Coalescence of offset rock joints under biaxial loading

Crack coalescence in rock masses was studied by performing a series of biaxial compresion tests on specimens made of rock-like material. Specimens of size 63.5 × 27.9 × 20.3 cm, made of 72% silica sand, 16% cement (Type I) and 12% water by weight were tested. The joint inclination angle was maintained at 45°, while the offset angle i.e. angle between the plane of the joint and the line that connects the two inner tips of the joints, was changed from 0° to 90° with an increment of 15°. Three levels of lateral stress were used; 0.35 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.5 MPa on each sample. HP data acquisition system was used to record the data for each sample. In each sample, four LVDTs were fixed to measure the axial and lateral displacement along the sample. The failure mechanisms were monitored by eye inspection and a magnifier to detect crack initiation and propagation. For each test, the failure surfaces were investigated to determine the characteristics of each surface. Wing cracks initiated at the tip of the joint for the low confining stress applied, while at higher confining stresses wing cracks also initiated at the middle of the joint. Secondary cracks initiated at the tip of the joint due to shear stress. Three modes of failure took place due to coalescence of the secondary and wing cracks. The bridge inclination was the main variable that controlled the mode of failure. For bridge inclination of 0°, the coalescence occured due to shear failure and for bridge inclination of 90° the coalescence occurred due to tensile failure while for the other bridge inclinations coalescence occured due to mixed tensile and shear failure.     

基于统计岩体力学的岩体强度特征分析

结构面的存在改变了岩体力学性质,影响了岩体强度特征。基于统计岩体力学强度判据,结合摩尔-库仑准则,得到了含单组结构面岩体破坏的4种不同方式和相应的结构面倾角范围,推导了岩体强度由结构面控制转化为应力控制的临界围压表达式。在此基础上,根据岩石和结构面参数之间的关系,将含单组结构面岩体分为4类,并探讨了可能破坏方式和发生破坏的条件。最后,举例分析了含单组结构面闪长岩的强度特征,结果表明,该岩体属于第I类岩体,在垂向受压时先沿结构面后沿岩块破坏,临界围压为9.12 MPa;从全空间分析,该岩体强度各向异性显著,围压增大可使岩体在一些方向上受力时强度由结构控制转化为应力控制。     

在卸荷产生拉剪情况下裂隙岩体的力学行为

据岩体在卸荷情况下的拉剪应力状态,确定了节理岩体的线弹性断裂力学模型。依照此模型,可以得到相对远离裂隙(该位置的点到裂隙中心的距离比裂缝长度大)且受裂隙影响区域内应力、应变和变形方程。这些对评估裂隙岩石变形有重要的参考意义。通过用理论方程的计算结果和卸荷情况下试验观测所得的数据对比,证明该模型应用于实际工程中具有可行性。     

节理岩体强度特征研究综述

随着岩体工程建设规模的加大,对节理岩体的研究提出了更高的要求,需要对节理岩体强度及其相关问题有全新的认识。在认真总结国内外节理岩体理论与试验研究的基础上,以节理岩体强度为主线,详细论述了理论强度准则、经验强度准则及其与强度有关的节理岩体试验、本构、数值模拟等内容,指出了节理岩体需进一步研究的几个关键问题。     

Hydrofracture mechanisms in rock during pressure grouting

Summary Hydrofracture Mechanisms in Rock During Pressure Grouting. The paper examines the basic meachnisms controlling the initiation of fractures in rocks and layered soils during pressure grouting, and their subsequent propagation into the ground mass. Previous analyses of fracture initiation have tended to concentrate on simplified models in which the ground is treated as an impervious elastic or Mohr-Coulomb continuum. The present method allows for the porous or fissured nature of the ground by considering the effect of seepage forces induced by the pore pressure gradient. The effect is quantified by use of a parameterN such that the ratio of fluid force used in expanding the injection hole, to that used in forcing fluid through void spaces, isN to (1—N).Analysis of hydrofracture propagation is based on stress analysis of a borehole in an elastic continuum, the propagating fracture zone around the borehole being represented as a non-elastic material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. This is supplemented by an energy approach which equates the energy supplied to the ground from the injection pump, with the energy stored in the ground and the energy necessary to fracture it.

