Simulations of an isotopic fractionation by freezing in an open system

1　IntroductionBasaliceofglaciersandicesheetshasbeenwidelystudiedtounderstandtheinacces sibleice bedinterface (e.g.,Lawson 1 979;Gowetal.1 979;Knight 1 994;HubbardandSharp 1 995 ,Souchez1 988) .Useofstableisotopesofbasaliceisasuperiormethodtodeterminewhetherthebasalicewasformedbymelt refreezingornon meltingattheinlandbaseofglaciersandicesheets.Inatheoreticalstudyofstableisotopes,JouzelandSouchez ( 1 982 )showedthatforaclosedsystem ,wherenowaterisinputoroutput,theslopegradientdefinedbyδ18O…     

Numerical study of an oscillating smaller cylinder in the wake of an upstream larger cylinder

A numerical study of flow around two tandem cylinders with unequal diameters was carried out. The upstream larger cylinder was fixed and the downstream smaller cylinder was allowed to oscillate in the transverse direction only. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical results were made to investigate the effects of the gap ratio on the maximum vibration amplitude and vortex shedding frequency. The results showed that the vibration response of the smaller cylinder was significantly affected by the presence of the upstream larger cylinder, and resulted in greatly reduced vibration amplitudes. With an increasing gap ratio, the vibration amplitude increased. However, the magnitude was lower than that corresponding to a single cylinder (with the same diameter as that of the downstream smaller cylinder) under the same flow conditions.     

Numerical simulation of an algal bloom in Dianshan Lake

A hydrodynamic model and an aquatic ecology model of Dianshan Lake,Shanghai,were built using a hydrodynamic simulation module and the water quality simulation module of Delft3D,which is an integrated modelling suite offered by Deltares. The simulated water elevation,current velocity,and direction were validated with observed data to ensure the reliability of hydrodynamic model. The seasonal growth of different algae was analyzed with consideration of observed and historical data,as well as simulated results. In 2008,the dominant algae in Dianshan Lake was Bacillariophyta from February to March,while it was Chlorophyta from April to May,and Cyanophyta from July to August. In summer,the biomass of Cyanophyta grew quickly,reaching levels much higher than the peaks of Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Algae blooms primarily occurred in the stagnation regions. This phenomenon indicates that water residence time can influence algal growth significantly. A longer water residence time was associated with higher algal growth. Two conclusions were drawn from several simulations: reducing the nutrients inflow had little effect on algal blooms in Dianshan Lake; however,increasing the discharge into Dianshan Lake could change the flow field characteristic and narrow the range of stagnation regions,resulting in inhibition of algal aggregation and propagation and a subsequent reduction in areas of high concentration algae.     

Tree community composition,structure and diversity along an elevational gradient in an Andean forest of Northern Ecuador

The Andean forests of northern Ecuador are known for their high levels of plant diversity relative to the area they occupy. Typically, these forests grow on steep slopes that lead to dramatic habitat gradients across short distances. These extreme habitat gradients make the Andean forest ecosystem an excellent natural laboratory for understanding the effect of elevation on forest community diversity, structure and composition. We established 31 plots(50 m × 5 m) which are divided between two elevational transects in the cloud forest of the Siempre Verde Reserve in the western foothills of the Andes Mountains of northern Ecuador. All trees and tree ferns with a diameter at breast height(dbh) ≥ 5 cm were measured and identified. We examined changes in community composition, structure, and diversity along and between the elevational transects and three elevational zones: low(2437–2700 m), middle(2756–3052 m), and high(3163–3334 m). We found four main trends associated with the elevational gradients at this site:(1) community composition differed between the two transects and among the three elevational zones according to N-MDS, ANOSIM, and percentage of shared species, with some species having limited distributions,(2) metrics of community structure showed opposite relationships with elevation, depending on the transect, with the only significant relationship(negative) found between basal area and elevation in the open trail transect,(3) alpha diversity, in general, peaked at mid-elevations, and(4) beta diversity consistently increased with distance between plots along elevation. The complexity of changes in community composition, structure, and alpha diversity along elevation may be related to the heterogeneity of the environment on a local scale, such as topography, soil composition, and even human impact, or to dispersal limitation and should be investigated further. These changes in community composition and the relatively high beta diversity found at this site exemplify the biological complexity of montane forest, reinforcing arguments from other studies on the importance of their conservation.     

