九江下蜀黄土的常量元素组成及其物源指示

长江中下游地区下蜀黄土的物质来源一直是个热点问题。对江西九江下蜀黄土和甘肃临洮晚更新世以来黄土的常量元素组成进行了研究,并与末次间冰期以来黄土高原其他点位的黄土、长江中下游其他地点的下蜀黄土和长江沉积物的元素组成进行对比,以期探讨九江下蜀黄土的物质来源。结果表明:1)九江下蜀黄土的地球化学组成以SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3为主。与临洮黄土的元素组成相比,九江下蜀黄土具有较高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、TiO_2含量和较低的CaO、MgO含量;2)在空间上,下蜀黄土的SiO_2/Al_2O_3比值未表现出黄土高原黄土(北方黄土)的SiO_2/Al_2O_3比值随纬度规律性变化的特点,揭示下蜀黄土的主要源区可能不是北方的内陆荒漠或黄土高原;3)TiO_2/Al_2O_3-K_2O/Al_2O_3和TiO_2/Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3图解显示下蜀黄土与北方黄土存在显著差异,进一步表明下蜀黄土与北方黄土的主要源区可能不同。     

Early middle Holocene climate oscillations recorded in the Beihuqiao Core,Yuhang, Zhejiang Province,China

A long-standing controversy exists concerning the spatial and temporal characteristics of Holocene climate change in China. Zhejiang is located in the southeast of China, where the East Asian monsoon dominates the climate and a Neolithic culture flourished. In recent years, geographers have debated the climatic conditions existing at the time of the Neolithic cultures. This study reconstructed the sedimentary environment between 11.30 and 4.17 cal ka BP based on a multi-proxy analysis of a 14.3 meter sediment core, drilled in Beihuqiao, Zhejiang Province, China. The results show: (1) The climate was getting warm between 11.50 and 8.77 cal ka BP. Grain size became finer from the bottom to the top layer, accompanied by an increase in the chemical index of alteration (CIA), Mg/Sr ratio, the percentage of clay, pollen concentrations, and a decrease in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, and the value of bases–alumina (ba), as well as other trace elements. (2) Between 8.77 and 7.99 cal ka BP, the sediment is composed of gray-yellow and gray silt. The percentage of CaO and the ratio of CaO + Na₂O + K₂O to Al₂O₃ is much higher. The pollen concentration sharply decreases. The climate was cold and dry in the early stages of this period, but became relatively warmer and wetter in the later stages. (3) The Holocene Climatic Optimum occurred at 7.99–5.68 cal ka BP. Higher contents of clay, total Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, CIA, the chemical proxy of alteration, pollen concentration, evergreen pollens, and high values of Mg/Sr are observed at this stage, coinciding with a lower SiO₂/Al₂O₃ value, (CaO + Na₂O + K₂O)/Al₂O₃ ratio, and an obvious reduction in silt/clay, and SiO₂ and CaO concentrations. (4) During the period 5.68–4.17 cal ka BP, the temperature in the study area declined in a stepwise fashion. The grain size became finer, and the Mg/Sr ratio decreased gradually.     

Inorganic geochemistry of El’gygytgyn Lake sediments (northeastern Russia) as an indicator of paleoclimatic change for the last 250 kyr

The inorganic geochemistry of sediments from El’gygytgyn Lake shift in phase with interpreted paleoclimatic fluctuations seen in the record over the past 250 ka. Warm periods, when the lake was seasonally ice free and fully mixed, are characterized by increased concentrations of SiO₂, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, and Rb, by decreased contents of TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and MgO, and by a lower chemical index of alteration (CIA). Increased levels of SiO₂ reflect increases in limnic productivity whereas many of the other elements and the CIA likely reflect increased hydrological activity coincident with an increase in coarser sand and silt content and a decrease in clay mineral content. For cold/cooler periods when perennial lake ice cover lead to a stratifed water column and anoxic bottom waters, the opposite is generally observed suggesting a decrease in hydrological activity and an increase in post-depositional chemical alteration. Peaks in P₂O₃ and MnO, coincident with an increased abundance of vivianite, suggest possible linkages to the paleoproductivity of local fish fauna regardless of climate change across the region surrounding Lake El’gygytgyn. Strontium is high in concentration during warmer intervals and may also be linked to paleoproductivity. Enrichment of the post-Eemian portion of the sediment record in niobium, and yttrium appears independent of glacial–interglacial change; rather it may reflect a gradual shift in the geomorphology of the catchment, particularly the hydrology of large alluvial fans along the western side of the lake. In contrast to some lake records, changes in Zr concentration over time suggests only a weak, if any, increase in eolian sediment supply during colder periods. This is the first in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El'gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.     

