内蒙古河套平原高砷地下水赋存环境特征

内蒙古河套平原是世界地方性砷中毒较为严重的地区之一。笔者以平原西部的重病区杭锦后旗为研究区,对高砷地下水赋存环境进行了调查研究。研究表明:高砷区沉积物中As的含量为7.7～34.6mg/kg,其中粘性土和亚粘性土中As含量相对较高。高砷地下水的pH值为7.0～8.3,平均Eh值为-155.1mV,平均矿化度为1.58g/L,主要的水化学类型包括:Cl-HCO3-Na型、Cl-Na型、HCO3-Cl-Na型,As的含量为15.5～1093μg/L,且主要以As(Ⅲ)形态存在,水中DOC(0.73～35.76mg/L)、HCO3-(283.75～1290.48mg/L)、NH4+(0.27～10.48mg/L)的浓度较高,硝酸盐和硫酸盐含量较低。研究区的氟中毒现象也较严重,高氟地下水中氟含量为1.11～6.01mg/L。绝大多数高氟水中砷含量也超标,出现了一种高砷水与高氟水并存的现象。综合判断,河套平原的高砷地下水赋存环境处于还原性环境。还原条件下,高砷区沉积物中的铁/锰氧化物的还原溶解易使吸附的砷释放到地下水中。这是研究区高砷地下水形成的主要原因。     

内蒙古河套平原地下咸水与高砷水分布特征

通过实地调查、资料分析和试验测试等方法手段,详细研究了内蒙古河套平原地下咸水与高砷水的分布特征。结果表明:河套平原分布有大量的咸水和高砷地下水,在调查研究区12510.83 km2的范围内,深度在10~40 m的浅层地下水中,分布有淡水1145.75 km2、微咸水9025.51 km2、咸水盐水2339.57 km2,分别占研究区总面积的9.16%、72.14%和18.70%;在淡水区、微咸水区和咸水盐水区,分别存在有233.85 km2、2965.74 km2和997.16 km2的高砷(As≥0.05 mg/L)地下水,占各类水面积的20.41%、32.86%和42.62%;咸水体分别呈南北两个条带状分布,北部的咸水体自西向东,宽度约5~10 km,在东部地区表现为上淡下咸的水质结构,南部咸水体分布在总引水干渠北侧呈东西条带状分布,西部较窄,东部变宽;高砷水的分布有明显的东西分区特征,东部区的高砷水多呈不规则的片状分布,范围较广,水中砷含量差异较小,西部区的高砷水沿山前低洼地带呈北东向的条带状分布,水中砷含量高,分布面积较为集中。研究表明:地下水中的盐分含量与砷含量不存在正相关关系,但是,西北部地区高砷地下水的分布与咸水区有一定关系,认为均受控于构造,而东部地区高砷水的分布则与咸水无关。     

内蒙古河套平原高碘地下水的水文地球化学特征

以内蒙古河套平原西北部的高砷地下水分布区为研究区,通过对区内22组地下水和2组地表水中碘含量的测试和分析可知,研究区地下水中碘含量在27.30～1 638.00μg/L,其中,约50%的地下水样品中碘含量超过我国饮用水的标准限定值150μg/L,约84.6%的高碘地下水为高砷地下水。高碘地下水主要分布于研究区北部地下水水流相对滞缓的平原中心地带,以Cl-Na、Cl·HCO₃-Na和HCO₃·Cl-Na型水为主。研究区地下水中碘的富集有两种机制:浅层地下水的蒸发作用和深部富含有机质的、偏还原的地下水环境中的微生物作用。两种机制相比,后者对地下水中碘的贡献更大些,但前者更普遍些。     

