珠江口及其邻近海域赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展

珠江口是中国长江以南最大的河口,毗邻港珠澳地区,海域内营养盐含量丰富,浮游植物物种多样性高.伴随着珠江沿岸地区经济的飞速发展,珠江口海域富营养化问题日趋严重,导致赤潮灾害频发.许多研究学者已经对珠江口海域浮游植物,特别是赤潮物种进行了全面的调查研究.为了系统解读珠江口海域赤潮物种的组成和相对丰度的变化,本文利用公开发表...     

厦门近岸海域营养盐时空变化特征分析及其富营养化评价

本研究根据2016—2020年厦门近岸海域15个航次的监测数据,对该区域营养盐的时空分布特征、影响因素及营养盐限制状况进行综合分析,并评估各海区的富营养化状态。结果表明,空间上,营养盐的分布特征表现为从近岸向远岸逐渐下降的趋势,溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN)平均浓度排序为：九龙江口>西海域>同安湾>南部海域>东部海域>大嶝海域,溶解无机磷(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus, DIP)平均浓度排序为：同安湾>西海域>九龙江口>东部海域>南部海域>大嶝海域;时间上,营养盐浓度总体呈逐年下降趋势;枯水期最高,平水期次之,丰水期最低。研究海域平均DIN/DIP摩尔比值为40,总体表现为磷限制。2016—2020年厦门近岸海域富营养化指数(E)基本呈逐年下降的趋势;从空间分布上看,九龙江口和西海域富营养化较为严重。富营养化指数与盐度呈显著负相关关系,说明陆源输入对研究海域富营养化存在重要影响。     

珠江口海域春季富营养化现状与影响分析

随着珠江三角洲经济圈的迅速发展,珠江口海域环境污染日趋严重,于2014年春季对珠江口邻近海域进行环境现状调查,并通过因子分析法和聚类分析法就珠江口调查海域管辖城市和邻近区域的环境现状对珠江口海域环境污染的贡献率进行排序和分类.结果表明:珠江口调查海域营养盐污染较为严重,无机氮含量范围为0.213~1.963 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.888 mg/dm~3;活性磷酸盐含量范围为0.009~0.063 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.033 mg/dm~3.无机氮和活性磷酸盐在珠江口上游和中游均超过海水水质第四类标准,珠江口下游无机氮含量符合海水水质第四类标准,活性磷酸盐含量符合海水水质第二类标准.无机氮以硝氮为主,氨氮次之,亚硝氮含量最低.珠江口调查海域DIN/P变化范围为8.5~168.0,平均值为31.8;富营养化指数E变化范围为0.3~45.1,平均值为8.2,富营养化较为严重.来自广州、东莞、佛山、中山的四大口门排入的污染物对珠江口海域环境影响最大,其次是深圳西部海域沿岸和前海湾、深圳湾排入的污染物,最后是珠海、澳门和香港带入的污染物.从珠江口邻近海域环境现状对珠江口海域环境影响进行较为深入地分析和探讨,为珠江口海域环境的治理和修复提供一些意见和建议.     

2006—2007年珠江口富营养化水平的季节性变化及其与环境因子的关系

以珠江口海域2006-2007年丰水期、平水期和枯水期的水质监测结果为基础,采用改良后的营养状态指数法,并结合C_N/C_P(物质的量比)的潜在性富营养化划分方法,对该海域在3个水期的富营养化水平进行评价,同时对富营养化指数与环境因子的关系进行讨论。结果表明:由营养状态指数值和C_N/C_P值的总体评价结果来看,珠江口海域的富营养化程度较高,属于磷限制潜在性富营养区;在时空分布上,珠江口海域富营养化程度呈现由湾内向湾外递减的趋势,不同水期的富营养化水平从高到低的顺序依次为:枯水期、丰水期、平水期;富营养化水平的时空变化主要受地表径流的影响。     

广西近岸海域营养盐时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据广西近岸海域2015年3、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了广西近岸海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明:广西近岸海域富营养化状态总体良好,时空分布受陆源污染的影响,营养盐质量浓度呈湾内-湾口-湾外递减趋势。多数站位点氮磷比常年大于Redfield比值,处于磷限制状态。钦州湾内和大风江口是富营养化最为严重的水域,其次是防城港湾内、廉州湾内和铁山港湾,呈磷限制状态,容易在磷污染增高时,爆发富营养化,应特别加以监测与控制。     

基于人工神经网络的夏季辽东湾北部河口区富营养化评价

为掌握辽东湾北部海域营养盐污染状况及富营养化水平,本文基于2014—2016年夏季现场调查资料,分析了该海域无机氮、活性磷酸盐、化学需氧量和叶绿素a的时空分布特征,并建立误差逆向传播算法(Back Propagation)的人工神经网络模型对该海域富营养化水平进行评价。结果表明:受2015年夏季辽宁省干旱和2016年夏季东北地区大规模降雨的影响,辽东湾北部海域营养盐、化学需氧量和叶绿素a浓度均呈现2014年较高,2015年降低,2016年又上升的趋势。调查海域营养盐结构在2014年和2015年主要表现为磷限制,2016年调查海域北部为磷限制,南部为氮限制。BP人工神经网络的评价结果表明,调查海域夏季富营养化水平呈现2014年较为严重,2015年降低,2016年又升高的"U"型特征。富营养化程度严重的区域主要出现在大辽河口、辽河口及其近岸海域。大辽河口富营养化程度在3年夏季均保持较高水平,其中2014年和2016年与辽河口富营养化水平相当,而2015年远高于辽东湾北部其他海域。BP人工神经网络在进行富营养化评价过程中,能够综合考虑各评价指标对海水富营养化的贡献率,避免对营养盐的过度依赖,同时减少评价过程中的主观误差,是一种更加客观合理的富营养化评价方法。     

