Near-source strong motion database catalog for Iran

This paper discusses a newly developed high-quality integrated dataset of shallow earthquake ground motions that occurred in Iran, from 1976 to 2013. A total of 860 three-component strong motion records are processed from 183 earthquake events, moment magnitudes 5.0?≤?M _w ?≤?7.4, and rupture distances of R _RUP  ≤ 120 km. Strong motion data from Iran having special tectonic features and shallow earthquakes with depths less than 35 km are included. This paper presents a thorough procedure used to collect and to generate a database following the Next-Generation Attenuation-West research projects. This database can be used in the development and ranking of ground motion models and for seismological and engineering hazard and risk analyses. Unprocessed strong motion records are obtained from the Iranian Strong Motion Network (ISMN). The time series collected were thoroughly examined through several rounds of quality reviews. The newly generated database includes the peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-spectral acceleration for the 5% damped with periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. The database also includes ground motion information and source characterization and parameters. This study is the near-source compiled ground motion database that can be used for Iran, and it is consistent with standard worldwide databases.     

An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso-acceleration map of Turkey

This paper presents an attenuation relationship of peak ground acceleration (PGA) derived from Turkish strong motion data for rock, soil and soft soil sites and an iso-acceleration map of Turkey based on this relationship. For the purpose, among all the three-component accessible records, 221 records from 122 earthquakes that occurred in Turkey between 1976 and November 2003 were selected. The database was compiled for earthquakes with moment magnitudes (M_w) and PGA values ranging between 4.1 and 7.5, and 20 and 806 gal, and distances to epicenter considered in the database were between 5 and 100 km. From the regression analysis of the data, an attenuation equation of PGA considering rock, soil and soft soil conditions was developed. The PGA values predicted from the equation suggested in this study and those both from a few domestic equations and some imported equations were compared. In addition, an iso-acceleration map of Turkey was constructed using the suggested attenuation equation and considering both known active faults and epicenter locations of the earthquakes that have occurred in Turkey.     

Emergence of the semi-empirical technique of strong ground motion simulation: A review

High frequency ground motion simulation techniques are powerful tools for designing earthquake resistant structures in seismically active regimes. Simulation techniques also provide the synthetic strong ground motion in the regions where actual records are not available (Kumar et al. 2015).These techniques require several parameters of earthquake and other seismic information proceeding to the simulation. Practically estimation of parameters is a tough task, particularly in a region with limited information. This demands a simulation technique based on the easily estimated parameters for a new site. The purposes of this paper are to briefly review existing simulation techniques and to discuss in detail the new, simple and effective semi-empirical technique (Midorikawa 1993) of strong motion simulation.     

Flood risk assessment in a coastal lagoon under present and future scenarios: Ria de Aveiro case study

Iranian strong motion records as well as detailed conditions of their instrument sites and the characteristics of their causative seismic sources are compiled and processed. The dataset consists of 2286 three-component records from 461 Iranian earthquakes with at least two high-quality records having moment magnitude from 3.9 to 7.3. These records are about 20% of the Iranian database and are suitable for seismic hazard analysis and engineering applications. Perhaps for the first time in the literature, the distance to the surface projection of the fault is reported for a great number of records corresponding to earthquakes with M > 6.0. The raw accelerations are processed using the wavelet de-noising method. Having corrected and filtered these raw data, the pseudospectral accelerations are calculated for each of the three components of time series, separately. In addition to the ground motion parameters, a large and comprehensive list of metadata characterizing the recording conditions of each record is also developed. Moreover, careful revision of the characteristics of the earthquakes such as location, magnitude, style of faulting and fault rupture plane geometry, if available, is carried out using the best available information in a scientifically sound manner. Finally, we also focus on special ground motion records including records with peak ground acceleration (PGA) >300 cm/s² and distances less than 30 km. These are “exceptional” records in the Iranian dataset and include less than 2% of the selected dataset.     

Spatial Database of Geological Survey Extent in 20th Century in China

During the whole 20th century in China, especially the latest 50 years, we have gotten much geological information about geological mapping, geophysics, geochemistry, mineral exploration,remote sensing, environmental geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology and oceanic geology etc. by our geologists and explorers. All the information has been accmnulated and can be used as a dcision-making foundation for the future plan of geological survey. The spatial database of geological survey ex-tents has been established by using computer technology. The database contained all kinds of exploration sections and collected about 160 000 records in this database. This paper introduces the data construc-tion ,contents and applying systemof this database, and trys to let people know what kinds of geological survey were finished, when the exploration were carried out, and how and where you can get this infor-mation.     

