近千年东亚夏季风演变*

在分析东亚地区夏季海平面气压场与中国东部6区域干湿指数关系的基础上,重建了公元960—2000年近千年东亚地区夏季海平面气压场的格点资料,并对重建效果进行了检验。同时,依据重建的海平面气压场资料定义了近千年东亚夏季风强度指数,探讨了近千年东亚夏季风的变化特征。结果表明：（1）重建的近千年东亚地区的海平面气压场具有一定的可信度,它为研究更长时间尺度的东亚夏季风变化特征提供了基础;（2）东亚夏季风指数存在60～70 a、30～40 a、10～20 a的显著周期变化;（3）近千年东亚夏季风的强度指数主要经历过9次明显的趋势突变。其中,13世纪30年代东亚夏季风的强度指数经历了最显著的振动。     

Interaction Between the Enso and Asian Monsoon Recorded in Dasuopu Ice Core From Himalayas

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ENSO AND ASIAN MONSOON RECORDED IN DASUOPU ICE CORE FROM HIMALAYAS     

Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation during crystallization of mirabilite and ice

The equilibrium fractionation factors between mirabilite (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O) and saturated sodium sulphate solution at 25°C and 0°C and between ice and 2·5 molal sodium chloride solution at ?10°C have been measured. For mirabilite, the deuterium factors are 1·017 and 1·019, and the oxygen-18 factors are 1·0014 and 1·0020 at 25°C and 0°C, respectively. For ice, the factors are 1·024 for deuterium and 1·0022 for oxygen-18 at ?10°C. These fractionation factors are used to estimate the fractionation factors between ice and mirabilite and concentrated sea water at ?10°C. It is concluded that the average binding strengths of hydrogen in ice and mirabilite are very similar.     

Environmental changes in the northern Altai during the last millennium documented in Lake Teletskoye pollen record

A high-resolution pollen record from Lake Teletskoye documents the climate-related vegetation history of the northern Altai Mountain region during the last millennium. Siberian pine taiga with Scots pine, fir, spruce, and birch dominated the vegetation between ca. AD 1050 and 1100. The climate was similar to modern. In the beginning of the 12th century, birch and shrub alder increased. Lowered pollen concentrations and simultaneous peaks in herbs (especially Artemisia and Poaceae), ferns, and charcoal fragments point to colder and more arid climate conditions than before, with frequent fire events. Around AD 1200, regional climate became warmer and more humid than present, as revealed by an increase of Siberian pine and decreases of dry herb taxa and charcoal contents. Climatic conditions were rather stable until ca. AD 1410. An increase of Artemisia pollen may reflect slightly drier climate conditions between AD 1410 and 1560. Increases in Alnus, Betula, Artemisia, and Chenopodiaceae pollen and in charcoal particle contents may reflect further deterioration of climate conditions between AD 1560 and 1810, consistent with the Little Ice Age. After AD 1850 the vegetation gradually approached the modern one, in conjunction with ongoing climate warming.     

Correlation of Swedish glacial varves with the Greenland (GRIP) oxygen isotope record

A mean varve thickness curve has been constructed for a part of the Swedish varve chronology from the northwestern Baltic proper. The mean varve thickness curve has been correlated with the δ¹⁸O record from the GRIP ice-core using the Younger Dryas–Preboreal climate shift. This climate shift was defined by pollen analyses. The Scandinavian ice-sheet responded to a warming at the end of the Younger Dryas, ca. 10995 to 10700 clay-varve yr BP. Warming is recorded as a sequence of increasing mean varve thickness and ice-rafted debris suggesting intense calving of the ice front. The Younger Dryas–Preboreal climatic shift is dated to ca. 10650 clay-varve yr BP, about 40 yr after the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake. Both the pollen spectra and a drastic increase in varve thickness reflect this climatic shift. A climate deterioration, correlated with the Preboreal oscillation, is dated to ca. 10440 to 10320 clay-varve yr BP and coincides with the brackish water phase of the Yoldia Sea stage. The ages of the climatic oscillations at the Younger Dryas–Preboreal transition show an 875 yr discrepancy compared with the GRIP record, suggesting a large error in the Swedish varve chronology in the part younger than ca. 10300 clay-varve yr BP. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过去千年年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化的模拟分析

