The crustal fluid evolution and the causes of earthquakes(Ⅲ)

Ｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｌｆｌｕｉｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｃａｕｓｅｓｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓ（Ⅲ）ＣＨＡＮＧ－ＦＡＮＧＸＵ（徐常芳）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００...     

The earthquake distribution and the resistivity structure in the Chinese mainland (I)

This paper is the first one of a series of three papers on the fluid evolution of the crust-upper mantle and the causes of earthquakes. Their relationship between the deep-seated fluids and the seismic activities are discussed from aspects of their macoscopic scale, microscopic mechanism and dynamic behaviors in the three papers respectively. Based on magnetotelluric sounding (MT) measurements conducted by Chinese geophysicists in more than 20 years, the maps of the upper mantle conductive layer (MCL) with a buried depth of >50 km and the crustal conductive layer (CCL) with a buried depth of >15 km in the Chinese mainland are presented in this paper. The resistivity structure, the causes of conductive layers in crust-mantle and the relationships between earthquake distribution and conductive layers are discussed.     

The earthquake distribution and the resistivity structure in the Chinese mainland（Ⅰ）

ＴｈｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｖｉｔｙｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｍａｉｎｌａｎｄ（Ⅰ）ＣＨＡＮＧ－ＦＡＮＧＸＵ（徐常芳）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｉｇ...     

The origin of the crustal conductive layer and the conductivity of supercritical brine (II)

This paper is the second one of a series of three papers on fluid evolution of the crust-upper mantle and the causes of earthquakes. Based on the first paper, two conductive mechanisms of the crustal conductive layer (CCL), graphite and supercritical saline aqueous fluids, are discussed. As there are difficulties for graphite model, the supercritical fluids are investigated in this paper concerning the phases, the electrically conductive behaviors, the evolution and the sealing mechanisms of the fluids. It is obvious that this model is reasonable to explain the geophysical and geochemical characteristics of the CCL presented in the first paper.     

The origin of the crustal conductive layer and the conductivity of supercritical brine（Ⅱ）

Ｔｈｅｏｒｉｇｉｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｌｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｌａｙｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｓｕｐｅｒｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｂｒｉｎｅ（Ⅱ）ＣＨＡＮＧ－ＦＡＮＧＸＵ（徐常芳）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏ...     

岩石圈内的流体通道研究概述

强震孕震环境是一个非常复杂的物质体系，它决定了地震前兆的形成机制，因此，在地震预报基础理论研究中，与强震孕震环境有关的深部物质的物理化学性质的研究具有重要的意义。深部地下流体在地震的孕育和前兆的形成过程中起了极其重要的作用，要研究深部地下流体的活动规律，首先必须研究岩石圈内的流体通道问题。同时，岩石圈内的流体通道也是火山研究中必须面对的一个重要问题。文章在全于流体通道网研究的基础上，简要介绍了岩石圈内流体通道的形成机制、主要特征、研究方法、科学意义和研究展望。     

青藏高原西北部区域地壳形变、构造地貌与孕震构造模型研究——以2008年与2014年新疆于田7.3级地震为例

为了清晰认识发生于青藏高原西北部2008年与2014年的两次于田MS7.3地震发震构造环境与构造地貌特征,本文利用DEM(数字高程模型)数据分析"喀喇昆仑—西昆仑—康西瓦地区"的地形地貌特征,结合区域活动断裂研究资料、相对于塔里木盆地的两期GPS速度场资料和区域运动学特征等讨论两次MS7.3地震所处的青藏高原西北部区域构造环境和地壳运动学特征,分析喀喇昆仑断裂、阿尔金断裂康西瓦段、龙木错-邦达错断裂及贡嘎错断裂所围限的西昆仑地块的地质构造背景、阿尔金断裂西南端发震断裂活动性及孕震环境等发震构造基本条件;进而利用"地形剖面"方法及断裂分布特征分析震源区的地形地貌特征,给出晚第四纪以来的地貌形态与发震构造的关系,从区域构造地貌学和GPS地壳运动学的角度探讨中上地壳变形特征及孕震过程;最后讨论区域孕震构造、克尔牙张性裂谷演化过程和地球动力学背景等。通过地形剖面及区域地貌综合分析新疆于田2008年MS7.3拉张型发震构造和2014年MS7.3走滑拉张型地震的发震构造特点的区别,认为2014年发生的地震可能与2008年MS7.3地震同震库伦应力变化、触发过程及震后变形过程密切相关,并且青藏高原西北部地区存在明显的东西向拉张性构造单元,可能与青藏高原10~15 Ma以来的地壳减薄过程有关。     

Study of main body element of crustal strain and its relationship with moderate-strong earthquakes

In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer principle of elastic mechanics, the relation between strain around faults and tectonic force on fault surfaces is set up and main body element model of crustal strain is constructed. Finally, the relation between mechanical evolution of model and seismogenic process of Kunlun earthquake （Ms=8.1） is discussed by continuous GPS data of datum stations. The result suggests that the relatively relaxed change under background of strong compressing and shearing may help to trigger moderate-strong earthquakes.     