Effects of shallow and deep geology on seismic hazard estimates: a case study of pseudo-acceleration response spectra for the northwestern Balkans

Northwestern Balkans represents one of the rare regions where data on both the shallow geology (i.e., local soil conditions) and the deep geology exist for stations that recorded hundreds of strong motion records. The strong motion database used in this study consists of 203 strong motion accelerograms (each with three orthogonal translational components), recorded in former Yugoslavia in the period 1976–1983, from 108 contributing earthquakes. In this paper, the results of a series of regression analyses are presented where empirical equations for scaling pseudo-acceleration response spectra were developed on the basis of 5 subsets of data and using three prediction models. Results of the regression analyses show that for ground motion in the horizontal direction, both the shallow and deep geology site conditions have to be taken into account or else the spectral estimates might be considerably biased. Results show that the shallow geology influences spectral amplitudes the most in the short period range and has much lesser effects for larger periods, while the influence of the deep geology is expressed in a wider range of intermediate to long periods. Results also show that if the prediction model that considers solely the shallow geology effects is used, the spectral peaks that have been related to the deep geology effects will completely vanish for larger source-to-site distances, while in the case when solely the deep geology is considered, the peaks related to the shallow geology will not be visible for any distance. As for the amplitudes in the vertical direction, although both the shallow and the deep geology effects are less expressed than in the horizontal one, they still cannot be neglected—the deep geology effects are visible for a wider range of vibration periods, while the shallow geology has some effects only for periods smaller than ~0.3 s.     

Hybrid attenuation model for estimation of peak ground accelerations in the Kutch region, India

The Kutch region of Gujarat in India is the locale of one of the most devastating earthquake of magnitude (M _w) 7.7, which occurred on January 26, 2001. Though, the region is considered as seismically active region, very few strong motion records are available in this region. First part of this paper uses available data of strong motion earthquakes recorded in this region between 2006 and 2008 years to prepare attenuation relation. The developed attenuation relation is further used to prepare synthetic strong motion records of large magnitude earthquakes using semiempirical simulation technique. Semiempirical simulation technique uses attenuation relation to simulate strong ground motion records of any target earthquake. The database of peak ground acceleration obtained from simulated records is used together with database of peak ground acceleration obtained from observed record to develop following hybrid attenuation model of wide applicability in the Kutch region: $$ \begin{aligned} \ln \left( {\text{PGA}} \right) & = - 2.56 + 1.17 \, M_{\text{w}} - \, 0.015R - 0.0001\ln \left( {E + 15} \right) \\ &\quad 3.0 \le M_{\text{w}} \le 8.2;\quad 12 \le R \le 120;\quad {\text{std}} . {\text{ dev}}.(\sigma ): \pm 0.5 \\ \end{aligned} $$ ln ( PGA ) = ? 2.56 + 1.17 M w ? 0.015 R ? 0.0001 ln ( E + 15 ) 3.0 ≤ M w ≤ 8.2 ; 12 ≤ R ≤ 120 ; std . dev . ( σ ) : ± 0.5 In the above equation, PGA is maximum horizontal ground acceleration in gal, M _w is moment magnitude of earthquake, R is hypocentral distance, and E is epicentral distance in km. The standard deviation of residual of error in this relation is 0.5. This relation is compared with other available relations in this region, and it is seen that developed relation gives minimum root mean square error in comparison with observed and calculated peak ground acceleration from same data set. The applicability of developed relation is further checked by testing it with the observed peak ground acceleration from earthquakes of magnitude (M _w), 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, and 7.7, respectively, which are not included in the database used for regression analysis. The comparison demonstrates the efficacy of developed hybrid attenuation model for calculating peak ground acceleration values in the Kutch region.     

基于无人机倾斜摄影的三维露头地质建模:以山西吕梁市坪头乡剖面为例*

针对野外露头地质知识库数据获取方法存在的不足,利用无人机倾斜摄影的敏捷、全局性视角及定量化程度高的特点,对山西吕梁市坪头乡剖面野外露头数据进行了采集、处理与地质解释,建立了野外露头区地质知识库,并以此为基础建立了典型区块野外露头内部三维地质模型。研究表明: (1)无人机倾斜摄影采集处理后数据模型具有三维坐标(经度、纬度和海拔)及对应的图像信息,可以准确定位并测量任意位置点坐标,为建立精准的地质知识库奠定了良好的基础;(2)对露头区储集层骨架与地质统计学参数进行了统计,建立了典型露头区地质知识库,主要包括储集层成因、砂体连续性与规模、砂体数量与相对比例、砂体几何形态和变差函数等参数;(3)在虚拟井位设置、岩性标定和储集层地质知识库的指导下,利用地质统计学变差函数的方法,建立了典型露头区三维地层-构造模型和2套岩性模型,模型与地质认识较为一致。     

