浅层地下水补给对人类活动影响的响应特征研究

本文通过数据整理分析, 查明滹沱河流域平原区1976-2005年以开采量、灌区引水量和河道过水量为代表的人类活动逐渐增强, 分析了浅层地下水补给在大气降水减少和人类活动逐渐增强背景下大幅减少的响应特征: 综合补给量所占比率由1976-1980年的21.6%下降到2000-2005年的11.3%。随后, 从开采量、河道过水量和灌区引水量三个方面分析了浅层地下水补给响应人类活动的变化特征: 地下水补给量与开采量呈y=65.412x-0.2576模式随降水量增减而负相关变化; 河道渗漏补给量和渠水入渗量在地下水位不同埋深条件下表现出随来水量、引水量增加而增大的态势, 但在不同埋深条件下, 河道渗漏补给量与来水量之间、渠水入渗量和引水量之间关系不同。     

生态输水影响下地下水化学特征的时空变化分析

对塔里木河下游自2000年以来的4次生态输水的地下水位变化与地下水监测井的水化学资料比较分析,结果表明:地下水化学特征随4次生态输水,在时间与空间上发生明显变化.沿输水河道方向(纵向),下游上段的监测断面的地下水化学特征受输水的影响明显早于下游下段的水化学特征,且变化幅度也较大.沿垂直河道的方向(横向),距输水河道不同距离处的地下水化学特征先后呈现相似的变化规律,即:在受输水影响的初期,地下水化学成分中的主要离子含量和矿化度都明显上升,随着生态输水的继续进行而逐步下降.同时,地下水化学的变化特征反映出生态输水的影响范围在逐渐扩大,4次输水后地下水的响应范围在距离输水 000 m左右态输水虽然对地下水中盐分浓度起到了暂时冲淡和区域盐分再分配作用,但要使下游水质真正好转只有采取一系列工程和管理措施.     

高寒山区河道径流的形成与水文调节机制研究进展

高寒山区河道径流的形成与水文调节机制是认识流域水资源形成与转化过程,以及预测气候变化下流域水文过程响应规律的基础. 通过分析国内外相关文献,从高寒山区河道径流的水分来源及其气候变化下的影响机制、高寒山区不同类型下垫面对河道径流的调节机制、高寒山区不同类型地下水对河道径流的调节机制三个方面综述其研究进展,总结问题与不足,发现气候变化是影响高寒山区河道径流形成过程的主导因素,探究水文输入、下垫面、地下水等次要影响因素与气候变化之间的响应规律是揭示高寒山区河道径流水文调节机制的关键科学问题,并提出未来研究的总体趋势和改进建议,为高寒山区河道径流形成机制及其对气候变化的响应规律研究提供参考依据.      

水库滑坡地下水动态响应规律及浸润线计算模型

库水和降雨直接导致水库滑坡地下水变动,是诱发滑坡的主要因素。已有研究大多是基于监测数据探讨库水与降雨对滑坡变形的影响,未能揭示水库滑坡地下水响应规律,地下水浸润线计算模型没有同时考虑降雨和库水的影响,且模型边界条件与水库滑坡实际情况差别较大。为了揭示大型水库滑坡地下水动态响应规律,需要构建更接近实际情况的地下水位浸润线计算模型。通过三峡水库石榴树包滑坡地下水动态监测,揭示了库水水位变化和降雨条件下滑坡地下水水位动态响应规律,其地下水渗流场近似层流,滑坡前缘和中部的地下水水位与库水位几乎同步,滑坡后部的地下水水位主要受降雨影响,日降雨30 mm会引发地下水水位明显变动。在周期性库水位变化和随机降雨耦合条件下,建立了滑坡地下水非稳定渗流微分方程,解算出水库滑坡地下水位浸润线计算模型,并采用实际监测结果进行了验证。应用计算模型分析了不同工况条件下的滑坡渗流场,并得出滑坡内距前缘水平距离145 m内,库水对地下水有影响;引发地下水变动的降雨和库水位变化阈值分别为0.03,0.1 m/d,且不同的条件组合下降雨和库水位对地下水水位影响存在一定差异。     