Aeolian sediment provenance and transport in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet Plateau

Frequent and serious aeolian disasters occur in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, which runs through the high-elevation Tibet Plateau. Sediment geochemical characteristics can be used as a proxy to identify the sediment's provenance. To determine the provenance of aeolian sediments in the river's basin, we analysed major and trace element contents from surface samples and local clastic rocks throughout the basin. We found that the major and trace elements differed between the middle reaches, upper reaches and regions south of the river. Major element contents were similar in the upper and middle reaches, but trace elements differed. Al₂O₃, MgO and Na₂O concentrations increased from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, and in the lower reaches, MgO and Na₂O were enriched compared with the crustal average. The similarities between samples in the lower part of the upper reaches and those in the middle reaches indicated that sediment transported by fluvial systems from the upper reaches were first deposited in the wide valleys near Xigaze, where they formed a large area of shifting sand. These deposits were then transported by the wind to the river's middle reaches, where they formed a large area of shifting sand. When we compared aeolian sediment in the middle reaches with the local clastic rocks, they appeared to be unrelated. The difference between sediments south of the river and those in the middle reaches means that the southern sediments were not transported to the middle reaches. Therefore, the aeolian sediment in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River mainly came from the lower part of the upper reaches, not from the local clastic rocks.     

云南江城勐野井组细碎屑岩主量元素特征及其物源属性探讨

一定的泥岩地球化学特征对应于特定的源区和构造环境,利用主量元素图解可以进行盆地物源分析。通过对思茅盆地江城勐野井矿区含盐系勐野井组(K2me)及其下伏扒沙河组(K1p)泥、砂岩的主量元素地球化学特征分析,并结合岩石薄片观察结果,表明物源区母岩类型主要为长英质岩石;通过SiO2-K2O/Na2O及K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3判别图分析,认为源区的构造背景具有类似于被动大陆边缘的特征;成分变异指数ICV、化学蚀变指数CIA表明研究区砂、泥岩物源区经受了较强的化学风化作用。     

Evaluation of Syenite as Feldspar Source: Piranshahr Pluton,NW of Iran

The syenites of Piranshahr pluton form homogeneous mesoperthite-rich rocks which are exposed over a large area (>30 km²). With >85% modal composition of feldspar and rare ferromagnesian minerals, the syenites are petrographically suitable for feldspar exploration. The chemical composition of the Piranshahr syenites (i.e., high Al₂O₃ and (Na₂O + K₂O)) is also appropriate for potential feldspar mining. By means of an inexpensive concentration procedure that includes high-intensive magnetic separation and cation collector floatation, it is possible to achieve the needed feldspar composition (high Al₂O₃ (~20%), (Na₂O + K₂O) >12.5% and low FeO_tot <0.25) for a marketable product. These data confirm economic potential of Piranshahr syenites as a huge feldspar source from the geologic and beneficiation perspectives.     

Reconstruction of Holocene paleoenvironments in the endorheic basin of Laguna de Gallocanta, Central Spain by investigation of mineralogical and geochemical characters from lacustrine sediments

The paper involves detailed geochemical and mineralogical analysis of lacustrine sediments from a 95 cm core profile collected in the closed lake basin of the Laguna de Gallocanta, central Iberian Chain. The environmental and depositional changes are confirmed by: (1) variations in concentrations of SiO₂, CaO and P₂O₅, (2) Fe₂O₃:MnO-ratios, (3) (CaO,MgO):SiO₂-ratio, (4) statistical relationship of silica and phosphate content to metallic oxide content, (5) the Mg:Ca-ratio of protodolomites in relation to the position of the diffraction angle of dolomite's major diffraction peak (dol₁₀₀, and (6) changes in mineralogical composition.Three sedimentary units were identifyed and characterized by their mineralogical and geochemical composition. The deposition of the underlying strata (section 1) occurred under sub-arid conditions. The environment changed to sub-humid conditions during deposition of the sediments in section 2 (post Middle Ages). Increasing aridity influenced the accumulation of the upper sediments (section 3).It is also proven that mineralogical analyses of lacustrine sediments allows mostly conclusions on the limnic environments during deposition. In contrast to this, geochemical features of lacustrine sediments indicate weathering and soil forming processes during deposition and the overall geomorphological system.     