全球大地热流研究进展

大地热流是表征地球热状态的重要地球物理参数,它记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程和能量平衡的信息。大地热流的测量与汇编是固体地球物理学领域的基础性工作。本文对最近20年来全球大地热流研究的相关进展进行了综述,包括介绍近年来全球大地热流数据库建立和汇编情况,据此阐述了全球大地热流的分布规律及主控因素。继而重点对大陆和大洋热流研究中的若干重要概念或关键问题（如热流省、热流-生热率关系、壳幔热流配分系数、大洋岩石圈热演化模型和地下水循环等）、全球热量收支及其时空变化等方面进行了分析。最后,就全球热流汇编研究中需注意的问题以及今后的研究方向做了一些讨论。     

Near-field and far-field simulation of accelerograms of Sikkim earthquake of September 18, 2011 using modified semi-empirical approach

The semi-empirical approach for modeling of strong ground motion given by Midorikawa (Tectonophysics 218:287?C295, 1993) has been modified in the present paper for component wise simulation of strong ground motion. The modified approach uses seismic moment in place of attenuation relation for scaling of acceleration envelope. Various strong motion properties like directivity effect and dependence of peak ground acceleration with respect to surface projection of source model have been studied in detail in the present work. Recently, Sikkim earthquake of magnitude 6.9 (M _w ) that occurred on September 18, 2011 has been recorded at various near-field and far-field strong motion stations. The modified semi-empirical technique has been used to confirm the location and parameters of rupture responsible for this earthquake. Strong motion record obtained from the iterative modeling of the rupture plane has been compared with available strong motion records from near as well as far-field stations in terms of root mean square error between observed and simulated records. Several possibilities of nucleation point, rupture velocity, and dip of rupture plane have been considered in the present work and records have been simulated at near-field stations. Final selection of model parameters is based on root mean square error of waveform comparison. Final model confirms southward propagating rupture. Simulations at three near-field and twelve far-field stations have been made using final model. Comparison of simulated and observed record has been made in terms of peak ground acceleration and response spectra at 5?% damping. Comparison of simulated and observed record suggests that the method is capable of simulating record which bears realistic appearance in terms of shape and strong motion parameters. Present work shows that this technique gives records which matches in a wide frequency range for Sikkim earthquake and that too from simple and easily accessible parameters of the rupture plane.     

Modeling of strong motion generation areas of the 2011 Tohoku,Japan earthquake using modified semi-empirical technique

Modification in the semi-empirical technique for the simulation of strong ground motion has been introduced to incorporate the strong motion generation areas (SMGA) in the modeled rupture plane. Strong motion generation areas identified within the rupture plane of the Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011 (M _w = 9.0), have been modeled using this modified technique. Two different source models having four and five SMGAs, respectively, are considered for modeling purpose. Strong motion records using modified semi-empirical technique have been simulated at two near-field stations located at epicentral distance of 137 and 140 km, respectively, using two different source models. Comparison of the observed and simulated acceleration waveforms is made in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) at both stations. Minimum root mean square error of the waveform comparison has been obtained at both the stations for source model having five SMGAs. Simulations from same rupture model have been made at other four stations lying at epicentral distance between 154 and 249 km. Comparison of observed and simulated records has been made in terms of RMSE in acceleration records, velocity records and response spectra at each six station. Simulations have been made at six other stations to obtain distribution of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with hypocentral distance. Peak ground acceleration and velocity from simulated and observed records are compared at twelve stations surrounding the source of Tohoku earthquake. Comparison of waveforms and parameters extracted from observed and simulated strong motion records confirms the efficacy of the developed modified technique to model earthquake characterized by SMGAs.     