黑河下游额济纳三角洲河道渗漏对地下水补给研究综述

干旱区河道渗漏是河道径流转化为地下水的一种主要方式. 河道渗漏系数是确定河流与地下水之间转化量的重要参数, 也是建立地下水模型的关键. 从河道渗漏运动的研究方法、 河道渗漏时空动态变化、 河道渗漏特征规律与机理以及河道渗漏模拟研究等方面入手, 综述了国内外有关河道渗漏研究方面的进展情况以及发展趋势. 同时对黑河下游额济纳三角洲地区的河道渗漏研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述, 分析当前研究的不足. 针对黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲水系与河道特点, 提出如下建议: 从河道渗漏的时空动态变化分析入手, 开展典型渗漏观测试验、 进行河水位、 流量、 河床含水量、 地下水位的连续观测和同位素示踪试验, 测定河道渗漏与地下水运动参数; 建立河道渗漏模拟模型, 模拟和预测不同情景下河道渗漏过程. 为该地区的河道渗漏补给地下水的定量化研究提供新的思路, 为制定科学合理的水资源利用规划和维护绿洲稳定及可持续发展提供科学依据.     

新疆塔里木河下游柽柳、芦苇对生态输水的响应

通过对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中地下水埋深变化的动态监测和天然植物生理指标的测试分析, 探讨了塔里木河下游柽柳、芦苇对生态输水的响应. 研究表明, 塔里木河下游河道输水对抬升其附近的地下水位起到了明显效果, 地下水埋深呈逐级抬升过程. 输水河道附近的地下水埋深由输水前的5～8 m抬升到了2～4 m; 植物各项生理指标对地下水位变化反应敏感, 表现出明显的梯度变化. 不同植物生长由于对地下水位要求深度不一样, 随地下水位变化而表现出不同的响应, 芦苇的反应敏感区约在150～200 m之间, 而柽柳则多在200～250 m之间. 结合野外样地的实际调查分析推测, 芦苇和柽柳的胁迫地下水位分别为3.5 m和4.0 m.     

永定河生态补水的地下水位动态响应

永定河流域生态修复是京津冀协同发展的重要议题,地下水位对生态补水动态响应的研究是关键的科学问题。以2020年春季永定河生态补水实践为研究基础,采用地下水均衡分析、相关分析和聚类分析等多种技术手段,详细讨论了不同河段河道渗漏损失、地下水动态变化与控制因素。研究发现,2020年春季大流量生态补水河道的渗漏损失率（20%~40%）比2016年（30%~60%）和2019年（41%~58%）的小流量生态补水低;生态补水条件下,77眼观测井地下水动态呈现显著回升、变化不显著和持续下降三种变化规律;根据影响因素划定了河道渗漏补给主控型、河道渗漏和降水主控型、河道渗漏-降水-地下水开采作用明显型、河道渗漏-降水-地下水开采作用不明显型4种类型。其中,河道渗漏主控型的监测井在补水期的地下水位迅速升高,升幅一般在1~19 m之间,最大达20 m,而且存在明显的滞后性。这些规律可为制定科学的生态补水方案提供技术参考。     

初析鄂尔多斯高原浅循环地下水水位动态

地下水水位变化是地下水系统对外界激励（包括气象、水文、人类工程活动、固体潮和地球内部构造应力等）的一种响应,外界对地下水系统任何微弱的＂扰动＂,均会导致地下水水位的变化,只是由于地下水水位对不同激励的＂敏感性＂不同,所表现出来的水位动态变化特征也不同。最明显的水位变化,是受控于地下水的补给和排泄条件。本文在对鄂尔多斯高...     

基于人为活动影响识别的区域地下水水质演化预测:以石家庄地区为例

地下水的水质演化预测一直以来是一个难点,单纯依赖于历史数据所反映的水质演化趋势预测未来水质,存在较大的局限性。以石家庄地区为研究区,提出将现状人为活动对地下水的影响程度作为校正因子,修订历史数据所表现出来的水质演化趋势,预测未来水质变化的方法。并以石家庄地区浅层地下水代表性指标总硬度、TDS、$NO_3^-$、Fe4项指标作为预测指标,尝试预测了2025年代表性指标的演化情况。结果表明:TDS和总硬度恶化的区域主要为灵寿县东南方向、藁城区和无极县靠近滹沱河河道附近等区域;Fe恶化的区域主要为石家庄市区中部以及东南部等区域; $NO_3^-$恶化的主要区域为鹿泉区与灵寿县交界附近、石家庄市区西北以及藁城区靠近滹沱河河道附近等区域。预测结果与研究区水文地质条件、人为污染源的排放以及地下水的开采等因素影响下的情况较为吻合。     

怀洪新河对两岸地下水补排规律分析

河流与两岸地下水的补排关系,取决于河水位与地下水位的对比.土壤质地决定土壤渗透性能,在土质确定情况下,补给与排泄量与垂直水流的过水面积及水力坡度有关;过水面积取决于河道自身与蓄水特性;水力坡度则与河流控制运用情况、来水用水情况、河岸地面高程及地下水开发利用等情况有关.抬高河道蓄水位能够增加河道对地下水的补给,降低地下水的排泄,有利于区域水资源的开发利用.     

