Variations of the Effective Temperature Index (ET) in Kenya

Using the Effective Temperature Index (ET) as a measure of climatic comfort conditions in Kenya, this study analyses its spatial, seasonal and diurnal variations. This index is computed using data collected from 57 weather stations spread throughout the country. Isarithmic mapping technique and the conditioning square method are used in this analysis. The results indicate that there exists in Kenya marked spatial, seasonal and diurnal variations of climatic comfort conditions. A classification of the country using this index and the Terjung (1968) system of climatic classification yields six climatic comfort zones. This type of physio-climatic studies has significant implications for Kenya in aspects such as building, clothing, recreation and sporting. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

上海市检测中心实验室楼宇自控技术的应用

总结了上海市检测中心各种实验室内楼宇自控系统的应用,对普通舒适性新风机组、空调机组以及高精度空调机组等机组的监控原理做了详细比较分析。     

Mapping thermal comfort in Iran based on geostatistical methods and bioclimatic indices

The cognition of thermal comfort plays a pivotal role in human life and activities. Recognizing thermal comfort based on climatic parameters is substantially significant. The main objective of the present study is to map thermal comfort using statistics from 43 meteorological stations, from 1970 to 2013. Initially, according to temperature and relative humidity, annual and seasonal thermal comfort conditions were mapped, and later bioclimatic human thermal comfort conditions in line with spatial factors were zoned based on bioclimatic indexes of Temperature Humidity Index (THI), effective temperature (ET) and Relative Strain Index (RSI). Among geostatistical methods, empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method with less RSME is more efficient. The annual distribution of temperature changes according to spatial factors of rugged topography and elevation, and latitude affects relative humidity. Thermal comfort in the northern and western half of Iran is higher than the southern and eastern areas of the country. Spatial factors of latitude and altitude reduce bioclimatic uniformity and create small areas with or without thermal comfort conditions. Bioclimatic indicators based on air temperature and relative humidity range of bioclimatic zones show. The results of ET and THI divide the whole country into six zones, from lack of thermal comfort to having thermal comfort conditions. Areas of southern strip as well as central and southeastern parts of the country do not have any human thermal comfort conditions in most of the year.     

Wavelet based identification of dominant scales for self-affine road roughness in context of riding comfort in vehicles

We present a simulation based study of multiscale roughness of road surfaces and its effect on riding comfort in vehicles, given the fact that characterization of the measured roughness is important to ensure smooth ride. Self-affine fractals are used to simulate typically measured roughness data. Multiscale characteristics of such surfaces are obtained through varied level of spatial resolutions. The hierarchical nature of the multiscale fractal roughness and their role in affecting the riding comfort is investigated herein. Wavelet transform technique is exploited for multiscale decomposition. Roughness is synthesized from cumulation of scales in a multiscale fashion. Single degree of freedom car model is used for characterizing riding comfort parameters in terms of dynamic response of vehicle suspension system subjected to jerks exerted by rough profiles. The dominant scales of roughness governing the comfort parameters are identified through parametric study. It is shown that not all the scales are equally important in deciding the comfort parameters; rather, these parameters remain nearly intact with the inclusion of only a few initial scales. This facilitates multiscale visualization of roughness data and allows representing the profiles in a precise form by excluding the spurious higher scales. Apparently, it gives an economic estimate of the required resolution in the physical measurement for specific purpose.     

Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran

In this study thermal comfort conditions are analyzed to determine possible thermal perceptions during different months in Iran through the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). The monthly PET values produced using the RayMan Model ranged from ?7.6°C to 46.8°C. Over the winter months the thermal comfort condition (18–23°C) were concentrated in southern coastal areas along the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Most of the country experienced comfort conditions during the spring months, in particular in April, while during the summer months of July and August no thermal comfort conditions were observed. In November coastal areas of the Caspian Sea had the same physiological stress level of thermal comfort as April. The map produced showing mean annual PET conditions demonstrated the greatest spatial distribution of comfortable levels in the elevation range from 1000 to 2000 meter a.s.l., with annual temperatures of 12–20°C and annual precipitation of under 200 mm. The statistical relationship between PET conditions and each controlling parameter revealed a significant correlation in areas above 2000 meter, annual temperature over 20°C and annual precipitation of 200–400 mm with a correlation coefficient (R ²) of 0.91, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively.     

