动悬扬,而且输沙环流系统的存在有利于悬沙向浅水区输运且在该区域内沉降淤积,从而为潮滩发育提供泥沙来源;(3)受"碧利斯"台风引起的风暴潮天气影响,研究区域内潮滩出现"大冲大淤"现象,即台风强侵蚀期过后滩面高程短期内恢复明显.由此可见,潮滩短期冲淤演变特征是各种动力因素作用下的综合体现.     

波浪作用下桶形基础冲刷特性试验研究

在设计结构和考虑有效的海洋工程基础的冲刷防护工程时,了解和预测海洋结构周围的冲刷发展机理是非常重要的。通过波流水槽研究规则波作用下桶形基础的冲刷特性,试验主要考虑波高与结构尺寸对桶形基础周围局部冲刷的影响,并分析波浪冲刷过程中模型周围的时程地形、波浪作用后的冲刷坑性状、冲刷影响要素以及不同结构间的冲刷差异。结果表明:桶形基础的冲刷过程是震荡加深发展,最大冲刷深度与冲刷宽度随波高增大而增加,随上部结构直径增大而增加,最大冲刷深度位置随波高与结构尺寸变化而变化;不同结构间的冲刷坑形态与冲刷后的地形不同,最大冲刷深度相差可高达4倍;桶形基础结构直径比范围为0.2～0.5时,结构自身具有防冲刷能力。     

杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段近岸滩槽冲淤演变分析

以杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段边滩及海床为研究区域,利用1989—2014年实测及海图资料分析岸滩断面地形变化和岸段冲淤变化。结果表明:在该研究时段,岸段存在长期稳定的冲刷深槽;近岸海床的冲淤表现出“波动性”,5 m等深线(2014年)以浅区以淤积为主,5 m等深线以深冲淤更迭,1989年以来总体呈现冲刷态势。长江入海泥沙量变化为该岸段发生侵蚀/淤积的影响因子之一,台风大浪及海床侵蚀/淤积波的移动导致海床冲淤复杂化。     

Contourites offshore Pantelleria Island (Sicily Channel, Mediterranean Sea): depositional, erosional and biogenic elements

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and multibeam bathymetry data collected in 2006 and 2008 around Pantelleria Island show the widespread occurrence of contourite drifts and erosional elements ~30?km from the narrowest part (~145?km) of the Sicily Channel, where water masses from the Eastern Mediterranean flow towards the Western Mediterranean. The contourite drifts are rather small (up to 10?km long and 3.3?km wide), at water depths of ~250?C750?m. Most are elongated separated drifts with quite well-developed moats and crests, aligned roughly parallel to the regional bathymetric contours. Erosional elements include abraded surfaces, moats, scours and sub-circular depressions. In addition, a wide sector of the seafloor adjacent to a seamount located SW of Pantelleria Island is characterized by numerous biogenic build-ups colonized by deep-water corals (Madrepora oculata). The spatial distribution of sediment drifts, erosional features and biogenic build-ups suggests an origin from a north-westward-flowing bottom current, in this case the outflow of Levantine Intermediate Water and transitional Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water via the Sicily Channel. These findings for the Pantelleria offshore sector demonstrate that contourite processes are able to concentrate a high variety of closely spaced depositional and erosional features even in small areas (in this case, about 2,000?km²). This Pantelleria focusing can plausibly be related to a particular configuration of the prevailing bottom-current regime in complex interaction with an uneven bathymetry shaped mainly by tectonic and volcanic activity. The distribution of bottom currents seems to be strongly influenced by morphological features ranging from major seabed obstacles, such as the Pantelleria volcanic complex and the so-called southwest seamount, to smaller-scale escarpments and banks. This is consistent with previous findings for Mediterranean and other settings characterized by neotectonics and large topographic features.     

海底管道掏空与波浪力变化关系试验

鉴于海底油气管道在海洋能源开发中的特殊意义,前人开展了大量管道安全试验研究,特别注重不同底床、不同波浪条件、不同埋置深度等方面的组合试验,本次试验针对危害管道安全的掏空和悬跨开展了波浪水槽试验,探讨黄河三角洲为主的粉土海床上掏空与管道受力关系,弥补这方面研究的不足,结果表明,海底管道受力变化与掏空过程密切相关。连续试验过程表明,海底管道与海床土、波浪水体之间存在密切关系。海底管道在波浪作用下冲刷掏空经历了3个演变阶段:泥沙起动阶段、水流隧道发育阶段、快速掏空阶段和冲刷平衡阶段。水流隧道伴随的管涌对冲刷掏空起重要作用。伴随冲刷掏空,管道波浪力出现规律性转化,从正向作用逐渐过渡到负向作用,也可以分出4个演化阶段:冲刷初始阶段,管道波浪力以正向为主,管道表现为正向力作用下的振动;隧道发育阶段,管道受到的作用力主要是波峰上举力和波谷下拉力,表现为上下振动;管道悬空阶段,波峰负向作用力和波谷正向力交替出现,管道在波浪作用下表现为前后振动;冲刷平衡阶段,管道主要在负向作用力下振动。