河套平原西部地下水砷富集机制研究

干旱内陆盆地高砷含量的地下水威胁着当地饮用水安全，其形成机制尚不完全清楚。为厘清这类高砷地下水的形成机制，本文以河套平原西部地下水为研究对象，分析其中As等部分氧化还原敏感元素含量和氢、氧同位素组成(δD和δ¹⁸O)。结果表明，地下水样的As的质量浓度为1.5～155μg/L(均值为36.7μg/L),超半数样品超过10μg/L,主要分布于盆地中部的浅层含水层。水样的氢、氧同位素组成和离子间的相关性分析表明，虽然蒸发浓缩作用导致地下水富集Na⁺和Cl^-,但对As的富集影响不显著；在偏碱性环境中因解吸附作用产生的As进入地下水，对As的富集有一定贡献；负载As的铁氧化物还原性溶解和沉积物中的As(V)还原性解吸附是地下水中As富集的主要原因；强还原环境中，硫酸盐还原作用形成的硫代砷可能会促使As在地下水中高度富集。     

长江中游河湖平原浅层地下水中砷空间异质性的同位素指示

近年来陆续有报道发现长江中游河湖平原广泛分布着高砷地下水,鄱阳湖平原与江北平原（古彭蠡泽）作为长江中游南北两岸典型的河湖平原,其地下水资源丰富,但砷的空间分布规律尚不清楚,区域供水安全存在风险.本研究在两个区域系统采集98个浅层地下水（< 40 m）样品和8个地表水样品,通过水化学、氢氧稳定同位素分析,查明地下水中砷的空间分布异质性及其影响因素.研究发现江北平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.65~956.72 μg/L（平均值210.78 μg/L）,高砷地下水集中分布于长江古河道;鄱阳湖平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.09~267.45 μg/L（平均值11.85 μg/L）,高砷地下水仅分布于赣江三角洲局部地区.江北平原地下水δD与δ18O值相对鄱阳湖平原更偏负,且与地表水的差异更大.地下水化学及主成分分析结果表明物源和含水层结构差异是影响鄱阳湖平原和江北平原砷空间分布异质性的关键因素,来自长江物源的古彭蠡泽区域沉积物为高砷含水层的形成提供了物质来源,湖相含水层中含砷铁氧化物的还原性溶解是地下水砷富集的主要过程.地下水氢氧稳定同位素指示江北平原较鄱阳湖平原地下水赋存环境更封闭,地下水循环交替速度缓慢,有利于砷的富集.      

基于随机森林建模预测河套盆地高砷地下水风险分布

河套盆地浅层地下水砷污染严重,对当地居民健康造成严重影响。当前对河套盆地浅层地下水高砷分布的研究受限于采样时间和样本数量,难以从宏观角度对河套盆地高砷地下水的空间分布作出较为全面的评价。本文基于研究区506个浅层地下水样品,以9个地表环境参数为初始预测变量,经过最佳变量组合筛选,采用随机森林建模来产生风险概率,评价了预测变量的重要性以及对高砷地下水的影响。以气候因子为动态预测变量,根据模型识别不同季节地下水高砷的概率分布并制作了风险区专题图。结果表明：研究区的地下水样品砷含量为0.05~916.7μg/L,超标率（砷浓度>10μg/L）为50%;地下水高砷风险区主要分布在河套盆地的沉积中心地带,但冬季高砷风险区面积减少1907km²,占研究区总面积14.14%;降水、干旱指数、排灌渠影响、潜在蒸散、温度是影响高砷地下水最重要的指标。研究认为,河套盆地的气候变量（降水、干旱指数）与含水层砷含量显著相关,控制高砷地下水在河套盆地的沉积中心地带发生季节性变化。     

内蒙古河套平原地下水砷异常分布规律研究

通过对内蒙古河套平原砷异常区的实际调查、现场取样、测试、室内实验以及数据分析,得出本区高砷地下水的分布具有明显的地带性,其中双庙和三道桥、沙海和蛮会、白脑包和狼山、塔尔湖及胜丰5片为高砷水地带,从西向东呈不连续的条带状展布,而且与盆地沉降中心带相一致。同时分析了高砷地下水的分布规律及其与古地理环境特征、地下水环境演化的关系。通过研究,可以看出以还原环境为主的富含有机质的湖沼相沉积环境、特定的地质、地形条件为地下水砷异常的原因。     