汶川Ms8.0地震强震动基线改正及其在位错反演中的初步应用

通过研究近场强震动记录, 发现汶川M_s8.0地震近场峰值加速度在空间上存在较明显的上盘效应和方向性效应, 与汶川引起的地质灾害空间分布具有较好的一致性.但在所有强震仪所记录的汶川M_s8.0地震同震加速度记录积分所得地壳同震速度中, 有的台站数据存在典型的线性偏移, 有的台站数据除线性偏移外还存在明显的非线性偏移.采用非线性基线改正方法处理汶川M_s8.0强震同震记录, 改正后所得同震位移明显要比线性基线改正更合乎实际情况.以强震动、GPS和InSAR同震位移处理结果做约束, 反演了汶川M_s8.0地震同震位错分布, 对于汶川M_s8.0地震主要同震破裂断裂(北川-映秀断裂), 强震动反演结果不仅较好地刻画了汶川M_s8.0地震同震主断裂上地表破裂空间分布详细变化特征, 同时也较好地反映北端破裂衰减情况, 该结果表明: 强震动资料可以为强震后的救援和灾害评估等工作提供具有参考价值的研究结果; 另一方面, 受数据数量的制约, 用强震动改正后位移反演所得位错分布中仅汉旺断裂南段存在较为明显位错, 强震仪布设时应更多地考虑是否相对均匀地分布在具有发震潜势的断裂周缘, 以期更好地在震后应急救灾中发挥更好的作用.      

Energy flux of strong earthquakes

In this paper, the energy flux of strong earthquakes at a station is determined considering the progressive rupture of a fault as the source of earthquakes. It is found that the motion of the source and the relative position of the station with respect to the fault are important in determining the energy density, the energy flux and the duration of the earthquake at this station. There is a “sphere of influence” beyond which the source may be assumed to be stationary. The analytical results are in good agreement with those of the 5 strong motion records obtained very near the fault from the Parkfield event of 27th June, 1966. 21 strong motion records are studied for energy densities at the stations from which a magnitude-energy relationship is obtained which agrees closely with other existing relationships.     

Croation macroseismic database

Compilation of the digital Croatian Macroseismic Database is an ongoing project that started in 1995. Final version of the database will contain all the macroseismic data from the archive of the Department of Geophysics (including data for neighboring countries) without time or intensity threshold. The database has two subsets: intensity point database and the digital archive. A total of 426 earthquakes felt in Croatia are currently being analyzed. The job is carried out through several stages, each of them corresponding to digitalization of a different input data format (intensity maps, intensity point lists, questionnaires, etc.). 69 intensity maps of the earthquakes felt in Croatia, published in the Catalogue of Earthquakes in the Balkan Region were digitized first. The coordinates of intensity points were assigned to geographic locations (villages, cities, …) by consulting the database of latitudes and longitudes of all settlements in Croatia (database of settlements). 330 existing intensity lists (intensity and name of the place without coordinates) were entered into the database during the second step. The intensity maps which were not published so far will be scanned and digitized during the third stage of the project. The last stage will be input of primary data to the digital archive and reassessing of intensities according to the EMS macroseismic scale. The main goal of this paper is to describe the way of database compilation. Preliminary felt intensity map and number of intensity points map illustrate possibilities of macroseismic field analyze.     

Generation of stochastic earthquake ground motion in western Saudi Arabia as a first step in development of regional ground motion prediction model

Earthquake ground motion model is an essential part of seismic hazard assessment. The model consists in several empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) that are considered to be applicable to the given region. When the recorded ground motion data are scarce, numerical modeling of ground motion based on available seismological information is widely used. We describe results of stochastic simulation of ground motion acceleration records for western Saudi Arabia. The simulation was performed using the finite fault model and considering peak ground acceleration and amplitudes of spectral acceleration at natural frequencies 0.2 and 1.0 s. Based on the parameters of the input seismological model that were accepted in similar previous studies, we analyze influence of variations in the source factor (stress drop) and in the local attenuation and amplification factors (kappa value, crustal amplification). These characteristics of the model are considered as the major contributors to the ground motion variability. The results of our work show that distribution of simulated ground motion parameters versus magnitude and distance reveals an agreement with the GMPEs recently used in seismic hazard assessment for the region. Collection of credible information about seismic source, propagation path, and site attenuation parameters using the regional ground motion database would allow constraining the seismological model and developing regional GMPEs. The stochastic simulation based on regional seismological model may be applied for generation of ground motion time histories used for development of analytical fragility curves for typical constructions in the region.     

Effect of frequency-dependent radiation pattern in the strong motion simulation of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake,Japan, using modified semi-empirical method

We perform a strong ground motion simulation using a modified semi-empirical technique (Midorikawa in Tectonophysics 218:287–295, 1993), with frequency-dependent radiation pattern model. Joshi et al. (Nat Hazards 71:587–609, 2014) have modified the semi-empirical technique to incorporate the modeling of strong motion generation areas (SMGAs). A frequency-dependent radiation pattern model is applied to simulate high-frequency ground motion more precisely. Identified SMGAs (Kurahashi and Irikura in Earth Planets Space 63:571–576, 2011) of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake (M _w  = 9.0) were modeled using this modified technique. We analyzed the effect of changing seismic moment values of SMGAs on the simulated acceleration time series. Final selection of the moment values of SMGAs is based on the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of waveform comparison. Records are simulated for both frequency-dependent and constant radiation pattern function. Simulated records for both cases are compared with observed records in terms of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and pseudo-acceleration response spectra at different stations. Comparison of simulated and observed records in terms of RMSE suggests that the method is capable of simulating record, which matches in a wide frequency range for this earthquake and bears realistic appearance in terms of shape and strong motion parameters. The results confirm the efficacy and suitability of rupture model defined by five SMGAs for the developed modified technique.     

