重大海岸工程建设的相互影响及对策措施——以宁波金塘水道南岸西口两大工程为例

金塘水道南岸西口建有中石化镇海炼化公司算山码头区和北仑港电厂两大工程，其中镇海炼化公司共建有25万t、5万t级及其它码头5个，最东侧为25万t级原油码头，与北仑港电厂取排水口毗邻。此码头东侧距电厂取水口130m，而电厂排水口位于该码头侧后方约860m。电厂采用明渠排水方式，排水通道会在低潮位时直冲码头工作平台。1998年曾发生25万t级船舶系泊作用时断缆使船舶产生漂移的险情。研究断缆导致船舶产生漂移的原因的同时，并提出了对策措施以确保船舶安全系泊作业。     

厦门嵩屿电厂取水口附近海域冲淤变化分析

依据电厂取水口附近海岸线变化及海域水深测量数据，采用水下实测地形比较方法，分析电厂营运初期取水口附近海域冲淤变化。结果显示：海域淤积速度远远大于自然沉积环境下的淤积速度。进一步分析认为海岸线外移、码头及取水管等工程构筑物对海域流态影响、泥沙来源量增多、护岸滑坡及9914号强台风等因素是导致淤积加快的主要原因，并讨论了该海域减淤的若干措施。     

黄岛电厂取水工程潮流泥沙数值模拟

建立了基于不规则三角形网格的考虑波浪及其破碎作用的二维潮流场和泥沙场数学模型,对黄岛电厂取水海域的潮流场、泥沙场进行了数值模拟和分析,对电厂取水口的泥淤积强度进行了计算。计算结果表明,电厂取水口附近海区流弱水清,取水口泥沙淤积轻微,对电厂取水基本没有影响。     

长江九江段水中污染物稀释扩散规律的研究

用罗丹明-B染料作示踪体研究了长江九江段溶解污染物质的扩散规律。该区为顺直河段,水流速度约为22—80cm/s,6kg罗丹明-B的扩散长度为3240m。在4级风下,在40Min内,D. F值从10~2变化到10~9,说明江水中污染物的扩散还是很快的。实验表明,污染物质的浓度变化与时间的2.9次方成反比。九江段的扩散系数为1.23m~2/s。九江市取水口上游500一1000m外贸货运码头所排放的污水和其它污染物质对取水口有一定的影响,必须对污物的排放加以限制。     

厦门嵩屿电厂取水区域泥沙问题分析

本文在现场实测资料及模型试验成果基础上,针对嵩屿电厂三期工程具体特点,分析了九龙江河主取水口水域的自然条件和河床冲淤变化计算了取水口附近泥沙回淤量,并对取水口区域岸稳定性作了分析。结果表明,嵩屿电厂三期取水口建成后,其附近泥沙回淤强度为２５－２７ｃｍ／ａ。     

潮流泥沙数学模型在青岛港挡沙堤工程的应用

考虑波浪辐射应力对潮流场和泥沙运动的影响,建立了青岛港前湾三期码头前沿挡沙堤工程二维潮流泥沙数学模型。在采用实测资料验证的基础上,运用模型对本海域在无挡沙堤及不同挡沙堤长的各种方案的流场变化和泥沙回淤情况进行计算研究。结果表明,无挡沙堤时,由于三期工程的建设缩窄了河口至海区的断面面积,断面西侧的浅水区水流速度增大,容易掀起泥沙输移至断面东侧开挖后的深水区,使泥沙在码头前港池中落淤,码头前沿最大淤积强度约为0.818 m/day;而建设挡沙堤后将显著减小码头前沿的泥沙淤积。经过比较,从挡沙堤附近流场与港池航道回淤情况的角度考虑,认为方案二对码头前沿拦沙的效果较好。     

液体石油化工品码头设计关键技术

依据日照港岚山港区1#和2#液体石油化工品码头工程设计实例,对液体石油化工品码头工程设计中的平面布置形式和码头底高程的选择进行了分析,同时对码头装卸区接卸口和接卸管道的布置数量进行了研究,结果表明,在到港船舶等级相差悬殊,5 000DWT以下船舶居多的情况下,平面布置应考虑组合靠泊,推荐码头采用顺岸布置形式;在自然条件、航道等公共资源条件允许的情况下,码头底高程尽量一致;管道数量较多时,推荐采用一个接卸口布置一半数量的接卸管道且同品种管道的接卸口间隔布置,以及采用"U"型管布置方式。     

黄河水下三角洲前沿深度基准面及潮位变化分析研究

黄河三角洲前沿的陆地由于受地面沉降的影响,使地面高程不断发生变化.在水深测量中,深度基准面是根据陆地水准点高程确定的,陆地水准点高程的变化影响深度基准面的确定,从而影响水深测量的准确性.又由于黄河海港附近有一无潮点,其附近的潮汐性质变化大,在黄河三角洲前沿大范围水深测量中,根据测区潮位变化设立足够的验潮站及统一各个验潮站的水尺零点到同一个深度基准面上,是保证水深测量结果可靠的关键.通过黄河三角洲前沿陆地高程的变化和验潮获得的资料,介绍了黄河三角洲前沿深度基准面的变化和潮位变化情况.     