---

Zusammenfassung Brucherscheinungen im Fels bei Verprearbeiten. In der Arbeit wird der grundlegende Mechanismus untersucht, welcher bei Verpreßarbeiten in Fels und geschichtetem Boden zur Einleitung und Ausbreitung von Brüchen führt. Frühere Untersuchungen des Bruchbeginns stützten sich im wesentlichen auf vereinfachte Modelle, in denen der Untergrund als undurchlässiges Kontinuum angesehen wird, das entweder elastisch ist oder der Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchbedingung genügt. Die neue Methode berücksichtigt dagegen eine Porosität oder Klüftung des Untergrundes durch Ansatz der vom strömenden Medium auf das Gebirge ausgeübten Belastung. Diese Belastung wird aufgeteilt in einen Druckverlust an der Bohrlochwand (gleich ParameterN mal Verpreßdruck) und die entsprechende, über den gesamten durchströmten Bereich verteilte Belastung.Die Untersuchung der Bruchausbreitung geht von der Spannungsermittlung um ein Bohrloch in einem elastischen Kontinuum aus, wobei in der sich ausbreitenden Bruchzone um das Bohrloch herum nichtelastisches Material angenommen wird, das dem Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchkriterium genügt. Zur Ergänzung dient eine Energie-Betrachtung, bei der die von der Injektionspumpe abgegebene Energie gleichgesetzt wird der im Untergrund gespeicherten Energie und der aufgewendeten Brucharbeit.

---

Résumé Les mécanismes de la fracturation hydraulique dans les roches pendant les injections sous pression. Le mémoire examine les mécanismes fondamentaux qui gouvernent l'initiation des ruptures dans les roches et les sols stratifiés, au cours des injections et leur propagation dans les massifs. Les analyses antérieures de l'initiation de la rupture, se sont concentrées sur des modèles simplifiés où l'on considérait la roche comme un milieu élastique et imperméable, ou comme un milieu de Mohr-Coulomb. La présente méthode admet que le massif est poreux ou fissuré, en considérant l'action des forces de percolation engendrées par le gradient de pression interstitielle. Cette action est quantifiée par un paramètreN, tel que le rapport de la force du liquide employée à dilater le forage d'injection, à celle employée pour forcer le coulis à travers les vides soitN/(1—N). L'analyse de la propagation des ruptures se base sur l'analyse des contraintes autour d'un forage dans un milieu élastique, alors que la zone de la rupture qui se propage autour du forage est représentée par un milieu non-élastique admettant le critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb. Cette analyse est complétée par une approche énergétique, où l'énergie qui est fournie au massif par la pompe d'injection est égalée à l'énergie emmagasinée dans la roche et à l'énergie de rupture.

---

Nomenclature A area of new cracks created per unit volume of time t - E total work done by injection fluid - E _i irrecoverable component of energy - E _{i c} work done in fracturing rock or soil - E _{i l} work done to overcome various frictional forces in grouting system - E _{i p} work done to cause plastic deformation of fractured zone - E _{i s} work done to overcome shear strength of fluid during flow - E _{i v} work done to overcome frictional drag between fluid and rock in soil surfaces during flow - E _r recoverable component of energy - E _{r f} elastic strain energy stored in fluid - E _{r s} elastic strain energy stored in rock or soil - h height of overburden - i j 1, 2, 3 - K ₀ coefficient of horizontal earth pressure - k permeability of ground to grout - L length of cylindrical grout source - n rock or soil porosity - p average fluid pressure between timet and (t + t) - p ₀ injection pressure - R radius of grout front - r radial distance from borehole axis - r ₀ radius of borehole - r ₁ radius of fractured zone - S specific surface area of rock or soil - S _T tensile strength of rock or soil - t time - u grout seepage velocity - V volume of grout injected - v volumetric strain - specific surface energy of rock - bulk density of rock or soil - _{i j} ^e elastic strain increment tensor - _{i j} plastic strain increment tensor - v Poisson's ratio - _{i j} average stress tensor in the ground during timet and (t + t) - _R , _T, _Z radial, tangential and vertical stresses induced by grouting - _r , _t , _z radial, tangential and vertical stress around borehole before grouting - grout shear strength - angle of internal friction of rock or soil With 7 Figures     