汶川M_s 8.0级地震强震记录所揭示的地震断层特征分析

基于2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级地震的强震台站记录,对比发震断层两侧的峰值加速度与地表破裂带上同震位移的分布特点,探讨了地震动强度分布特征与地表破裂位移分布之间的相关关系。分析近断层典型台站的强震动记录时程特征,获得了强地震动记录中所包含的断层破裂过程和破裂习性信息,从强震观测记录的角度进一步证实了汶川地震主震的多次破裂特征。结果表明,汶川地震主震至少包含了4次地震破裂事件,最主要的前两次破裂事件分别对应映秀—北川断裂段和北川—南坝断裂段的破裂过程,后两次破裂事件释放的能量相对较小,应该是第二次破裂过程触发局部次级破裂所引起的。此外,垂直于断层的峰值加速度剖面揭示的发震断层的高倾角逆冲特性,与地震地质调查和小震精定位等确定的相应结果是一致的。     

环境演变信息的管理与应用

用于环境演变研究的信息既具有时间属性(包括时间分辨率和所能达到的时间尺度),又具有空间属性,并且不同来源的信息还有各自的特点。本文总结了用于环境演变的信息,包括器测数据、文字记载和考古信息以及环境代用指标在内的基本信息的特点,信息存在的3种基本形式,即统计数据、图像数据和地图数据,以及如何运用数据库和地理信息系统技术来对环境演变信息进行管理,最后给出了东北样带现代生态环境演变管理信息系统和中国农业自然灾害综合区划图编制两个实例。     

On the Interpretation of Orthonormal Coordinates for Compositional Data

The simplex with the Aitchison geometry is a natural sample space for compositional data, that is, observations carrying only relative information (especially proportions, percentages, etc., often occurring in the geosciences). For this reason, standard statistical methods that rely on Euclidean structure of the real space cannot be used directly for statistical analysis. At first, compositional data need to be expressed in coordinates of an orthonormal basis on the simplex (with respect to the Aitchison geometry). The mathematical interpretation of the orthonormal coordinates is derived from the procedure by which they are constructed (called sequential binary partition), and they act as balances between groups of compositional parts. The goal of this paper is to describe the covariance structure of coordinates and, consequently, to provide a complementary interpretation based on log-ratios of parts of the original composition. It must be noted that, in a composition, the ratios themselves contain all the relevant information. The possibilities as well as the limitations of this approach are demonstrated through illustrative examples.     

Seismic Site Classification of Recording Stations in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand,from Multiple Approaches

Repeated earthquakes (EQs) are clear indication of alarming seismicity which can be witnessed across Indian subcontinent. Increase in population density with inappropriate construction practice repeatedly rise alarm that in comparison to damage scenarios experienced during previous major to great EQs in India, future catastrophes would be manifold. Performing regional seismic hazard as well as site response studies can possibly help in accurate estimation of probable future seismic scenario. Site class (SC) of EQ recording stations is an important part of both seismic hazard as well as site response analyses. In seismic hazard analysis, suitable attenuation relations are often selected based on comparison of recorded ground motion with proposed ground motion as per selected attenuation relation for the same SC. Thus, unless SC of recorded ground motions is known, suitability of selected attenuation relation cannot be validated. In addition, recent studies suggest that for same soil column, ground motion may amplify at the surface from minimal to very high depending upon input motion characteristics. Thus again, unless SC of recording station is not known, recorded ground motion cannot be considered with confidence as outcrop or base motion for region specific site response studies. In the present work, SC of eight recording stations located in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India located adjacent to the Himalayan belt and which are part of PESMOS database, are established by three different methods namely; equivalent linear ground response analysis, generalized inversion technique and horizontal to vertical spectral ratio method. Collectively all these three methods suggest same SC for each of the eight recording stations including Roorkee, Rishikesh, Dehradun etc. Further, obtained SC based on the present study is considerably different from available SC as per PESMOS database. However, present findings are matching with recent published work. Obtained results can be very helpful in developing surface seismic hazard using regional ground motion records towards minimizing future EQ induced damages.