和田市土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系统计分析

收集和田市土层钻孔剪切波速实测数据,按照地貌单元划分,按不同岩性分别采用线性函数模型、一元二次函数模型及幂函数模型等三种模型进行土层剪切波速与土层埋深的统计回归分析,给出拟合参数和拟合优度R2,从而得到和田市各工程地质单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式。并对统计回归分析结果进行了显著性检验,此基础上计算出场地覆盖层厚度计算值,将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值、覆盖层厚度计算值与实测值进行对比,验证统计回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明,统计分析得到的和田市城区各工程地质地貌单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式较为准确可靠。     

北海市土层剪切波速与埋深的关系

收集了2008年以来北海市城区44个工程场地地震安全性评价中的土层剪切波速测试资料,采用幂函数模型分别对粘土、粗砂、砾砂、其它土类的土层剪切波速与埋深进行加权回归分析,得到不同土类的模型参数及拟合优度指标(判定系数R2和误差标准差σ),并对回归方程和回归系数进行了显著性检验;最后将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值进行对比,验证回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明:北海市城区土层剪切波速与埋深呈现出较好的幂函数关系,拟合优度均在0.81以上;给出的土层剪切波速回归关系式能较好地预测出不同埋深土层剪切波速,特别是在土层中部和底部推测结果准确性更高,其推测结果可供北海市城区缺乏剪切波速测试资料的场地参考使用。     

山西大同市区剪切波速与土层岩性及深度关系的研究

在对山西大同市区3个主要地貌单元共72个钻孔的剪切波速资料分析整理的基础上,利用指数形式的剪切波速与深度经验公式,对测点较多的粉质黏土、粉土、粗砂三类土层的剪切波速Vs与土层深度H的关系进行统计回归,并将实测剪切波速值与利用上述统计结果得到的预测值进行对比检验,结果表明,分地貌单元各类土层的Vs-H经验关系是可靠的,符合当地岩土特征,可用于对该地区地层剪切波速进行推测。     

西安市岩土体剪切波速与土层深度关系的研究

通过对西安市3个主要地貌单元共309个钻孔剪切波速资料的分析整理,采用指数和线性拟合两种方法对测点较多的细砂、中砂、粗砂、黄土、粉质粘土、古土壤、卵石等土类的剪切波速VS与土层深度H的关系进行统计回归,得到其经验关系式;将实测剪切波速值与利用上述统计结果得到的预测值进行对比检验,两者差别不大。说明区分地貌单元和各类土层的VS与H经验关系可靠且符合当地岩土特征,可用于西安地区一般建筑的工程勘察与地震安全性评价工作。     

地面脉动在昌吉小区划中的应用

通过昌吉地震小区划中地面脉动观测结果与实测的场地土弹性波速、钻孔资料分析研究认为:地面脉动频谱特征在区域上受地貌单元的制约,在同一个地貌单元,不同测点脉动频谱特性无多大差别,峰值都几乎接近。不同地貌单元,土层类型不同频谱形状也不尽相同。在层状土层组合的场地中,脉动谱形态还反映了土层的结构特征。     

土层剪切波速测试中的不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响分析——以Ⅲ类场地为例

本文选取山东地区2个Ⅲ类场地的工程地质勘探及土层剪切波速等资料,将土层厚度按5个深度段,每个分段给出了4个土层剪切波速的改变量,通过改变不同深度段土层剪切波速,建立了19种土层地震反应分析模型,分析了不同深度段,不同概率水平下土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究表明,不同深度段土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响有差异。具体表现为,土层剪切波速的改变在1—10m、11—40m和地震输入界面处三个深度段对地震动加速度峰值影响较大;其中,41—70m和71—100m两个深度段剪切波速的改变对地震动加速度峰值影响小;在土层深度1—10m时,剪切波速降低,峰值变大,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈负相关;在其它深度段,剪切波速降低,峰值变小,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈正相关。剪切波速的改变在1—10m和11—40m两个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响较大;在41—70m、71—100m和地震输入界面三个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响很小。     