发挥核心作用强化财务管理

按照社会主义市场经济发展要求和现代企业制度规定,企业应当是在国家宏观调控下,按照市场需求自主组织生产经营,以提高经济效益、劳动生产率和实现保值增值为目的的经济组织;利润最大化和资产保值增值成为现代企业管理的总目标。财务管理是以提高经济效益和资产保值增值为中心的综合性管理活动,实现企业管理的总目标离不开财务管理。     

一个嵌入系统的设计

系统地阐述了设计一个嵌入系统——机顶盒的软硬件构成，通过介绍机顶盒的软硬件构成，详细地说明了嵌入式系统软硬件的基本组成和设计思路，最后指出了Linux在嵌入式系统中的运用前景。     

Adjoint Assimilation in Marine and an Example of Application

This paper aims at a review of the work carried out to date on the adjoint assimilation of data in marine ecosystem models since 1995. The structure and feature of the adjoint assimilation in marine ecosystem models are also introduced. To illustrate the application of the adjoint technique and its merits, a 4-variable ecosystem model coupled with a 3-D physical model is established for the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The chlorophyll concentration data derived from the SeaWiFS ocean colour data are assimilated in the model with the technique. Some results are briefly presented.     

做好土地集约利用这篇大文章

土地集约利用已成为经济发展中一个重要课题，同时也是当前国土资源部门必须要做好的一篇大文章。     

群的R-根(英文)

建立了任意群的R-根的存在性并且指出它就是某种类型素正规子群的交;利用群的R.根给出了一些群类的结构性定理.     

Characteristics and failure mechanism of an ancient earthquake-induced landslide with an extremely wide distribution area

The Lamuajue landslide is located in Lamuajue village on the right bank of the Meigu River,Sichuan Province, China. This landslide is an ancient landslide with an extremely wide distribution area,covering an area of 19 km~2 with a maximum width of5.5 km and an estimated residual volume of 3×10~8 m~3.The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics and failure mechanism of this landslide. In this study,based on field investigations,aerial photography, and profile surveys, the boundary,lithology, structure of the strata, and characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined. A gently angled weak interlayer consisting of shale was the main factor contributing to the occurrence of the Lamuajue landslide. The deposition area can be divided into three zones: zone A is an avalanche deposition area mainly composed of blocks,fragments, and debris with diameters ranging from0.1 m to 3 m; zone B is a residual integrated rock mass deposition area with large blocks,boulders and "fake bedrock"; and zone C is a deposition zone of limestone blocks and fragments. Three types of failure mechanism were analyzed and combined to explain the Lamuajue landslide based on the features of the accumulation area. First, a shattering-sliding mechanism caused by earthquakes in zone A. Second,a sliding mechanism along the weak intercalation caused by gravity and water in zone B. Third,a shattering-ejection mechanism generated by earthquakes in zone C. The results provide a distinctive case for the study of gigantic landslides induced by earthquakes, which is very important for understanding and assessing ancient earthquakeinduced landslides.     

在点正则变换下D维谐振子势映射至N维氢原子势

利用在点正则变换下形状不变势的映射方法，给出了D维谐振子势与N维氢原子势的能级和径向波函数之间的关系。     

Seasonal changes of energy fluxes in an estuarine wetland of Shanghai,China

The energy budget and regulating factors were investigated over an estuarine wetland during one year of continuous measurement in 2006.The results show that the seasonal changes of the energy fluxes and Bowen ratio(β) were greatly affected by incoming shortwave radiation and canopy growth.During the non-growing season and early-growing season, sensible heat(H) dominated the energy flux, and β could reach a maximum of 2.5, while during most of the growing season, latent heat dominated the energy flux and β fluctuated from 0.4 to 1.0.The energy budget ratio in growing season was about 0.76, and the value would be higher if heat exchange during tidal flooding was in-cluded.During tidal flooding days, β was slightly higher than that at exposure days in most cases.Vegetation cover seems exert little effect on energy partitioning except in March when the standing dead grass intercepted the incoming radiation that might reach the soil surface and reduce the turbulence between soil and atmosphere, thus suppressing the evaporation from the soil though the soil mositure was high at that time.     