大同盆地地下水中砷的形态、分布及其富集过程研究

为查明大同盆地高砷地下水的分布规律及其主要控制因素,对大同盆地典型高砷区35件地下水样进行了水化学特征及形态分析研究。结果表明,高砷地下水[ρ(As)≥50μg/L]主要存在于20~50 m的浅层地下水中,总砷质量浓度为0.56~927μg/L,主要以As(Ⅴ)形态存在。该区高砷地下水以Na-HCO3型水为主,具有明显的高pH值,高HCO-3、Fe2+、HS-质量浓度及低Eh值,低SO2-4质量浓度特征。这可能与微生物催化氧化有机碳的同时还原含铁矿物和硫酸盐的过程有关。PHREEQC模拟矿物饱和指数结果表明,高砷地下水[ρ(As)≥50μg/L]中菱铁矿均为过饱和,而低砷地下水[ρ(As)50μg/L]中均不饱和,且菱铁矿饱和指数与地下水中总砷质量浓度呈显著正相关性,该现象表明微生物还原含铁矿物生成FeCO3(菱铁矿)的过程可能是控制本区地下水中砷富集的主要因素。     

银北平原浅层高砷地下水砷富集水化学特征研究

宁夏银川平原是继河套平原之后,在黄河流域发现的又一个高砷地下水分布区.为了总结其高砷地下水的水化学特征,并探索水化学因素对地下水砷释放和富集的影响机制,本文以银川平原北部（银北平原）作为典型研究区,采取野外水文地质调查、水样采集与测试、砷与水化学组分散点图相关分析及水文地球化学方法进行了综合研究.结果表明,银北平原地下水砷含量在0.2~177 μg/L之间;高砷地下水（大于50 μg/L） pH值多在7.5~8.5,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO₃-Na及Cl·HCO₃-Na·Ca型,E_h多在-200~-100 mV.银北平原砷含量较高的地下水中COD、NH₄⁺、HCO3^-含量相应也较高,而NO3^-和SO₄^2-含量较低.高砷富有机质的冲-湖积含水层经过长期演化,形成偏碱性的中强还原性地下水环境和特殊的水化学特征,也具备极大的砷释放能力.较高的pH导致砷从铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物等水合物或黏土矿物表面解吸.其次部分铁锰氧化物在高pH、低E_h条件下可被还原为低价态可溶性铁锰,从而使与其结合的砷也得以释放进入地下水中.此外重碳酸根与砷酸根、亚砷酸根的竞争吸附行为促使含水层砷的解吸.     

沉积物地球化学特征和土地利用方式对地下水砷行为的影响

银川平原是典型的高砷内陆盆地。然而人为活动及沉积物地球化学条件对地下水砷分布的影响并不清楚。本文选取银川平原北部平罗县作为研究区,在不同研究单元共采集119组地下水样品(冲洪积平原、冲湖积平原水田区和冲湖积平原旱田区分别为54组、31组和34组),分析了其主量和微量组分含量。另在水田和旱田分别钻井一眼,采集66组沉积物(水田和旱田单元分别为31组和35组)样品,分析了粒度分布、化学成分、强(S2)、弱(S1)结合态砷等物化指标。结果表明,高砷地下水主要分布在10~20m深度范围内;冲洪积平原地下水中砷浓度普遍较低,平均浓度1.71μg·L~(-1),约95%的样品中砷浓度在10μg·L~(-1)以下;而冲湖积平原水田和旱田砷浓度较高,90%以上超过10μg·L~(-1),平均浓度分别达到26.6μg·L~(-1)和39.6μg·L~(-1)。沉积物总砷含量为3.94~75.2 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为11.5 mg·kg~(-1),S1、S2含量范围分别为<0.01~0.33mg·kg~(-1),<0.01~19.5mg·kg~(-1),分别约占总砷的0.7%和6.2%。沉积物中砷与铁、锰含量呈正相关,其分布受水动力条件及岩性的控制,黏土中砷含量较高。结合相同深度地下水砷浓度,得到S2、S1对应的平均砷分配系数Kd分别为0.001L·g~(-1)和0.007L·g~(-1)。Kd与ORP呈较好的正相关性,表明还原环境利于砷的释放;PO3-4的竞争吸附也能促进沉积物中砷的释放。在冲湖积平原,同深度上沉积物组成相近的含水层中,旱田地下水砷浓度较水田高,表明土地利用方式对砷的分布和运移也有重要影响。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.