应用压力-状态-响应模型评价象山港富营养化水平

象山港因其特殊的地理环境及功能特性, 富营养化问题突出, 以往以营养盐为指标的评价不能有效反映象山港的实际情况, 因此亟须对其富营养化水平开展客观、准确的评价和研究。文章利用2001年—2015年间象山港海域监测数据, 根据我国水体富营养化研究现状与评价标准, 结合象山港实际情况, 对部分指标进行改进, 构建了新的压力-状态-响应模型。应用该评价模型, 研究了象山港水体富营养化压力程度, 建立了以叶绿素a为初级症状指标, 以底层溶解氧和赤潮发生情况为次级症状指标的富营养化状态等级。同时, 结合象山港实施海域海岸带整治、五水共治、污染物总量控制及减排等因素预测了富营养化响应状况。结果显示, 在“优、良、中、差、劣”五个富营养化等级中, 象山港综合评价等级为中等富营养化程度。其中, 压力、状态、响应的评价等级均为中级。通过预测, 未来几年象山港富营养化综合评价等级也基本维持在中等水平。该评价结果较好地反映了象山港水体富营养化压力和症状水平, 其结论更符合实际, 有助于政府部门对海域富营养化进行科学和有针对性的管理。     

夏季珠江口透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征

本文研究夏季珠江口透明胞外聚合颗粒物(TEP)含量以及分布特征.结果表明,珠江口TEP含量(以黄原胶物质的量计算,下同)范围在85.0-1234.9μg·L-1之间,平均值为690.9μg·L-1.表层和底层TEP均值分别为562.3μg·L-1和778.2μg·L-1,大部分站位表层TEP含量略低于底层.TEP在表层分布自上游至下游逐渐递增,而向外海以及人海口东西两侧延伸逐渐降低.内河口为底层TEP含量高值区,虎门附近S3站TEP含量最高.TEP与不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素a的相关性分析表明微型浮游植物(粒径3-20μm)可能对珠江口TEP贡献较大.珠江口TEP/Ch1a比值与活性硅酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和总磷浓度呈现负相关性;表层TEP/Ch1a比值与盐度呈现正相关性,这表明盐度和营养盐可能是影响TEP含量的重要因素.     

广东沿岸不同海洋功能区秋季浮游植物群落结构比较研究

2003年10月对广东沿岸浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子进行了调查。设调查站位39个,根据营养盐数据分析表明,珠江对于陆源营养物质输入南海起着重要作用,其营养盐浓度明显高于广东沿岸其它海区。海域浮游植物隶属于62属118种(含变种和变型),其中硅藻门38属83种、甲藻门16属25种、蓝藻门3属4种、绿藻门2属2种、金藻门2属2种及针胞藻纲1属2种,硅藻在种类和生物量上均占主导地位。叶绿素a含量变化较大,测值范围为0.157～18.761mg/m3,最大值出现在珠江口水域GD089站。浮游植物的粒级结构存在明显的地域特点,珠江口及其毗邻海域以微型浮游植物为主,其他海域基本以小型浮游植物为主。     

山东半岛南部近岸海域富营养化状况的多元评价研究

于2006年至2007年分四个季度月对山东半岛南部近岸海域(35.5°~36.7°N,119.8°~121.3°E)的营养盐和叶绿素a进行了设站调查,分析了该海域上述因子时空分布特征,同时应用主成分分析(PCA)和潜在富营养化评价方法对该海域的富营养化状况进行了分析,初步确定了影响该海域富营养化状况的主要驱动因子。结果表明:(1)在时间分布上,总氮、总磷、活性磷酸盐、溶解态氮与总无机氮和活性硅酸盐的季节变化类似,均表现出秋冬季浓度较高而春夏季较低的趋势,而总磷、溶解态磷的浓度则在冬季最高,在夏秋季较低,叶绿素a浓度的季节变化趋势为春夏季较高,而冬季最低;该海域营养盐与叶绿素a浓度空间分布以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,总体呈现出由近岸向离岸海域逐渐递减的趋势;(2)应用主成分分析对调查结果进行分析,结果显示10项调查指标(营养盐与叶绿素a)可以转换提取4个主成分,解释82.00%的结果。主成分综合得分可以作为富营养化程度的评价指标,据此得到调查海域富营养化状况的季节变化趋势由高到低依次为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,总体呈现出以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,沿岸及北部海域富营养化程度较高的格局;分析结果还表明总无机氮是该海区富营养化形成的主要驱动因子;(3)利用潜在富营养化评价方法对调查海域富营养化状况进行了初步分析,结果表明该海区仅于秋季表现为总体中度营养,在其他季节总体趋势均为贫营养,胶州湾与丁字湾附近海域在春秋季表现为磷限制潜在富营养化。主成分分析法较潜在富营养化评价方法更敏感,不仅能够定量表述海区富营养化状况,而且能够有效确定富营养化驱动因子。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.