太原地区剪切波速的深度分布

利用太原地区２６个钻孔约５４０个剪切波速沿深度变化的实测燃料，统计给出了太原地区剪切波速沿深度变化的经验关系，据钻孔分布在不同的地貌单元，具有不同的地层特征的情况，对剪切速波沿深度变化的规律进行了分区统计，给出了分区统计结果，这些统计结果可在地场类别确定中用于估计覆盖土层的厚度，即地面至剪切波速大于５００ｍ／ｓ土层的距离。     

土层剪切波速与埋深关系统计分析和应用

一般认为土层剪切波速与埋深关系的回归公式主要用于对当地土层剪切波速值的初步估计。为了提高钻孔波速测试数据的应用价值,基于土层剪切波速与埋深关系的主要数学模型及其拟合参数,推导了场地覆盖层厚度计算公式、等效剪切波速计算公式和时深转换中反射波组埋深计算公式。以河南省长垣县场地为例,采用上述新公式计算获得的场地覆盖层厚度值、等效剪切波速值可满足工程需要。并提出应用这些新公式的步骤为:1)依据场地相关资料划分地震工程地质单元;2)对同一个地震工程地质单元内的钻孔波速测试数据进行统计分析,综合判别和选择土层波速与埋深统计关系的数学模型及其拟合参数;3)将选择的数学模型的拟合参数分别代入上述的新公式,即可分别获得场地覆盖层厚度、等效剪切波速或地层反射波组埋深。     

库尔勒市城区土层剪切波速与埋深经验关系

土层剪切波速在工程地质勘察和地震安全性评价中是一个较为重要的物理参数。通过收集库尔勒市城区已有的土层钻孔资料及相关报告,对收集的剪切波速资料进行整理,挑选出较为合理的土层剪切波速值,并在前人研究和数据整理、分析的基础上,分别采用线性模型、幂函数模型和一元二次多项式模型,对库尔勒市城区的土层剪切波速与埋藏深度关系进行了拟合,以拟合优度为评价指标,计算出了粉土、粗砂、角砾、砾砂、圆砾和卵石的推荐模型参数。最后对结果的合理性、适用性进行了评价。     

苏州城区深软场地土剪切波速与土层深度的经验关系

苏州地处长江下游冲湖积平原,第4系沉积土层发育,土层深厚、松软,远震、大震的长周期地震动对苏州城区的重大工程有可能造成严重震害.结合海侵地质成因,分析了苏州城区深软场地52个钻孔剖面的剪切波速资料,发现剪切波速与土层深度的关系:40m以上浅土层基本符合线性函数分布,40m以下深土层基本符合幂函数分布;依据考虑和不考虑土体分类2种情况,给出了采用线性函数、幂函数分段形式拟合的苏州城区深软场地剪切波速随土层深度变化的经验关系,为苏州城区深软场地重大工程建设的场地地震效应评价提供了有益的基础性资料.     

Hydrogeochemical balance of forest umbrisol profiles (‘Sierra de Gata’, central western Spain)

Three techniques for obtaining soil water solutions (gravitational and matrical waters extracted using both in situ tension lysimeters and in vitro pressure chambers) and their later chemical analysis were performed in order to know the evolution of the soil‐solution composition when water moves down through the soil, from the Ah soil horizon to the BwC‐ or C‐horizons of forest soils located in western Spain. Additionally, ion concentrations and water volumes of input waters to soil (canopy washout) and exported waters (drainage solutions from C‐horizons) were determined to establish the net balance of solutes in order to determine the rates of leaching or retention of ions. A generalized process of sorption or retention of most components (even Cl^?) was observed, from the soil surface to the C‐horizon, in both gravitational and matrical waters, with H₄SiO₄, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, and SO₄^2? being the net exported components from the soil through the groundwater. These results enhance the role of the recycling effect in these forest soils. The net percentages of elements retained in these forest soils, considering the inputs and the outputs balance, were 68% K⁺, 85% Ca²⁺, 58% Mg²⁺, 7% Al³⁺, 5% Fe³⁺, 34% Zn²⁺, 57% Cl^?, and 20% NO₃^?, and about 75% of dissolved organic carbon was mineralized. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用探地雷达检测土壤质量的研究进展