濉河符离集段地表水污染与傍河浅层地下水相互关系的研究

本文通过对濉河符离集段地表水与傍河浅层地下水的水位、水质进行同步观测,采用相关分析的方法,对濉河符离集段地表水与傍河浅层地下水的水位、水质相互关系进行了分析.结果表明,地表水与地下水水位高度相关,傍河地下水水位与离河距离、河水水位关系表达式为:z=-5.9254-0.0003x 1.2110y,地表水与地下水水质的Cl-离子、NH3-N相关性良好.可见濉河地表水污染对傍河浅层地下水污染有着积极的影响.     

开采浅层水增雨水入渗引河水补源实现水资源可持续利用

南皮县淡水资源严重短缺,制约工农业与经济社会的发展.春季开采浅层地下水包括微咸水和半咸水抗旱灌溉,腾出地下含水层空间;汛期增加降雨入渗,减少径流流失,防渍防涝,把时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为地下水资源;秋冬利用河道沟渠引蓄河水补源,淡化地下水质,增加地下水可采量.地上水地下水联合运用,保持水资源采补平衡.实现旱涝碱咸综合治理、水资源可持续利用与经济社会可持续发展.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and salinity of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

A hydrochemical investigation was conducted in the Ejina Basin to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and the salinity of groundwater. The results indicate that groundwater in the area is brackish and are significantly zonation in salinity and water types from the recharge area to the discharge area. The ionic ration plot and saturation index (SI) calculation suggest that the silicate rock weathering and evaporation deposition are the dominant processes that determine the major ionic composition in the study area. Most of the stable isotope δ¹⁸O and δD compositions in the groundwater is a meteoric water feature, indicating that the groundwater mainly sources from meteoric water and most groundwater undergoes a long history of evaporation. Based on radioactive isotope tritium (³H) analysis, the groundwater ages were approximately estimated in different aquifers. The groundwater age ranges from less than 5 years, between 5 years and 50 years, and more than 50 years. Within 1 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater recharges from recent Heihe river water and the groundwater age is about less than 5 years in shallow aquifer. From 1 km to 10 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater sources from the mixture waters and the groundwater age is between 5 years and 50 years in shallow aquifer. The groundwater age is more than 50 years in deep confined aquifer.     

Groundwater and surface-water interactions and impacts of human activities in the Hailiutu catchment,northwest China

The interactions between groundwater and surface water have been significantly affected by human activities in the semi-arid Hailiutu catchment, northwest China. Several methods were used to investigate the spatial and temporal interactions between groundwater and surface water. Isotopic and chemical analyses of water samples determined that groundwater discharges to the Hailiutu River, and mass balance equations were employed to estimate groundwater seepage rates along the river using chemical profiles. The hydrograph separation method was used to estimate temporal variations of groundwater discharges to the river. A numerical groundwater model was constructed to simulate groundwater discharges along the river and to analyze effects of water use in the catchment. The simulated seepage rates along the river compare reasonably well with the seepage estimates derived from a chemical profile in 2012. The impacts of human activities (river-water diversion and groundwater abstraction) on the river discharge were analyzed by calculating the differences between the simulated natural groundwater discharge and the measured river discharge. Water use associated with the Hailiutu River increased from 1986 to 1991, reached its highest level from 1992 to 2000, and decreased from 2001 onwards. The reduction of river discharge might have negative impacts on the riparian ecosystem and the water availability for downstream users. The interactions between groundwater and surface water as well as the consequences of human activities should be taken into account when implementing sustainable water resources management in the Hailiutu catchment.     