近岸海域大型水母来源与迁移路径分析——以红沿河电厂海域为例

近岸海域水母暴发可导致滨海火/核电厂取水口堵塞,对电厂安全运行造成潜在威胁。寻找水母源地及其迁移路径是水母治理的基础。本文基于拉格朗日质点追踪方法(LTRANS)建立反向追踪模型,并结合水母生态学特性对2015年6—9月聚集在红沿河电厂海域的大型水母进行溯源,获得水母源地及迁移路径,可以为螅状体栖息地寻找和水母拦截打捞提供依据,对近岸海域水母灾害防治具有重要指导意义。溯源结果表明:(1)红沿河电厂及其邻近海域的水母可能来自多个不同源区,辽东湾西部、北部及电厂南北两侧等海域的水母均有可能迁移至电厂附近;(2)受水温和环流影响,6—9月期间到达电厂附近的水母主要源区及迁移路径不同,早期出现在电厂海域的水母很可能是局地产生的,而7—9月持续的高风险水母灾害则主要取决于渤海不同源区水母的物理聚集;(3)根据水母的主要迁移路径,建议在电厂取水口约15km的海域设置一条封闭监测断面,对水母进行实时监测;在距离取水口约30km的外侧海域设置一条调查断面,于7月初至8月中旬,每5天进行一次定点拖网调查。此外,在距离电厂取水口15—20km的西南方向上,对水母进行拦截打捞可大大降低水母入侵风险。     

寒潮天气下高风险冰块追踪预测方法及数值模拟

为向拟建、在建和已建冰区所有冷源取水工程海域的海冰环境监测和动态风险预警提供技术支撑,本文构建了海冰–海洋耦合条件下的拉格朗日粒子追踪预测模型,并以辽东湾某核电站取水口为例,模拟并探讨了寒潮天气下高风险冰块在24 h、48 h和72 h的运移轨迹及其进入取水口的概率。结果表明,由于取水口的走向与流向和风向几乎垂直,因此在口门外随机释放的1 200个高风险冰块粒子中只有不到6%的粒子进入到取水口内。通过分区域标识粒子颜色,发现这些粒子多来自于靠近取水口300 m范围内。敏感性分析的结果表明,当释放粒子数量增至5倍时,结论不变。该项研究为冷源取水安全预警提供了一种新方法。     

Wave forces and moments on an intake well

A sea water intake well of size 20 m diameter and 15.5 m height in a water depth of 9.8 m is proposed north of the Visakhapatnam Port for a project to extract magnesia from sea water. A 1:25 scale model of the intake well was tested in the wave basin of the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras to measure the wave forces and moments on the intake well and the variation of water levels inside and outside the well. Accordingly, an intake well model of 0.8 m diameter and 0.62 m height was fabricated and fixed over a false bottom in a wave basin. The well model was subjected to the action of both regular waves for two test conditions, intake well inlet closed during installation and intake well inlet open. The experimental results on wave forces and moments were compared with the results of the Linear Diffraction Theory. The water level inside the well was measured to determine the submergence of suction pipes of pumps and location of the inlet opening of the intake well. The wave crest elevation in front of the well was also measured in order to fix the deck level of the well so as to avoid water overspill onto the deck. The salient results of the present study are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Wave forces and moments on an intake well

A sea water intake well of size 20 m diameter and 15.5 m height in a water depth of 9.8 m is proposed north of the Visakhapatnam Port for a project to extract magnesia from sea water. A 1:25 scale model of the intake well was tested in the wave basin of the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras to measure the wave forces and moments on the intake well and the variation of water levels inside and outside the well. Accordingly, an intake well model of 0.8 m diameter and 0.62 m height was fabricated and fixed over a false bottom in a wave basin. The well model was subjected to the action of both regular waves for two test conditions, intake well inlet closed during installation and intake well inlet open. The experimental results on wave forces and moments were compared with the results of the Linear Diffraction Theory. The water level inside the well was measured to determine the submergence of suction pipes of pumps and location of the inlet opening of the intake well. The wave crest elevation in front of the well was also measured in order to fix the deck level of the well so as to avoid water overspill onto the deck. The salient results of the present study are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Study on Structure of Arched Longitudinal Beams of Deep-Water Wharf

High-pile and beam-slab quays have been widely used after several years development.They are mature enough to be one of the most important structural types of wharves in China coastal areas. In order to accommodate large tonnage vessels, wharves should be constructed in deep water gradually. However, conventional high-pileand beam-slab structures are hard to meet the requirements of large deep-water wharf.According to arch''s stresscharacteristics, a new type of wharf with catenary arched longitudinal beams is presented in this paper. The new wharf structure can make full use of arch''s overhead crossing and reinforced concrete compression resistance, improve the interval between transverse bents greatly, and decrease underwater construction quantity. Thus, the construction cost cab be reduced. Take the third phase project of the Yangshan Deep-water Port for example, comparative analysis on catenary arched longitudinal beams and conventional longitudinal beams has been made. The result shows that with the same wharf length and width, the same loads and same longitudinal beam moment, catenary arch structure can improve the interval between bents up to 28 m, decrease the number of piles and underwater construction quantity.     