基于栅格尺度的阿勒泰地区旅游气候舒适度评价

气候的舒适度是游客选择旅游目的地的重要影响因素之一,利用1960-2013年近54 a的研究区气象统计资料,结合地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法,并考虑气温垂直递减规律这一因素,分析了阿勒泰地区500 m×500 m分辨率栅格尺度的逐月温湿指数、风效指数、着衣指数及综合舒适指数,通过对4个指数所反映的舒适度和舒适期进行对比分析,发现综合舒适指数可从客观角度反映气候因素对人体感觉的综合影响,能达到较为精准的评估效果.研究表明:阿勒泰旅游气候舒适度变化受当地地形和季节变化的影响较大,旅游舒适度季节变化明显,适宜户外旅游的舒适期短暂.季节变化中,冬季不适宜开展户外旅游活动;春季阿尔泰山山区气候舒适度不舒适,山区以南和西南萨吾尔山以北舒适度较不舒适;夏季分布在额尔齐斯河以北的山麓和山间河谷地区,以及青河县中部和南部,富蕴县南部地区人体感觉舒适,占全区总面积的39.62%,其余大部分区域较舒适;秋季分布在哈巴河县、布尔津县、阿勒泰市南部及福海县中部和南部区域感觉较舒适,占全区总面积的36.79%.阿勒泰地区旅游舒适期为1~5个月,旅游资源的空间分布契合该地区旅游舒适期的区域空间分布,利于本地区进行旅游开发和旅游活动.     

Thermal comfort and forecast of energy consumption in Northwest Iran

Assessing the climatic characteristics and identifying the climatic parameters of a specific region can play a major role in human welfare. Thermal comfort conditions are among the most significant factors of climatic variables in the northwestern regions of Iran due to the considerable spatial and temporal variations and are vital for environmental, energy and economic management. It is therefore necessary to advance our knowledge of the climatic conditions in order to provide an appropriate tool for managing climatic extremes. This requires charting of the range of clusters of the thermal comfort conditions in this region. In this study, the general atmosphere circulation model HADCM3 and the A1 scenario, downscaled by the LARS-WG model, were employed to simulate the climatic conditions in Iran during the period 2011–2040. The data obtained were compared with sampled data from six Iranian climatic stations for the 30-year period (1961–1990). In order to tabulate this comparison, six clusters per climatic station were defined based on intrinsic similarity of data. Results show an increase in the annual average temperature of these six stations by 1.69 °C for the predicted years, projected from the base years 1961–1990. This factor has resulted in an increment of the annual average thermal comfort temperature inside buildings by a magnitude of 0.52 °C in future decades. When the thermal requirements of the studied region were evaluated based on the real temperature difference and the degree of thermal comfort, it becomes clear that apart from cluster 1, the energy required to reach thermal comfort inside buildings will increase in the future. As a result of this temperature increase, an increase of the energy required to reach the thermal comfort is expected. This new methodology is an interesting tool and needs to be seriously considered by engineers and architects in designing buildings of the future.     

Simulation of global warming effect on outdoor thermal comfort conditions

In the coming decades, global warming and increase in temperature, in different regions of the world, may change indoor and outdoor thermal comfort conditions and human health. The aim of this research was to study the effects of global warming on thermal comfort conditions in indoor ambiences in Iran. To study the increase in temperature, model for assessment of greenhouse-gas induced climate change scenario generator compound model has been used together with four scenarios and to estimate thermal comfort conditions, adaptive model of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers has been used. In this study, Iran was divided into 30 zones, outdoor conditions were obtained using meteorological data of 80 climatological stations and changes in neutral comfort conditions in 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 were predicted. In accordance with each scenario, findings from this study showed that temperature in the 30 zones will increase by 2100 to between 3.4 °C and 5.6 °C. In the coming decades and in the 30 studied zones, neutral comfort temperature will increase and be higher and more intense in the central and desert zones of Iran. The low increase in this temperature will be connected to the coastal areas of the Caspian and Oman Sea in southeast Iran. This increase in temperature will be followed by a change in thermal comfort and indoor energy consumption from 8.6 % to 13.1 % in air conditioning systems. As a result, passive methods as thermal inertia are proposed as a possible solution.     

Thermal comfort evaluation in Tehran metro using Relative Warmth Index

Underground railway systems, can generate heat from their operations to raise the temperatures of carriages and the station substantially. This may lead to passenger discomfort and complain especially in warm weather conditions that prevail in Tehran if underground environment is not cooled. Transportation air conditioning Committee of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and air-conditioning Engineers proposed the Relative Warmth Index for thermal comfort design and investigation in subway environment. In this research, thermal comfort at Tehran metro stations and carriages of lines 1 and 2 has been studied using this index. The measurements were taken during two periods of September 2006 and July 2007 at different zones of stations. For this purpose, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were measured at different times. The status of the air-conditioning systems together with passenger traffic was also recorded. A total number of 231 measurements including 114 and 117 measurements were carried out in September 2006 and in July 2007 respectively. The measurements in September 2006 did not exceed the thermal limit. However, it did exceed in July 2007. In comparison, with thermal comfort level of metros all over the world, Tehran Metro stands in an acceptable condition, while the maximum capacity of air-conditioning systems was not used, if so the thermal comfort condition would be better.     