岩体抗剪强度参数现场测试新方法及工程应用

岩体抗剪强度参数的确定是进行岩体工程稳定性分析中最基本和最重要的,也是最困难的一项工作。由于室内和现场试验方法的局限性以及经验准则的人为性,快速、简易和较可靠确定岩体抗剪强度参数的原位测试手段一直是岩石工程界关注的热点。采用引进美国生产的岩石钻孔剪切仪,在实验室混凝土空心圆柱体和向家坝水电站坝基岩体中进行了尝试,取得了有益的试验成果。将主要从钻孔剪切仪的工作原理、数值模拟分析和工程应用等几方面对其进行全面的阐述和总结。试验成果和数值分析结果显示,岩石钻孔剪切仪是一种适用于软岩~中硬岩的原位试验设备,其试验成果总体钻孔剪切试验得到的c、 小于传统三轴和直剪试验成果,但钻孔剪切试验的 值在 <40?的范围内略低于传统三轴和直剪试验成,而钻孔剪切试验的c值较传统三轴和直剪试验的c 值降低较多,一般为25%～50%。     

剪切过程中锚杆的轴向和横向作用分析

为了分析锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力分别换算的结构面抗剪强度大小规律,依据最小势能原理的变分法,并考虑结构面剪胀特性,建立加锚结构面抗剪强度计算公式。通过加锚结构面直剪试验验证理论计算的有效性,结合理论计算公式,分析了在不同锚杆倾角下围岩强度、锚杆直径和法向应力对锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度影响规律,以及预应力对抗剪强度的影响。结果表明：加锚结构面抗剪强度计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;当锚杆倾角逐渐增大时,锚杆轴向力发挥的抗剪强度逐渐降低,横向剪切力发挥抗剪效能逐渐增大,当锚杆倾角为120°～150°时,轴向力换算的抗剪强度基本为0,而横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度最大;随着围岩强度或法向应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度减小,但随锚杆直径或预应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度增大;当围岩强度和锚杆直径增大,锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度会明显增大,而预应力增大会使锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度呈现降低趋势。     

三轴压缩条件下冻融单裂隙岩样裂缝贯通机制

采用岩石力学伺服试验机,对预制单裂隙模型试样进行冻融循环后的三轴压缩试验,基于冻融循环试验对裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式进行研究,探讨经历不同冻融循环次数后的裂隙岩样在三轴压缩条件下裂缝的贯通机制。试验发现：裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式有颗粒散落模式、龟裂模式和沿预制裂隙断裂模式3种;在三轴加载条件下,冻融裂隙岩样的贯通模式呈现拉贯通、剪贯通、压贯通和混合贯通4种;贯通模式和冻融循环次数、围压的大小以及裂隙倾角有关,随着冻融循环次数的增加和围压的升高,岩样表面的破裂线越来越多,导致裂纹的贯通模式由单一贯通转换为混合贯通,在围压为2、6 MPa时,岩样的破坏模式为拉-压贯通,而围压为4 MPa时,岩样主要呈现拉贯通,裂隙倾角为30°的岩样主要贯通模式为拉贯通,裂隙倾角为60°的岩样主要贯通模式为剪贯通。     