Study on Structure of Arched Longitudinal Beams of Deep Water Wharf

High-pile and beam-slab quays have been widely used after several years development. They are mature enough to be one of the most important structural types of wharves in China coastal areas. In order to accommodate large tonnage vessels, wharves should be eorrstructed in deep water gradually. However, conventional high-pile and beam-slab structares are hard to meet the requirements of large deep-water wharf. According to arch＇ s stress characteristics, a new type of wharf with catenary arched longitudinal beams is presented in this paper. The new wharf structure can make full use of arch＇s overhead crossing and reinforced concrete compression resistance, improve the interval between transverse bents greatly, and decrease underwater construction quantity. Thus, the construction cost cab be reduced. Take the third phase project of the Yangshan Deep-water Port for example, comparative analysis on catenary arched longitudinal beams and conventional longitudinal beams has been made. The result shows that with the same wharf length and width, the same loads and same longitudinal beam moment, catenary arch structure can improve the interval between bents up to 28 m, decrease the nmnber of piles and underwater construction quantity.     

一种提高深远海全深度声速剖面重构精度的方法

开展多波束水深测量应同步进行声速剖面探测.因海上作业条件恶劣、作业时间受限及设备性能局限等影响,在深远海海域常获取不到全深度的实测声速剖面.尽管利用温盐场模型可将声速剖面直接延拓至实地水深的最大深度,但这种气候态平均声速剖面与实际的声速剖面间存在不可控的系统性偏差,会给声速改正及水深测量成果带来质量隐患.给出了一种提高...     

浪流作用下系泊船舶撞击力和系缆力试验研究

以某25万吨矿石码头工程为例,分别进行了单流、单浪和浪流共同作用下,系泊船舶撞击力和系缆力试验。研究了不同水位、不同船舶载度、不同浪流夹角,单流、单浪和浪流共同作用时对船舶撞击力和系缆力的影响。分析了该码头工程护舷和缆绳的布置情况,为工程设计提供了依据。     

沿岸多模式GNSS三维水深测量方法研究

在沿岸水下地形测量中,高程控制是难点,在远离岸边的区域,不仅布设潮位站困难,而且潮位站水位改正的精度也难以保证,为提高沿岸水域测量的可靠性和灵活性,在河口区域的水深测量项目中进行了RTK、PPK、PPP3种模式的同步作业方式研究。结果表明,基于GNSS多模式三维水深测量的方法能有效提高水位改正的精度和可靠性。无论测区离岸距离多远,可以同步采用RTK、PPK和PPP的方式进行高程控制,这3种模式的高程测量差值均方差接近0.10m,精度能满足沿岸水域一般比例尺地形测量的高程精度要求。     

舟山岱山水道西部海床冲淤演变分析

根据1979,1996和2009年3个时期水深地形数据,利用GIS软件分析了岱山水道西部潮滩、水下岸坡和深槽区2个时段的冲淤变化。结果显示:1979-1996年的17 a间,研究区大部分区域冲淤幅度-般在±1 m以内,只有深槽局部区域冲刷大于2 m;1996-2009年的13 a间,潮滩区冲淤变化与1979-1996年间类似,有±1 m冲淤变化,而水下岸坡和深槽区的冲刷幅度明显加大,水下岸坡平均冲刷幅度达2 m,深槽区平均冲刷幅度达3 m。据分析, 1996年以后,水下岸坡和深槽区冲刷幅度明显加大的主要原因有两个:-是岱山水道水流流速较快,粘土质的底质容易遭受冲刷;另-个是在潮滩区至水下岸坡间建设了码头和栈桥,浅水区水流部分受阻,导致深水区域流速加大,从而加剧了水下岸坡和深槽区域的冲刷幅度。     

基于数字高程模型定量分析长江口深水航道工程治理效果

长江口深水航道工程于1998年开工建设,2002年和2005年一期和二期工程先后竣工,分别达到8.5和10.0 m通航水深。自2006年三期工程实施以来,北槽航道中段连续4a发生严重淤积,年疏浚维护量平均达6×107m3,影响三期工程目标的如期实现。通过自主开发的数字高程模型定量分析平台,建立时间序列的空间分布属性数据库,对长江口深水航道工程治理过程前后的河床冲淤变化规律和工程效果进行量化分析,分析结果揭示了长江口南港北槽深水航道近期淤积的泥沙来源、淤积过程、主要淤积原因和淤积部位,从而为工程治理对策提供科学依据。