基于DEM的广西旅游气候舒适度时空分异研究

基于数字高程模型(DEM)和3S技术,以广西壮族自治区1981-2010年74个气象观测点的气象常规观测数据为基础,对广西各地区地形下温度、相对湿度、风速、温湿指数、风寒指数、着衣指数和综合旅游舒适度指数等时空分布特征进行分析研究,并结合2015年广西307个2A级旅游景区时空分布进行评价,结果表明:在时间差异上,广西大部分地区最佳旅游时间为1月、2月、3月、10月和11月,此时全区大部分地区气温保持在15~25 ℃之间,处于非雨季期;4月、12月在气候舒适上为较适合旅游的季节;由于广西地处南疆,雨热同期,高温多雨的6、7、8月在气候舒适度上为最不适合旅游月份;就季节而言,旅游气候舒适度排序为冬季＞秋季＞春节＞夏季。在空间差异上,6个月旅游舒适期地区仅占广西面积的0.12%,仅在桂西西林县西面和桂北资源县北面零星分布,没有2A级以上旅游景区分布其中;7个月旅游舒适期地区主要分布在桂西、桂西南和桂西北地区,桂北资源县、桂南博白县和合浦县、桂南贺州市、梧州市均有分布,占广西面积的36.78%,共有72个2A级旅游景区分布其中,占23.5%的景区数量比例;舒适期为8个月的地区分布最广,占广西区面积的63.1%,共有235个2A级以上旅游景区,占2015年2A级以上景区数量的76.5%,主要分布在桂中、桂南和桂北地区。      

京津冀地区城市人居环境气候舒适性评价

京津冀地区城市聚集,目前在京津冀协同发展规划下,随着都市圈产业结构调整,各城市面临大量人口流动迁移,人居环境气候舒适性将影响人口重布。以京津冀地区13个主要城市作为研究对象,根据1951-2013年的气候资料,采用温湿指数THI和风效指数K,综合评价各城市气候舒适度,并加以对比分析。结果表明：近63 a来,本区13个城市人居气候环境舒适性较高;区内各城市气候舒适性分布特点表现为由东北向西南,舒适性呈现降低趋势,河北省内秦皇岛、唐山、廊坊、邯郸等多个城市气候舒适性均高于北京天津两大城市。以全年气候舒适程度由高到低排序：秦皇岛>唐山>廊坊、邯郸、北京 > 承德 > 张家口 > 石家庄、邢台、保定、衡水 > 沧州、天津。这将成为引导人口分流的有利因素,驱动人口高度密集区进行有序合理疏散,缓解北京天津的大城市病问题。     

云南丽江旅游气候舒适度分析

利用丽江1954-2009年的月气温、降水、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等影响旅游气候舒适度的气象资料, 对其进行年际、年内变化规律分析. 在计算其温湿指数THI、风效指数K和着衣指数ICL的基础上, 构建了一个新的综合气候舒适度评价模型, 分析计算了丽江市综合旅游气候舒适度, 划分出适宜于旅游的季节分布. 结果表明: 该地3-11月均较适宜旅游, 其中最佳旅游舒适期为5-9月; 2000年以来, 气温升高、风速降低、降水量减少、湿度下降的暖干趋势, 有利于吸引更多的游客, 并增加了游客在出游期间的舒适度; 冬春季节气温的升高, 使得全年中适宜旅游的时间在增加, 对旅游业发展有促进作用.     

Building vulnerability to debris flows in Taiwan: a preliminary study

In quantitative risk analyses for natural hazards, vulnerability can be expressed as the ratio of reconstruction, replacement or reproduction expenses due to a damage caused by a certain process intensity and the original value of the element at risk exposed. To discuss the building vulnerability under debris flow events, the ratio is mostly related to debris flow inundation height, building materials and building values. Different types of buildings would resist to the impact of debris flows differently, resulting in different damage levels even under the same inundation height. After debris flow events, the damages to a building include the content loss and the structure loss, which is also variable due to the individual building conditions. This study proposes a flowchart to establish building vulnerability curves through estimating the damages to buildings after debris flow hazards. The losses of content and structure are firstly calculated separately to obtain the loss ratios with respect to original buildings. Secondly, by combining the content and structure loss ratio, the building vulnerability function is derived. In this paper, the original building content value was obtained from governmental statistic records and was based on the market price, and the structure value was received from a regional architecture office. The losses resulting from debris flow impacts were synthetically derived following field surveys. To combine the content and structure losses, a unit building with a floor area of 60?m² was assumed. The result shows that due to a higher percentage of content value compared with the total building value, the loss ratio resulting from debris flows in Taiwan is higher compared with European studies, in particular with respect to high-frequency but low-magnitude events. The concept of obtaining building vulnerability is particularly suitable for regions where well-documented building loss records are unavailable.     

