Overview of GIS Applications in Estuarine Monitoring and Assessment Research

Geographic information systems (GIS) tools are now considered integral in estuarine monitoring and assessment research. A synopsis is presented of our estuarine applications of GIS in the Northeast region of the U.S. The applications discussed cover sample site selection, support for field sampling activities, quality assurance of data, spatial display of geographic referenced information, quantitative spatial analysis of data, and communication of results.     

Estuarine Physical Processes Research: Some Recent Studies and Progress

The literature on estuarine physical studies is vast, diverse and contains many valuable case studies in addition to pure, process-based research. This essay is an attempt to summarize both some of the more recent studies that have been undertaken during the last several years, as well as some of the trends in research direction and progress that they represent. The topics covered include field and theoretical studies on hydrodynamics, turbulence, salt and fine sediment transport and morphology. The development and ease-of-application of numerical and analytical models and technical software has been essential for much of the progress, allowing the interpretation of large amounts of data and assisting with the understanding of complex processes. The development of instrumentation has similarly been essential for much of the progress with field studies. From a process viewpoint, much more attention is now being given to interpreting intratidal behaviour, including the effects of tidal straining and suspended fine sediment on water column stratification, stability and turbulence generation and dissipation. Remote sensing from satellites and aircraft, together with fast sampling towed instruments and high frequency radar now provide unique, frequently high resolution views of spatial variability, including currents, frontal and plume phenomena, and tidal and wave-generated turbidity. Observations of fine sediment characteristics (floc size, aggregation mechanisms, organic coatings and settling velocity) are providing better parameterizations for sediment transport models. These models have enhanced our understanding both of the estuarine turbidity maximum and its relationship to fronts and intratidal hydrodynamic and sedimentological variability, as well as that of simple morphological features such as intertidal mudflats. Although few, interdisciplinary studies to examine the relationships between biology and estuarine morphology show that bivalve activity and the surface diatom biofilm on an intertidal mudflat can be important in controlling the erosion of the surface mud layer.     

浙江省海洋环境监测与评价需求调查研究

为充分认识海洋环境监测与评价需求,提高海洋生态环境监测能力,突破传统的监测方式和评价模式,更好地为社会公众服务。2014年,面向浙江沿海进行了海洋环境监测与评价需求调查,分析了海洋环境监测、海洋环境评价、海洋环境监管、海洋监测机构发展模式的认识和需求情况等,给出了提升海洋环境监测与评价的建议。     

Using a GIS to Examine Changes in the Bathymetry of Borrow Pits and in Lower Bay, New York Harbor, USA

Standard analyses with geographic information systems (GIS) and the publicly available GEODAS database were used to highlight bathymetric changes in the Lower Bay complex of New York Harbor. Dredging operations have deepened much of the Lower Bay complex. Approximately 6,580 hectares, or 20% of the bay bottom surveyed in 1934, was deeper in 1979/1982 than during 1934. Half of this deepening, 3,219 hectares or 10% of the bay bottom surveyed during 1934, was deeper by at least 2 m. Surveys conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of three borrow pits in the central part of the Lower Bay complex were used to examine sedimentation over a 16-year period from 1979 to 1995. Results were consistent with studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s that show the pits function as sediment traps. Between 1979 and 1995, sediment accumulated at rates of 6 to 12 cm per year in many portions of the borrow pits.     

Using a GIS to Examine Changes in the Bathymetry of Borrow Pits and in Lower Bay,New York Harbor,USA

Standard analyses with geographic information systems (GIS) and the publicly available GEODAS database were used to highlight bathymetric changes in the Lower Bay complex of New York Harbor. Dredging operations have deepened much of the Lower Bay complex. Approximately 6,580 hectares, or 20% of the bay bottom surveyed in 1934, was deeper in 1979/1982 than during 1934. Half of this deepening, 3,219 hectares or 10% of the bay bottom surveyed during 1934, was deeper by at least 2 m. Surveys conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of three borrow pits in the central part of the Lower Bay complex were used to examine sedimentation over a 16-year period from 1979 to 1995. Results were consistent with studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s that show the pits function as sediment traps. Between 1979 and 1995, sediment accumulated at rates of 6 to 12 cm per year in many portions of the borrow pits.     

微小污染物的监测和管控——以海洋微塑料为例

文章在总结微塑料、可吸入颗粒物以及有潜在危害的微小物质特征的基础上,将其统归为微小污染物,分析微小污染物危害和污染的机制、监测、防控政策、认知历程的相似之处。以海洋微塑料监测为例,分析海洋微塑料的产生和影响机制,提出:建立微小污染物监测研究体系;开展微小污染物对生态系统影响的评估;建立前瞻性和长效支撑机制等管控建议。     

海床基自动监测平台技术的研究应用

介绍了海床基自动监测技术国内外进展，就海床基自动监测平台系统的关键技术进行了论述。海床基自动监测平台系统是携带众多海洋环境观测传感器在海底工作的、自容式综合测量装置。它可布设于河口、港湾或者近海海底，对悬浮泥沙参数、海洋动力参数、温、盐和水质进行长期、同步、自动测量；系统回收后，通过系统软件建立各种海洋动力条件下特别是大风浪条件下悬浮泥沙的运移规律；建立温、盐、水位、流速剖面和通量、水质的时空变化规律。将多个站点的监测数据进行综合处理建立起海洋水体交换生态环境的时空联系，为科学地管理、治理和利用海洋自然环境造福人们提供决策依据。     