土壤质量的研究正逐步成为国际土壤学的研究热点.探地雷达作为一种快速、无损、经济的土壤质量检测方法,正在被国内外学者所接受,然而由于土壤的复杂性,使得这一技术在具体应用时还存在一些问题.本文从探地雷达检测土壤质量时的方法入手,着重探讨了其在土壤的物理性质、介电性质、有机质检测方面的研究进展,并对检测后得到的探地雷达图像的处理算法以及存在的问题进行了研究,有利于指导探地雷达在土壤质量检测方面的进一步应用.     

Model based analysis of lateral and vertical soil carbon fluxes induced by soil redistribution processes in a small agricultural catchment

Soil redistribution on arable land significantly affects lateral and vertical soil carbon (C) fluxes (caused by C formation and mineralization) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Whether this serves as a (C) sink or source to the atmosphere is a controversial issue. In this study, the SPEROS‐C model was modified to analyse erosion induced lateral and vertical soil C fluxes and their effects upon SOC stocks in a small agricultural catchment (4·2 ha). The model was applied for the period between 1950 and 2007 covering 30 years of conventional tillage (1950–1979) followed by 28 years of conservation tillage (1980–2007). In general, modelled and measured SOC stocks are in good agreement for three observed soil layers. The overall balance (1950–2007) of erosion induced lateral and vertical C fluxes results in a C loss of ?4·4 g C m^–2 a^–1 at our test site. Land management has a significant impact on the erosion induced C fluxes, leading to a predominance of lateral C export under conventional and of vertical C exchange between soil and atmosphere under conservation agriculture. Overall, the application of the soil conservation practices, with enhanced C inputs by cover crops and decreased erosion, significantly reduced the modelled erosion induced C loss of the test site. Increasing C inputs alone, without a reduction of erosion rates, did not result in a reduction of erosion induced C losses. Moreover, our results show that the potential erosion induced C loss is very sensitive to the representation of erosion rates (long‐term steady state versus event driven). A first estimate suggests that C losses are very sensitive to magnitude and frequency of erosion events. If long‐term averages are dominated by large magnitude events modelled erosion induced C losses in the catchment were significantly reduced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土的工程力学性质与其电阻率关系实验研究

建立岩土的工程力学性质与其地球物理参数的量化关系是实现工程物探资料量化解释的必然前提。本次工作在分析影响土的工程力学性质和电阻率的共同因素基础上，通过室内实验，研究了不同类型土的粒度成分、含水率、饱和度、密实度与其电阻率的关系，并在此基础上探讨了耗土的压缩系数、粘聚力、压缩模量与电阻率的关系，得出了一系列的关系曲线及一些拟合公式，并对这些公式的含义进行了解释。     

Erosion effect on the productivity of black soil in Northeast China

Continuous soil erosion has caused serious land degradation in the black soil area of Northeast China. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of accelerated erosion on soil productivity, as measured by soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yields. Eight erosion levels, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 cm, were simulated by imitating the integrated process of natural erosion and tillage activity. Each erosion level had two sub-treatments: conventional fertilization and no fertilization. Soil erosion was found to affect survival probability and to cause remarkable reductions in the Leaf Area Index (LAI), plant height, pod number, biomass, and yield. Soybean yield was exponentially decreased with the increase of soil erosion depth. Compared to erosion depth of 0 cm, erosion levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 cm experienced reductions in soybean yield by 28.8%, 37.8%, 43.5%, 52.6%, 53.1%, 52.9%, and 64.1% respectively when fertilized whereas the reductions at those levels were 32.6%, 42.2%, 53.0%, 54.0%, 65.8%, 69.7%, and 72.6%, respectively, when unfertilized. At the erosion depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 cm, the yield reductions per 10 cm of soil eroded when fertilized were 28.8%, 18.9%, 14.5%, 13.2%, 10.6%, 8.8%, and 9.2%, averaged 14.9%, but when unfertilized they were 32.6%, 21.1%, 17.7%, 13.5%, 13.2%, 11.6%, and 10.4%, averaged 17.1%. The results also showed that chemical fertilizers could enhance the yields of eroded soil, but could not recover the yields to the pre-erosion level. Additionally, the results indicated that the primary reason for the decrease in soybean yield with increasing erosion depth was the loss of soil organic matter, soil N and P. These results may aid in selecting effective soil erosion control strategy, forecasting land degradation, establishing soil erosion tolerance, and evaluating the economic cost of soil erosion in the black soil region in Northeast China Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40471082) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB407204)     