Decadal flood trends in Bangladesh from extensive hydrographic data

Bangladesh is a country that comprises much of the world’s largest delta, formed from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) rivers and their tributaries. Flooding is a fact of life in Bangladesh where up to two-thirds of the country is flooded annually from combined monsoonal rains and Himalayan snowmelt. For this reason, understanding flood dynamics on both local and regional scales is critical. However, flood hazard studies to date typically rely on single flooding events to create flood maps and to evaluate flood hazards using satellite imagery. Here we use geographic information systems to analyze weekly water level data from 304 river gauges and over 1200 groundwater gauges from the Bangladesh Water Development Board to determine the spatial and temporal changes in flood depth and extent. These data cover an eight year period from 2002 to 2010 and provide a temporal resolution that match or are better than that of available satellite imagery. Country-wide ground and surface water levels and corresponding annual flooding events were determined along with groundwater level, flooding, and precipitation trends in Bangladesh at multiple scales. We find that while precipitation within the GBM basin has steadily increased through the time series, the average country-wide inundation depth and absolute water level has been decreasing. These respective trends could be attributed to improved flood management strategies in Bangladesh and surrounding countries that are within the GBM basin, as well as fluctuating weather patterns, declining volume of Himalayan snowmelt runoff, dam construction upriver from the GBD both within and outside the Bangladesh border, and increased groundwater abstraction of shallow groundwater aquifers for sustaining life in the eighth most populous country in the world.     

A transdisciplinary analysis of water problems in the mountainous karst areas of Morocco

Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow.     

滩小关水源地地下水计算与评价

滩小关水源地位于伊洛河口以东的黄河漫滩区,西、北、东分别与伊洛河和黄河相邻,属傍河型水源地。对埋深60 m以浅的地下水进行了计算与评价。计算方法主要采用水量均衡法、数值法评价地下水允许开采量,对浅层地下水资源保证程度进行了评价。两种方法的计算结果差别较小,结果可靠。开采量中大部分来自黄河、伊洛河的侧渗补给和洪水入渗补给,开采条件下河流入渗补给量仅占黄河最小流量的1 453分之一。因此,该水源地的允许开采量是完全可靠的。     

Processes affecting groundwater temperature patterns in a coastal aquifer

The temperature depth profiles of six wells in the Motril-Salobren～a aquifer were used as a basis for a comparative analysis involving various parameters to determine their relations and factors influencing the different trends. There is a clear influence of ambient temperature on all the profiles, with a lag time of two to five months. Nevertheless, there are clear differences in the temperature depth profile patterns that can be accounted for by other factors. First, there is a greater influence of localized recharge; Guadalfeo River as opposed to diffuse recharge; irrigation return flow and rainfall. Three of the wells located near the riverbed of the Guadalfeo River have extremely variable temperature-depth profiles and show clear river influence. In springtime, during the highest flood stages of the river due to cold melt water from the Sierra Nevada, the groundwater falls in temperature. During secondary peaks in river flow rates during the autumn due to rainfall, the warm water increases groundwater temperature. The effect of the river recharge decreases with distance from the course since there is less mixing with water from the Guadalfeo River. In addition, there are two temperature-depth profiles in which temperature variations remain shallow and follow a pattern that cannot be attributed to the influence of either of the above two parameters. Among these two cases, the most influential factor is the groundwater flow pattern typical of a discharge zone, characterized by vertical-flow components.     

地下水与地表水水量交换识别及交换量计算——以新汴河宿州段为例

为提高地下水与地表水交换量计算结果的准确性,本文利用水力联系、水头差、水温、氡-222、氢氧稳定同位素构建综合识别方法(HHTRO),对新汴河宿州段地下水与地表水水量交换进行识别,并计算交换量。计算结果表明：研究河段单位河长地表水补给地下水的水量变化范围为8.69～366.82 m³/(d·m),地下水补给地表水的水量变化范围为0.72～120.90 m³/(d·m);研究河段左岸为地下水补给地表水,单位河长净补给量为45.26 m³/(d·m);河段右岸为地表水补给地下水,单位河长净补给量为214.33 m³/(d·m);研究河段地下水与地表水水量交换以地表水补给地下水为主,地表水补给地下水的比例为55.14%。本研究可推动地下水与地表水交换量计算方法的发展,为流域或区域水资源评价提供必要的理论方法。     

洛阳市水资源可利用量研究

以洛阳市为对象，对区域水资源的可利用量进行了研究。区域水资源量包括地表水实际可利用量和地下水实际可利用量。将地表径流中基流部分按比例划出，与河道汛期弃水量加在一起作为河道的生态需水量，从地表水资源量中扣除生态需水量后可得地表水的实际可利用量。将难以利用的地下水量从地下水资源量中扣除后可得地下水实际可利用量。