河口和沿岸海域生态环境质量综合评价方法评介

海洋环境管理从以往单纯的海洋污染管理已发展到当前的海洋生态环境综合管理。相应地,海洋环境质量评价也从以往单一的污染状况评价(包括水质、沉积物和生物体)发展到海洋生态环境质量综合评价。重点介绍了2种有代表性并被广泛应用的河口和沿岸海域生态环境质量综合评价方法———欧盟的“生态状况评价综合方法”和美国的“沿岸海域状况综合评价”。比较和评析了2种方法的异同和优缺点。建议尽快建立适合中国河口和沿岸海域特点的海洋生态环境质量综合评价方法以及相应的监测和管理体系。     

一个示范性循环水养殖厂废水污染物的监测与特征分析

以示范性循环水养殖厂产生的废水为监测分析对象,采用在线连续监测和水样采集分析相结合的方法,观测了该养殖厂废水的化学特征,分析了影响水质的关键污染因子并探讨了其主要来源,同时对当前循环水养殖技术进一步发展亟需改进的关键技术环节进行了分析。结果表明,养殖废水中污染物的浓度与所养殖鱼的生长阶段相关;废水化学耗氧量变化受到其中悬浮物的影响,但化学耗氧量主要来源是水体中的溶解态物质;废水中的氮、磷污染物主要以溶解态存在,特别是无机形态。     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

黄海大海洋生态系污染/环境特征及其生态效应的监测和研究

本文对黄海大海洋生态系(LME)的污染/环境特征及其生态效应的监测和研究现状进行了综述,从大系统的角度指出了已知的和未知的关键环节;提出了黄海大海洋生态系污染/环境及其生态效应的监测和研究方案,强调了应着重和优先研究的方面。     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

深海采矿潜在环境影响因素及监测技术体系研究

目前深海采矿潜在的生态环境影响引起来了广泛关注,文章针对工业化深海金属矿产资源开采潜在的环境影响监测评估需要,系统地总结了深海铁锰多金属结核、铁锰富钴结壳以多金属硫化物等主要深海资源的基本产状,分析了“物质迁移-羽流产生-声光电磁噪声-耗氧-有毒物质释放”等主流采矿工艺潜在的环境影响因素,基于深海采矿生态环境影响评估调查研究的技术需求,从实施深海采矿环境监测实验工程、建立深海重大装备系统、发展原位监测传感器等方面提出了深海采矿环境监测技术体系建设构架,以期为我国深海采矿生态环境监测保护技术发展提供借鉴。     

基于GIS的海口海岸带空间功能分区研究

随着沿海地区经济的快速发展,海岸带空间资源的利用将呈现多样化的特征。海岸带空间功能分区可以优化海岸带空间资源配置,统筹协调海岸带空间开发与保护格局,是海岸带资源可持续利用的重要基础。文章针对海岸带空间的特殊性,构建指标体系,对海口海岸带进行模糊综合评价,探讨海口海岸带空间适宜功能类型,并基于GIS 技术进行功能分区。结果表明：海口海岸带主要功能空间类型为旅游娱乐空间、城镇建设空间、农林渔牧空间和生态保护空间,其面积占比分别为16.84%、21.18%、22.54%、35.77%。其中生态保护空间面积最大,主要分布在海口市东部片区的东寨港。     

侧扫声纳系统及其在海洋环境监测和保护中的应用

总结了侧扫声纳系统在海洋环境监测和保护中的应用,介绍了侧扫声纳基本工作原理及其发展情况,并且对其以后的发展进行了简单探讨。     

基于GIS的农村乡镇污染企业环境监测系统的设计

研究主要是以Visual studio 2005为开发平台,结合GIS组件和GPRS/CDMA宽带通讯技术进行农村环境监测系统二次开发。系统由水质自动监测系统、空气质量监测系统、噪音监测系统、和监测中心4部分组成。它具有样品自动采样、污染因子在线监测、农村污染源排放总量监测、数据自动传输和汇总分析等功能。     

光纤化学传感器及其在海水有机物监测中的应用

光纤化学传感器以其优良的抗电磁干扰性、耐久性以及多功能性而倍受重视。本文在简单介绍光纤化学传感器的原理和应用的基础上,重点介绍了中红外光纤化学传感器在２～２０μｍ这一光谱范围内使用的若干成就。论述了基于该传感器的测量系统对海洋有机污染物实现实时、现场连续监测的重要意义     

空间信息系统原理(五):时空GIS的研究与进展

时空GIS是建立在时态数据库、GIS、人工智能等基础上的一种综合型应用性技术，其研究对象是时空世界中遵循着诞生、成长、生存，直至死亡等自然规律的事物和现象的时空信息。虽然时空GIS在理论和实践等环节的研究还不十分成熟，但它是未来GIS发展的一个必然趋势。本文主要在介绍时空GIS的研究意义的基础上，总结概括了时空GIS的概念、发展历史和现状，并对时空GIS研究的难点和方向进行了剖析。     

机场航空噪声监测与评价方法

机场航空噪声不同于其他噪声,需要进行特殊监测与评价。传统的方式对机场周围一些特殊区域传统监测与评价方法不适用,主要问题有:部分点位很难测定Td,不能进行正常的计算与评价;正常情况下布点太多难以同步完成现状监测;对敏感点单纯采用LWECPN进行评价不能准确反映所受污染的真实情况等。指出问题所在,提出了完善办法,并对提出的办法进行了一定程度的合理性论证。另外,针对已有机场扩建项目,提出快速预测办法,确立了简单的预测公式,可快捷地为机场管理及规划服务。     

HY-1B CZI海岸带动态监测系统设计与实现

HY-1B卫星是我国第二颗自主海洋卫星,针对其搭载的4波段海岸带成像仪(CZI)获取的数据,设计并基于IDL语言开发了一个专用的可视化数据处理与应用系统.该系统以黄河口为重点研究区域,对部分算法进行了优化和适应性改造,具备HY-1BCZI数据导入、预处理、海岸带动态监测产品制作、产品输出、数据批处理等功能,并能够进行数...