Advances on Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions at Home and Abroad

The evaluation of bioclimatic comfort conditions has very important theoretical meaning and practical value, not only beacause it can help travelers choose their favorate holiday destinations, but also because it can provide scientific foundation for the assessment of urban living environment. It has become a hot topic recently, driven by the flourishing tourism and the improvement of people’s living standard. The research history on assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions, which may date back almost a century, is divided into three peroids based on a detailed survey of literature related to this topic over the past century. The infulential assessment models in each period are introduced. The historical background, basic idea and applicable conditions for each model are described in detail. The research shows that: ①bioclimatic comfort assessment models have been evolved from simple empirical models limited to space and time into complicated, impersonal, and universal energy balance models, which shows the trend of sophistication and objectivity; ②Today, empirical models are still widely used for the assessment of comfortable climates in China, and thus it is important to select the appropriate ones to make sure they are good for use for a study area or in a particular season; ③there are some problems calling for immediate resolution, such as to develop universal assessment models as well as to explore fine scale assessment techniques; ④the evaluation on featured comfortable climates, which might expand the study area of comfortable climates assessment, is an important research direction in the future.     

中新天津生态城零能耗绿色建筑的整合设计及技术集成

本项目的意义在于通过超低能耗绿色建筑的技术集成研究,因地制宜地为气候寒冷地区探索出超低能耗绿色建筑设计体系、基准建筑能耗指标体系、绿色建筑节能技术体系、超低能耗建筑运行管理体系等,实施示范项目达到建筑现场年度能耗为零,并分别申报国内外四项绿色建筑评价标识的最高奖项,为本地区绿色建筑开发建设提供技术参考,进而为城市建设的可持续发展提供积极的探讨和典型示范,为城市的开发建设提供技术、管理、政策等方面的参考。     

Numerical investigation of the failure of a building in Shanghai,China

The overturning failure of a 13 storey residential building in Shanghai, China, has been investigated by plane strain finite element analysis (FEA). The results of the FEA indicate that ultimate failure of the building was probably initiated by the formation of tensile cracking in the reinforced concrete piles located under the side of the building adjacent to an excavation. This eventually led to complete structural failure of the piles located along the excavation side, which probably caused further settlement of the building, leading eventually to a toppling failure resulting in overturning of the entire building. Excessive tensile stress in the piles was probably caused by the combination of excavation of soil at one side of the building and the temporary dumping of the excavated soil on the opposite side of the building. It is likely that the effect of temporary dumping of the excavated soil adjacent to the building was either not considered or not properly taken into account in the foundation design nor the construction operations. A simple but important lesson to be draw from this failure is the need for engineers who design foundations in soft soil regions to consider not only the final loading conditions, but also any temporary and transient loading conditions during the construction process.     

VVVF变频器在电梯系统改造中的应用

采用交流变频调速器（ＶＶＶＦ变频器）对继电器控制方式的电梯（如：交流双速梯、交流调整梯、直流梯等）进行改造,对改善电梯的运行性能、社会性能、乘坐舒适感、节能等方面有极大的优越性,代表了当今电梯系统改造的主流方向,本文介绍了ＶＶＶＦ变频器在高层电梯系统改造中的实际应用。     

大亚湾核电站建筑物变形规律的研究

通过广东大亚湾核电站建筑物的几次实地变形监测，以及收集到的有关变形监测资料，经过数据处理与变形分析，总给出大亚湾核电站建筑物的变形规律。结果表明：核电站是安全的，其水平位移、沉降量符合客观规律，属正常的形变，为今后解决核电站建筑物变形观测问题提供了可靠的依据。     

数字地质调查系统中空间数据库建库流程 关键技术的解决方案

空间数据库建库流程是数字地质调查系统总体技术流程的一个重要组成部分。针对地质人员实际工作量等方面的几个关键技术问题提出了详细的解决方案．并在数字地质调查系统的软件系统中以辅助建库工具、辅助检查工具、数据检索工具的形式加以实现。为建库提供了技术保障,保证了数据的质量,有效地提高了地质人员对地质调查系统的应用能力和建库的效率。