Numerical analysis of the interaction of soil-structure under earthquake loading

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Using fluidized bed and flume experiments to quantify cohesion development from aging and drainage

Temporal variations in soil erosion resistance are often the result of decreased soil cohesion due to physical disruption followed by a regain of soil strength through a process called aging, stabilization or consolidation. The goal of this study was to quantify changes in soil cohesion due to aging and subsurface hydrologic condition using a fluidized bed method. A flume experiment was also used to verify that findings from the fluidized bed experiment translated into measurable changes in soil erodibility. Tests were performed on three different soils (a Miami soil, a Cecil soil and Crosby–Miami soil complex). Changes in soil cohesion due to aging and drainage state were successfully detected by the fluidized bed technique. For all soils tested, cohesion developed in a two‐stage process where an increase in cohesion with aging duration immediately after the soil was rewetted, was followed by a decrease in cohesion which often started after 24 h of aging. When soils were aged at field capacity, the resulting cohesion measured by the fluidized bed method was on average 3.13 times higher than that measured when aging was performed at saturation. Trends in soil rill erodibility K_r with aging duration measured in the flume experiment were consistent with the two‐stage pattern observed in soil cohesion estimates but the legacy effect of suction applied at field capacity faded after 72 h of aging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the impacts of spatial heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties on hydrological process in the upper reach of the Heihe River in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Spatial heterogeneity of soil has great impacts on dynamic processes of the hydrological systems. However, it is challenging and expensive to obtain spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties, which often requires extensive soil sampling and observations and intensive laboratory analyses, especially in high elevation, hard to access mountainous areas. This study evaluates the impacts of soil heterogeneity on hydrological process in a high elevation, topographically complex watershed in Northwest China. Two approaches were used to derive the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in the study watershed: (1) the spatial clustering method, Full‐Order‐CLK was used to determine five soil heterogeneous clusters (configurations 97, 80, 60, 40 and 20) through large number of soil sampling and in situ observations, and (2) the average values of soil hydraulic properties for each soil type were derived from the coarse provincial soil data sets (Gansu Soil Handbook at 1 : 1 000 000 scale). Subsequently, Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was used to quantify the impact of the spatial heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties on hydrological process in the study watershed. Results show the simulations by Soil and Water Assessment Tool with the spatially clustered soil hydraulic information from the field sampling data had much better representation of the soil heterogeneity and had more accurate performance than the model using the average soil property values for each soil type derived from the coarse soil data sets. Thus, incorporating detailed field sampling, soil heterogeneity data greatly improve performance in hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture

Abstract

The accuracy of six combined methods formed by three commonly-used soil hydraulic functions and two methods to determine soil hydraulic parameters based on a soil hydraulic parameter look-up table and soil pedotransfer functions was examined for simulating soil moisture. A novel data analysis and modelling approach was used that eliminated the effects of evapotranspiration so that specific sources of error among the six combined methods could be identified and quantified. By comparing simulated and observed soil moisture at six sites of the USDA Soil Climate Analysis Network, we identified the optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture. Through sensitivity tests, we also showed that adjusting only the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s , is insufficient for representing important effects of macropores on soil hydraulic conductivity. Our analysis illustrates that, in general, soil hydraulic conductivity is less sensitive to K_s than to the soil pore-size distribution parameter.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor D. Hughes

Citation Pan, F., McKane, R.B. and Stieglitz, M., 2012. Identification of optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 723–737.