Study on the pattern and mode of vertical crustal deformation during the seismogenic process of intraplate strong earthquakes

Ｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎａｎｄｍｏｄｅｏｆｖｅｒｔｉｃａｌｃｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｍｏｇｅｎｉｃｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｉｎｔｒａｐｌａｔｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓ杨国华，桂昆长，巩曰沐，杨春花，韩...     

单断裂多源应力场初探

本文提出一个单断裂多段闭锁的孕震力学模型,对其产生的附加应力场进行了推导和计算;讨论了震前多源应力场的时空分布特征。证明多源前兆场演变过程的复杂性和震前地应力变化形态的多样性。     

Research on dynamics patterns and parameter characters of crustal deformation field before and after strong earthquake

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｐａｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｏｆｃｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｆｉｅｌｄｂｅｆｏｒｅａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＳＨＵＯＹＵＺＨＯＵ１）（周硕愚）ＳＨＵＮ...     

Characteristics of crustal strain associated with M =6.4 Baotou earthquake in 1996

Based on the horizontal crustal strain derived from GPS data and the rate accumulation intensity calculated from across-fault vertical deformation, the strain characteristics in the periods of 1992–1995, 1995–1996 and 1996–1999 in Baotou-Datong area is studied in the paper. From the comparison between the crustal strains before and after the M=6.4 Baotou earthquake occurred on May 3, 1996, it is considered that the high-magnitude area with predominant compressive strain might be the seismogenic zone for a coming strong earthquake. The area with the simultaneous higher surface strain, principal compressive strain, shear strain and tendency accumulation might be the place with higher risk of strong earthquakes. Generally, the area with low strain and predominant tensile strain might have a small possibility for strong earthquake development, which belongs to a stable area. The evolution of horizontal strain obtained from GPS measurements carried out in Baotou-Datong area in the period of 1992–1999 reflects the total developing and ending processes of the seismic episode from 1996 to 1998. The area with high and predominant compressive strain and the strain gradient zone can be considered as one of the indicators for determining the strong earthquake risk area in the future. Foundation item: State Key Basic Research Development and Programming Project (G19998040700) and State Natural Science Foundation of China (40174029).     

1990年共和7.0级地震孕震构造动力学模式探讨

在分析青海共和地区深浅部地质构造、区域应力场等资料的基础上 ,提出了 1 990年共和7.0级地震孕震的构造动力学模式 ,即 :NWW向至 NE向断裂组合孕震 ,NWW向哇玉香卡 -拉干隐伏断裂为发震断裂、NE向隐伏断裂为诱震断裂 ,NE向区域构造应力的增强为孕震和发震的主要力源。     

华北强烈地震深部构造环境的探测与研究

20世纪六七十年代以来, 华北地区发生了一系列强烈地震． 强烈地震的孕育、 发生和发展与深部构造密切相关． 近50年来, 我国地震科学领域在强烈地震的地震构造和深部环境方面开展了大量的研究． 深部地球物理探测和地震层析成像结果揭示了华北地区地壳结构的基本特征, 并在强烈地震发生的深部构造环境等问题上取得了重要进展． 本文在回顾华北地区地壳上地幔结构探测的基础上, 对1966年邢台M_S7.2, 1976年唐山M_S7.8, 1975年海城M_S7.3和1679年三河—平谷M8.0地震的地震构造和深部构造环境进行评述． 深部地球物理数据的综合分析表明, 震源下方的低速异常带, 高角度超壳深断裂, 地壳深浅构造的不一致, 偏低的上地幔顶部速度和局部隆起的莫霍界面, 是华北伸展构造区深部孕震环境的共同特征．      

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后地壳垂直运动的负位错模型

利用昆仑山口西8．1级地震震区外围格尔木一五道梁300km长水准测线在1979,1991和2002年3期垂直形变资料,借助研究改进的负位错模型获取发震构造及其相关断裂的运动、变形特征及应力应变积累部位和强度,对与此次大震有关的区域构造形变背景及可能的震后影响进行了研究。结果表明：1991～2002年相对1979～1991年垂直差异运动及应变积累加速增强的特征与昆仑山口西8．1级地震孕育有关;且这样的一个地壳垂直运动加速过程可能还未因地震发生而结束,发震构造相关的断裂构造部位仍有发生较强地震的可能。     