Fish-mediated changes in bacterioplankton community composition: an in situ mesocosm experiment

We characterized variations in bacterioplankton community composition(BCC) in mesocosms subject to three different treatments. Two groups contained fish(group one: Cyprinus carpio; group two: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix); and group three, the untreated mesocosm, was the control. Samples were taken seven times over a 49-d period, and BCC was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and real-time quantitative PCR(q PCR). Results revealed that introduction of C. carpio and H. molitrix had a remarkable impact on the composition of bacterioplankton communities, and the BCC was significantly diff erent between each treatment. Sequencing of DGGE bands revealed that the bacterioplankton community in the different treatment groups was consistent at a taxonomic level, but differed in its abundance. H. molitrix promoted the richness of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while more bands affiliated to Cyanobacteria were detected in C. carpio mesocosms. The redundancy analysis(RDA) result demonstrated that the BCC was closely related to the bottom-up(total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biomass) and top-down forces(biomass of copepods and cladocera) in C. carpio and control mesocosms, respectively. We found no evidence for top-down regulation of BCC by zooplankton in H. molitrix mesocosms, while grazing by protozoa(heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates) became the major way to regulate BCC. Total bacterioplankton abundances were significantly higher in C. carpio mesocosms because of high nutrient concentration and suspended solids. Our study provided insights into the relationship between fish and bacterioplankton at species level, leading to a deep understanding of the function of the microbial loop and the aquatic ecosystem.     

Variations of dissolved iron in the Amur River during an extreme flood event in 2013

As a key factor limiting primary productivity in marine ecosystem, dissolved iron(DFe) export from fluvial systems has increased recently. There is particular concern about discharges of DFe during extreme flooding, when they are thought to increase considerably. An extreme flood event that caused inundation of extensive areas of Far Eastern Russia and Northeastern China occurred in the basin of the Amur River during summer and autumn 2013. During this event, water samples were collected in the middle reaches of the Amur River and the lower reaches at Khabarovsk City and analyzed for DFe concentrations and other aquatic parameters. The results show that the average DFe concentrations in the middle reaches of the Amur River(right bank) and at Khabarovsk were 1.11 mg/L and 0.32 mg/L, respectively, during the extreme flood in 2013. The total discharge of DFe during the flood event was 6.25 × 104 t. The high discharge of DFe during the flood reflects the elevated discharge of the river, hydrologically connected riparian wetlands, vast quantities of terrestrial runoff, and flood discharges from the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs. These results show that long-term monitoring is needed to identify and assess the impacts of DFe transport on the downstream reaches, estuarine area, and coastal ecosystems of the Amur River.     

Cadmium flux and genotoxicity in an experimental marine food chain

Cadmium flux through a lab food chain (Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin- Penaeus orientate Kishinouye- Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks) and its genotoxicity were investigated. The results are as follows:1. High doses of cadmium (>0.003 mol / L) induced flocculation and quick precipitation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum; lower doses of cadmium could be adsorbed on and absorbed by P. tricornutum without delaying its growth. Cadmium concentrations in algae increased with dosage, and cadmium ions removed from the medium were in proportion to dosage. In vivo chelation and organizable combination of absorbed cadmium ions by metabolites of P. tricornutum can be considered as bio-detoxification.2. Cadmium concentration decreased in the transfers from P. tricornutum to P. orientalis and from the latter to H. otakii. Transfer coefficient of cadmium in the first flux was 66.6% and 29.9% in the second. Results of t tests showed that mutagenicity of ashed internal organs of experimental prawns was significantly hi     

一次飞机积冰条件下的云粒子结构分析

为了研究飞机积冰的一般规律,增强飞行安全保障能力,利用2003年9月19日甘肃省人工增雨飞机空中观测资料和机载PMS粒子探测系统采集数据,分析了出现飞机积冰的气象条件和云层微物理结构。PMS探测到云层中云粒子浓度在0．05-5．91个/cm3,均值为0．93个／cm3;云中含水量均值为0．0043g／m3,最大值为0．0233g／m3;在6200米以上,云中粒子浓度、含水量以及平均浓度直径都较大。分析结果表明：飞机出现较强积冰时的温度低于-5℃;积冰出现在粒子总浓度和含水量较大区域,且雨滴浓度和平均直径的增大对积冰的出现具有重要作用;大粒子对发生积冰贡献值较大。     

一个ICAI系统的设计与实现

智能计算机辅助教学系统将人工智能技术引入CAI系统中,可以根据学生的学习特点采用不同的教学方法和策略,并能诊断学生的错误,及时进行反馈信息,提出相应的策略.作者将ICAI的思想与实际的教学工作相结合,为一门课程设计了一套智能汁算机辅助教学系统.     

泰安市泰山区岩溶塌陷成因分析及防治措施

泰安市泰山区为岩溶塌陷易发区。通过对该区岩溶塌陷现状和成因的分析研究,认为岩溶洞隙的开口程度是影响岩溶塌陷形成的重要因素;松散盖层是岩溶塌陷形成的物质基础,而厚度、岩性结构则对其稳定性起着明显的控制作用;地下水动力条件的改变是岩溶塌陷形成的诱发因素。加强地下水合理规划开采,建立完善的监测网络可以有效减少塌陷所造成的危害。