动载下3条断续裂隙岩样的裂缝贯通机制

采用含3条断续预制裂隙的类砂岩模型试样进行单轴动力加载试验,对不同裂隙空间位置条件下断续裂隙岩体中裂隙的贯通机制进行了研究。静、动荷载下的对比研究成果显示：不同空间位置的裂隙贯通方式存在较大差异,且对动载的响应不同;动载下分支裂纹扩展及贯通具有惯性效应,即动载下裂尖次生共面、次生倾斜裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展,动载下易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通。这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同,这也是导致裂隙试样中低应变速率下强度增大（即速率效应）的主要原因。同时,试验结果也表明：含裂隙试样静、动荷载下裂隙间的多次贯通是导致其呈现出渐进破坏特征的主要原因。     

Estimation of rock mass strength and deformability in 3-D for a 30 m cube at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

The rock fracture data provided by Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company were used to develop a 3-D stochastic fracture network model for a 30 m cube of Äspö diorite located at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden. This fracture network model was validated. A new procedure is developed to estimate rock block strength and deformability in three-dimensions allowing for the anisotropy and incorporating the inherently statistical fracture geometry for the selected cube. The mean rock mass strength was found to be 47% of the mean intact rock strength of 297 MPa at 485 m depth. The mean rock mass modulus was found to be 51% of the intact rock Young's modulus of 73 GPa. The rock mass Poisson's ratio was found to be 21% higher than the intact rock Poisson's ratio of 0.28. These percentages indicate the level of weakening of the rock mass due to the presence of fractures. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass strength/mean minor principal rock mass strength turned out to be 1.28. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass modulus/mean minor principal rock mass modulus turned out to be 1.21.     

柱状节理岩体渗透性模型试验研究

柱状节理岩体是一类典型的结构性岩体,具有柱状节理网络发育、岩体完整性差的特点,其力学和渗流特性呈现出显著的各向异性。在分析柱状节理成因的基础上,从现场试验、物理模型试验、数值试验和理论分析4个方面系统总结了柱状节理岩体力学和渗流各向异性的最新研究成果,分析了现有研究方法和研究成果的不足,探讨了今后柱状节理岩体力学和渗流各向异性特性研究的新方向,即：基于柱状节理冷却收缩形成机制研究一种模拟柱状节理岩体试件一次成型制备方法,在考虑柱状节理卸荷扩容特性的基础上重点开展卸荷条件下柱状节理岩体力学和渗流各向异性规律研究。     

利用岩体强度指标计算围岩稳定性的工程地质研究

利用一种新方法得出了某矿中央泵房的岩体强度指标。同时，分别利用岩体强度指标和岩块强度指标计算了泵房围岩的稳定性。计算结果表明：利用岩体强度指标的计算结果更符合实际情况。     

节理岩体卸荷强度特性的试验研究

卸荷状态工程岩体的强度特性与传统的加载岩体有本质的区别。目前对于岩石卸荷强度特性的研究比较多见,但对于含节理的岩体在卸荷应力状态下的强度特性,尤其是节理面对其强度的影响研究实属少见。本文通过岩体三轴模拟试验研究了卸荷应力状态下节理岩体的破坏特征,突出考虑了节理面性质对卸荷强度的影响,在此基础上提出了节理岩体卸荷强度准则的一般表达式并进行了对比验证。     

三维岩体质量的多重分形评价及分类

岩体中结构面的存在往往会对岩体质量造成显著影响。笔者剖析了传统岩体质量指标的不足,以白云鄂博铁矿主矿边坡岩体为例,在工程地质测绘的基础上,利用蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）法仿真出三维岩体结构网络图,从多重分形几何的角度出发,计算和绘制出其表征岩体结构分布和复杂性的多重分形谱,对岩体质量作出定性评价和定量分析,并且进行了岩体质量的多重分形分类。     