Thermal state, rheology and seismicity in the pannonian basin, Hungary

On the basis of data on crustal structure and terrestrial heat flow, a 3-D geothermal model for the lithosphere in the Pannonian basin, Hungary, has been calculated. This model, together with information on crustal composition, laboratory data on rock friction, and certain assumptions about fluid conditions and strain-rate levels within the lithosphere, has been used to construct a rheological model of the area.The results obtained show a layered rheological structure where an aseismic part of the crust is “sandwiched” between an upper and a lower seismogenic crustal layers. According to the proposed rheological model, seismic activity in the upper crust may be expected down to depths of 10–12 km, which is confirmed well by the observed depth distribution of seismicity. The model also predicts a lower crustal seismogenic layer down to 20–22 km. Because of infrequent occurrences of deep earthquakes and/or a generally small number of reliable hypocenter depth determinations in the study area, this seismogenic zone is less constrained by observations.The depth of the different rheologic horizons within the crust is governed mainly by thermal conditions. The lower boundary of both seismogenic layers appears isothermal. Brittle-ductile transition in the upper crust coincides with the ˜200 °C isotherm, while in the lower crust it coincides with the ˜ 375 °C isotherm. The lowermost crust and the upper mantle beneath Hungary show ductile behavior, thus the possibility of siesmic activity at these horizons can be excluded.     

The Geodynamic Mechanism of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Located on the east boundary of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake is the strongest event to hit the active block since the 2001 Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake. In this study, a simplified source model of the Wenchuan earthquake is constructed based on the deep/shallow tectonic settings and crust/mantle structure features of the Longmenshan thrust fault zone. On the basis of dynamic model abstraction, we construct a system of dynamical equations for the seismogenic process and obtain the analytical expressions of stress and strain in the seismogenic process. A preliminary study of the seismogenic process of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, based on the analytical solution of the model and observation of tectonic deformation in the Longmenshan region, indicates that the seismogenic process of the Wenchuan earthquake took place over a period of more than 3200 years. The slow process of seismogeny and the long recurrence period of strong earthquakes are attributed to the low deformation rate of the Longmenshan tectonic zone.     

Characteristics of crustal strain associated with M=6.4 Baotou earthquake in 1996

Introduction Since the 1990s, GPS technique has been widely used in the crustal deformation measurement in China, which has promoted the development in geodynamic study. More and more attentions have been paid to GPS data in the study on crustal movement by the vast geoscientists and many significant results have been achieved (HUANG, et al, 1996; LI, et al, 1998; GUO, 2000). The North China is one of the areas to establish GPS monitoring networks earlier in China. After the establis…     

Calibration of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Seismic Waveforms

We use the recordings from 51 earthquakes produced by a PASSCAL deployment in Tibet to develop a two-layer crustal model for the region. Starting with their ISC locations, we iteratively fit the P-arrival times to relocate the earthquakes and estimate mantle and crustal seismic parameters. An average crustal P velocity of 6.2–6.3 km/s is obtained for a crustal thickness of 65 km while the P velocity of the uppermost mantle is 8.1 km/s. The upper layer of the model is further fine-tuned by obtaining the best synthetic SH waveform match to an observed waveform for a well-located event. Green's functions from this model are then used to estimate the source parameters for those events using a grid search procedure. Average event relocation relative to the ISC locations, excluding two poorly located earthquakes, is 16 km. All but one earthquake are determined by the waveform inversion to be at depths between 5 and 15 km. This is 15 km shallower, on average, than depths reported by the ISC. The shallow seismicity cut-off depth and low crustal velocities suggest high temperatures in the lower crust. Thrust faulting source mechanisms dominate at the margins of the plateau. Within the plateau, at locations with surface elevations less than 5 km, source mechanisms are a mixture of strike-slip and thrust. Most events occurring in the high plateau where elevations are above 5 km show normal faulting. This indicates that a large portion of the plateau is under EW extension.     

地壳形变与地震探讨

较深入地讨论了地壳岩层应变的一般特性，并在理论上得出：（１）地震孕育发生的充分必要条件是地壳岩层折弹性应变量的积累要大于塑性形变量的转化；（２）地壳岩层在应变的宏观破裂之前，很可能会普通存在应变的加速阶段。如果这一认识被进一步证实是正确的话，将可成为地震短临预报的突破口；根据作者１９９３年提出的地震能否孕育、发生的关键因素是地壳岩层弹性垂直差异运动的速率大小的认识，在理论上初步讨论了地壳岩层应变与