晋南全新世黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

通过对晋南地区中梁铁厂全新世黄土剖面常量元素含量分析和粒度、磁化率及光释光年代测定,探讨全新世以来该剖面的化学风化特征及其古环境意义。剖面沉积物的Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、K₂O含量变化趋势基本一致,三者含量在古土壤层中较高,代表气候暖湿;剖面常量元素含量与UCC对比具有富Ca而贫Na、K的特征;剖面总体处于低等化学风化强度,介于陕西扶风和宁夏彭阳的剖面之间,其中古土壤层处于中等风化强度,Ca、Na大量淋失。常量元素地球化学特征指示该区全新世以来气候经历了"气候回暖→温暖湿润→气候转凉→持续干凉"的转化过程。1.2-2.5 ka BP期间区域地表流水作用较强,导致了Ca的相对淋失。     

Neural Network-Based Estimation of Principal Metal Contents in the Hokuroku District,Northern Japan,for Exploring Kuroko-Type Deposits

The Hokuroku district, extending over 40 × 40 km² in northern Japan, is known to be dominated by kuroko-type massive sulfide deposits that have a genetic relation to submarine volcanic activity. The deposits are hosted in a specific stratigraphic zone of Miocene volcanic rocks. Because kuroko-type deposits are under exploration in several countries, it is important to integrate the geologic and geochemical data that have been accumulated in the Hokuroku district to characterize the distribution of deposits and produce a map of mineral potential. Thus, we collected data on multiple chemical components from 1917 rock cores at 143 drillhole sites and concentrated on components with relatively large amounts of data, which are SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ as major elements and Cu, Pb, and Zn as trace elements. Although frequencies of these data can be approximated by normal or lognormal distributions, spatial correlation structures cannot be extracted from the semivariograms of each component nor from the cross-semivariograms between two components of the major or minor elements. To handle such complexity, a spatial method of modeling content distribution, SLANS, is developed by applying a feedforward neural network. The principle of SLANS is to train a network repeatedly to recognize the relation between the data value and the location and lithology of a sample point. One-hundred outputs for each element are obtained by changing the numbers of neurons in a middle layer from 1 to 10 and sample data used for training from 3 to 12, and finally one output is selected based on the estimation precision of the network which is restricted near the target point. After constructing a geologic distribution model from the geological column classified into 25 rock codes, three-dimensional distributions of Cu, Pb, and Zn contents are estimated over the study area. The content models are considered to be valid because high-content zones are located on the known mine sites and the margins of ancient volcanoes or calderas. Some zones are distributed along strikes of major deep-seated fractures in the district.     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas A1₂O₃ tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe₂O₃ is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K₂O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K₂O is relatively leaching and Na₂O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

江西沟1号风成剖面地球化学元素特征及古环境意义

通过对江西沟风成沉积剖面的地球化学分析,并结合OSL年代、粒度和磁化率数据,探讨了末次冰消期以来青海湖南岸气候的演变。剖面常量元素氧化物含量呈SiO_2Al_2O_3CaOFe_2O_3MgOK_2ONa_2O变化特征,常量元素氧化物及化学元素综合参数与地层有较好的对应性。不同的环境指标对气候变化的敏感性不同,总体上看,地球化学元素的敏感性高,全新世以来粒度和磁化率的变幅较小,即使在全新世大暖期,其值变化都很小。地球化学元素记录所反映的气候变化过程如下。Ⅰ.末次冰消期~12 ka BP,13.2 ka BP前总体上呈相对温暖状态,可能受B/A暖期的影响,13.2~12 ka BP气候不断向干冷方向发展,寒冷程度不断加剧并在12 ka BP达到最强,可能反映出12 ka BP左右的新仙女木事件;Ⅱ.12~9 ka BP,气候呈波动回升状态,暖湿程度呈增加趋势,表现出温凉的气候变化特征;Ⅲ.9~4.5 ka BP,气候温暖湿润,与全新世大暖期相对应,该阶段水热组合达到最佳,但存在阶段性的变化;Ⅳ.4.5~2 ka BP,气候总体向冷干方向转变,3 ka BP前变化幅度较小,气候较温暖湿润,3~2 ka BP气候凉偏干。     

华东喀斯特地貌发育过程与古地理背景

本文探讨古地理环境与喀斯特发育的关系。认为本区喀斯特地貌发育过程的特点是:从行星风型到季风型喀斯特,具有不同强度的多期性,造成南北方喀斯特形态归并与兼容,以及南北过渡性与区域分异。     

Characterizing Content Distributions of Impurities in a Limestone Mine Using a Feedforward Neural Network