含共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则研究

块体理论是一种比较常用的岩土工程稳定性分析方法,但缺乏对非贯通结构面的研究,导致搜索出的关键块体不够精准和全面。如何处理非贯通结构面,判断其是否应该连通成为块体理论研究至关重要的一个问题。采用数值模拟的方法计算含两共面结构面岩体试样在不同岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率情况下的贯通强度与峰值强度。引入贯通系数变量,定量描述贯通强度与峰值强度之间的关系。将贯通强度作为判断岩桥贯通与否的一个衡量指标,建立起贯通强度与岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率之间的函数,即含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则。该准则可准确判断含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥是否应该连通。基于岩桥贯通准则的块体理论能够准确搜索出因岩桥贯通而滑移的关键块体。     

Visualization of rock mass classification systems

A rock mass classification system is intended to classify and characterize the rock masses, provide a basis for estimating deformation and strength properties, supply quantitative data for mine support estimation, and present a platform for communication between exploration, design and construction groups. In most widely used rock mass classification systems, such as RMR and Q systems, up to six parameters are employed to classify the rock mass. Visualization of rock mass classification systems in multi-dimensional spaces is explored to assist engineers in identifying major controlling parameters in these rock mass classification systems. Different visualization methods are used to visualize the most widely used rock mass classification systems. The study reveals that all major rock mass classification systems tackle essentially two dominant factors in their scheme, i.e., block size and joint surface condition. Other sub-parameters, such as joint set number, joint space, joint surface roughness, alteration, etc., control these two dominant factors. A series two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and multi-dimensional visualizations are created for RMR, Q, Rock Mass index RMi and Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems using different techniques. In this manner, valuable insight into these rock mass classification systems is gained.     

A 3D model of a jointed rock mass and its deformation properties

Conclusion A geometric model of a jointed rock mass and some formulae of strain and deformation parametersE, G and were given. They may be useful for evaluating the deformation parameters of rock masses and classifying the rock mass quatitatively.     

充水节理岩体中大断面隧洞开挖的数值模型研究

采用非饱和的渗流应力耦合模型分析了糯扎渡水电站2#导流洞的开挖过程,导流洞部分洞身穿过节理带,洞顶水头较高。详细地讨论了高水头和节理带对施工过程的影响。节理带采用描述高密度平行节理组的各向异性节理本构来逼近;考虑开挖引起的介质变形对渗透系数的影响;考虑排水引起的饱和度变化对渗透系数的影响。所用的非饱和瞬态耦合模型可以模拟出开挖引起的EDZ区域孔隙水压力急剧升高、有效应力减小、渗透系数动态的变化以及排水对洞室稳定性的提高。数值模拟的计算结果与国外类似试验的一般性观测结论相吻合,因此,可以用来评价水位以下隧洞施工方法和施工速度的合理性和经济性。     

循环冻融条件下节理岩体损伤破坏试验研究

通过循环冻融和相似材料试验,研究了节理岩体在冻融条件下的损伤破坏机制及其相应的力学特性。通过对经历冻融循环后的试件损伤破坏模式的观察和单轴压缩试验,重点研究了节理倾角、节理贯通度、节理条数、节理充填物厚度、节理充填物类型、试件饱和度、冻融循环次数等对试件冻融损伤破坏模式、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量的影响。研究发现：节理存在及其物理力学性质对岩体的冻融损伤破坏模式及强度均有很大影响。节理倾角通过影响冻融裂纹的起裂位置进而影响其破坏模式和强度;随着贯通度的增加,试件表面裂纹由稀变密;随着节理条数增加,试件受冻融影响明显加剧;随着节理充填物厚度增加,试件冻融损伤程度先增加后减小;节理充填物类型对试件冻融损伤程度也有一定影响;随着试件饱和度的增加,试件冻融损伤程度先减小后增加;随着冻融循环次数的增加,节理试件表面因冻胀引起的裂纹逐渐增多、变宽,且其抗冻融特性较完整试件差。上述研究成果对寒区岩体工程建设及安全运营具有重要的参考价值。