The factors determining the suitability of limestone for industrial use and its commercial value are the amounts of calcium oxide (CaO) and impurities. From 244 sample points in 18 drillhole sites in a limestone mine, southwestern Japan, data on four impurity elements, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MnO, and P₂O₅ were collected. It generally is difficult to estimate spatial distributions of these contents, because most of the limestone bodies in Japan are located in the accretionary complex lithologies of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. Because the spatial correlations of content data are not clearly shown by variogram analysis, a feedforward neural network was applied to estimate the content distributions. The network structure consists of three layers: input, middle, and output. The input layer has 17 neurons and the output layer four. Three neurons in the input layer correspond with x, y, z coordinates of a sample point and the others are rock types such as crystalline and conglomeratic limestones, and fossil types related to the geologic age of the limestone. Four neurons in the output layer correspond to the amounts of SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MnO, and P₂O₅. Numbers of neurons in the middle layer and training data differ with each estimation point to avoid the overfitting of the network. We could detect several important characteristics of the three-dimensional content distributions through the network such as a continuity of low content zones of SiO₂ along a Lower Permian fossil zone trending NE-SW, and low-quality zones located in depths shallower than 50 m. The capability of the neural network-based method compared with the geostatistical method is demonstrated from the viewpoints of estimation errors and spatial characteristics of multivariate data. To evaluate the uncertainty of estimates, a method that draws several outputs by changing coordinates slightly from the target point and inputting them to the same trained network is proposed. Uncertainty differs with impurity elements, and is not based on just the spatial arrangement of data points.     

以PAC为原料合成锂吸附剂的工艺研究

研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)为原料合成锂吸附剂的基本工艺路线,并探究了加料方式、反应物配比、反应温度、反应时间和加料速度等对所合成吸附剂吸附量的影响,研究结果表明配比是影响吸附剂吸附量的最主要因素,得到了最佳合成条件,在此条件下所合成吸附剂对锂离子的吸附容量为6.1 mg/g。推断吸附剂的主要成分为晶态或非晶态的LiCl·2Al(OH)_3·nH_2O,同时含有Al(OH)_3、(CaO)_3Al_2O_3·6H_2O及LiCl·H_2O等成分。从吸附结果来看,结晶度较差的片状LiCl·2Al(OH)_3·nH_2O和非晶态的Al(OH)_3为主成分的吸附剂吸附性能最好。     

Petrochemical and Tectonogenesis of Granitoids in the Wuyo-Gubrunde Horst,Northeastern Nigeria: Implication for Uranium Enrichment

The Wuyo-Gubrunde Horst in the northeastern Nigeria consists of migmatite gneiss, unaltered, altered, and sheared porphyritic granites, pegmatites, aplites, basalts, and sandstone. Uranium has been reported in rhyolite, sheared rocks, and sandstone within the area. The petrogenesis of the granitoids and associated rocks in the area was evaluated in the light of new geochemical data, which showed that the U content of altered porphyritic granite is highest and hydrothermal-related. The granitoids are metaluminous, sub-alkaline, and S-type granite, and have evolved by partial melting of crustal material emplaced at moderate depth of 20–30 km in a syn-to late-collisional within-plate tectonic setting. The negative Eu/Eu* anomaly and high (La/Yb)_N ratio of the granitoids indicate magma fractionation. The low SiO₂ (<53%) and high Fe₂O₃ (10%) of the altered porphyritic granite compared to other similar rock units suggest pervasive alteration. The associated basalts are tholeiitic, emplaced within continental plate tectonic setting, and enriched in Ni, V, Nb, Sr, and light rare earth elements, and they have SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, V, Th, and Co contents that are similar to those of the altered porphyritic granites. The U occurrence in the Wuyo-Gubrunde Horst is believed to be sourced from the adjoining Bima sandstone in the Benue Trough, which locally contains carbonaceous zones with anomalously high concentrations of U. The Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox fronts formed by alteration of the iron-rich basalts provided the requisite geochemical barrier for U-bearing hydrothermal fluid, causing enrichment of U leached and mobilized from the sandstone through fractures in the rocks.     

不同无机晶须/PVC复合材料力学性能的研究

采用溶液共混法制备出硼酸镁晶须(MBOw)、硼酸钙晶须(Ca BOw)、硼酸铜铝晶须(Cu Al BOw)、碱式硫酸镁晶须(MOSw)、碳酸钙晶须(Ca CO3w)及硫酸钙晶须(Ca SO4w)增强的PVC复合材料,研究不同晶须对PVC力学性能的影响。采用扫描电镜分析PVC复合材料的拉伸断面及晶须分散情况。结果表明,除MOS外其它晶须对PVC的拉伸强度和弹性模量有不同程度的提高,MBOw对PVC复合材料的增强效果最显著,当MBOw含量为20%时,所得复合材料力学性能最佳,拉伸强度和弹性模量与纯PVC比较分别提高了38.08%和71.43%。     

四元体系Li2SO4+Na2SO4+K2SO4+H2O298.2 K相平衡研究

为了获取锂钠钾共存硫酸盐体系298.2 K下各盐结晶形式,采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K下四元体系Li₂SO₄₊Na₂SO₄₊K₂SO₄₊H₂O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度和密度,采用X-ray粉晶衍射法测定了平衡固相组成,并绘制了相应的稳定相图和多温对比图。研究表明,298.2 K下该四元体系为复杂四元体系,有复盐2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄、Li₂SO₄·3Na₂SO₄·12H₂O、LiKSO₄、Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄生成。其稳定相图由6个四元共饱点、12条单变量曲线以及7个结晶区组成。其中,复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄结晶区最大,表明其在该体系中最易结晶析出;Li₂SO₄·H₂O结晶区最小。对比273.2 K、288.2 K、298.2 K、323.2 K、373.2 K四元体系多温相图可知,273.2 K时未发现复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄和2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄结晶形式;Na₂SO₄·10H₂O和Li₂SO₄·3Na₂SO₄·12H₂O结晶形式在323.2 K和373.2 K时转变为Na₂SO₄和Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄。288.2~373.2 K时随温度升高,K₂SO₄和Na₂SO₄·10H₂O结晶相区减小,Li₂SO₄·H₂O、Na₂SO₄、LiKSO₄和Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄结晶相区增大;Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄结晶相区先增大后减小,在298.2 K时结晶相区最大;2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄结晶相区先减小后增大,298.2 K时结晶相区最小。     

Characteristics and source of aerosols at Shiyi Glacier,Qilian Mountains, China

Aerosol samples were collected in the Shiyi Glacier,Qilian Mountains from July 24 to August 19,2012 and analyzed for major water-soluble ionic species(F^-,Cl^-,NO₂^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,NH₄⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) by ion chromatography. SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ were the most abundant components of all the anions and cations,with average concentrations of 94.72 and 54.26 neq/m³,respectively,accounting for 34% and 20% of the total water-soluble ions analyzed.These mean ion concentrations were generally comparable with the background conditions in remote sites of the Qilian Mountains,but were much lower than those in certain cities in China.The particles were grouped into two dominant types according to their morphology and EDX signal:Si-rich particles and Fe-rich particles.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that inland cities may contribute some anthropogenic pollution to this glacier,while the arid and semi-arid regions of central Asia were the primary sources of the mineral particles.     

Chemical composition of saline and subsaline lakes of the northern Great Plains,western Canada

The northern Great Plains of Canada stretch from the Precambrian Shield near Winnipeg, Manitoba, westward for ∼1,700 km to the Rocky Mountains foothills. This vast region of flat to gently rolling terrain contains a very large number of salt lakes. Major ion chemical data on ∼500 of them are available. Although the average brine (salinity, 37 ppt) is a Na⁺−SO₄ ²⁻ type of water, the lakes exhibit a wide range of salinities and ionic compositions. This diversity is confirmed by Q-mode cluster analysis; it identified thirteen major water chemistry types. Most ions display distinct trends, both spatially and with increasing salinity. All dissolved components increase with increasing salinity, but at different rates. The relative proportions of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻+CO₃ ²⁻ ions show a strong decrease with increasing brine salinity, whereas SO₄ ²⁻ ions increase with increasing salinity. The ionic proportions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ exhibit no significant relationship with salinity. R-mode factor analysis of the lake water chemistry, combined with selected environmental parameters, identifies groundwater composition, climate, and the elevation of the lake within the drainage system as most important in controlling brine chemistry and salinity on a regional basis. Variability in source of ions, reaction processes and products are undoubtedly key factors in helping to explain brine chemistry of an individual basin or variation from a local perspective, but these factors are generally poorly understood and not quantified on a regional basis. Palliser Triangle Global Change Project Contribution Number 3.     

松嫩平原杜蒙沙地地表物质的地化组成及风化特征

本文分析了杜蒙沙地表土样品各粒级组分（全样、>63 μm、63~30μm、30~11 μm和<11 μm）的常量元素组成。结果表明：杜蒙沙地地表物质化学元素组成以Si、Al为主,与上地壳相比,除Si、Mn和Ti外,Fe、Mg、Ca和P严重亏损,Al和Na中度亏损,K轻微亏损;除Si、Al、Na、K外,Fe、Mg、Ca、Ti、P、Mn的变异系数均很高;常量元素在不同粒级中的变化程度按照Al相似文献