利用通用地球系统模式过去千年集成（CESM-LME）试验数据,在验证模式模拟能力的基础上,分析了过去千年（850~1849年）年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系。总体上,东亚夏季风在过去千年逐渐减弱,并伴随着年代际和百年尺度波动。在变化趋势上,过去千年土地利用不断增加、后期火山爆发偏多和地球轨道参数变化联合引起欧亚大陆中高纬表面温度降低、东亚区域海陆热力差异减小,东亚夏季风相应减弱;在年代际尺度上,东亚夏季风变化与太平洋年代际振荡有关,后者通过影响北太平洋和中国东部表面温度来改变东亚区域海陆热力差异和夏季风强度;百年尺度东亚夏季风波动受多种因子共同调制,期间欧亚大陆中高纬和北太平洋表面温度变化明显。与此同时,过去千年东亚夏季风逐渐减弱伴随着中国东部降水由南向北呈现负—正—负的变化趋势;在年代际和百年尺度上,东亚夏季风偏强时,中国东部降水表现为南旱北涝型分布。

     

Correlation of stadial and interstadial events in the south Swedish glacial varves with the GRIP oxygen isotope record

A number of correlated varve sequences from the local varve chronology in southeastern Sweden have been selected to make a 1040 varve years long mean varve thickness curve. Pollen analyses were carried out over an interval of 373 varve years in the northern part of the study area. The pollen stratigraphical data have been divided into local pollen assemblage zones which have been correlated with the radiocarbon-dated regional pollen assemblage zones. Based on variations in herb and tree pollen content of the analysed varve sequences, it has been possible to identify well-documented lateglacial pollen zones for southern Sweden, i.e. the Bölling interstadial (GI-1e), the Older Dryas cold event (GI-1d) and the early part of the Alleröd interstadial (GI-1c). The event stratigraphy in this study, based on varying varve thicknesses and the composition of the pollen flora in the varves, has been correlated with the oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the GRIP ice-core on Greenland between 13600 and 14400 GRIP ice-core years BP. It is concluded that five decadal warm events and one centennial warm event (15–60 and 100 varve years long, respectively) occur in the clay varve record along with one centennial cold event (150 varve years long), the Older Dryas (GI-1d).     

末次冰盛期东亚夏季风变化的重庆石笋记录

基于重庆小山岩洞XSY1石笋的5个²³⁰Th年龄和582个氧同位素数据,重建了23134~19345 a B.P.期间分辨率约6.5 a的东亚夏季风变化历史。此石笋δ¹⁸O记录的长期趋势逐渐负偏,在其上叠加了一系列千年-百年尺度季风振荡,呈现为4谷3峰的结构形态。重庆XSY1和南京MSD石笋δ¹⁸O记录在数百年尺度的反相关系表明冰盛期时东亚大陆东部水汽并非来自印度洋。与北高纬记录对比显示东亚季风的增强与减弱基本对应格陵兰温度的升高与降低时期,暗示在冰量最大时期东亚季风与北高纬气候仍密切联系。此外,XSY1的δ¹⁸O与冰芯¹⁰Be通量亦存在明显的对应关系,表明太阳活动对东亚季风的调控作用受冰量边界条件影响较小。功率谱分析结果显示出1011 a、722 a、460 a、337 a和163 a的周期,与太阳活动周期相近,进一步确认太阳活动对东亚季风的驱动作用。石笋XSY1与澳大利亚石笋MC-S2 δ¹⁸O记录在千年尺度呈反相位变化,表明冰盛期时东亚季风与全球其他气候系统的动力联系。

     

Accretion of extraterrestrial matter during the last 80 million years and its effect on the marine osmium isotope record

The flux of particulate extraterrestrial (ET) matter to the deep-sea has been calculated using a four-component mixing model based on osmium concentrations and isotope ratios in slowly accumulating pelagic sediments from the Pacific Ocean. Nineteen published bulk-leach osmium isotope data pairs that cover the last 80 million years have been used for the calculation. The calculated annual particulate flux, averaged over several 100 ka by slow accumulation and bioturbation, ranges from ∼18,000 to ∼67,000 tons, with a mean value of ∼37,000 ± 13,000 tons. The data indicate no significant variability in the flux with time, except at the K-T boundary and are thus compatible with results based on Ir accumulation in deep-sea sediments. The inferred constancy of the ET matter flux is in contrast to recent results based on the ET ³He flux that integrates only a small size fraction of the entire ET matter flux. ³He data indicate variability by a factor of 6 over the past 70 Ma and a fivefold increase in the ET flux between 3 Ma and 1 Ma that is not seen in the bulk ET matter flux based on osmium isotope data.The apparent constancy of the cosmic matter flux over the past 80 Ma stands in marked contrast to the dynamic nature of the marine osmium isotope record and indicates that dissolution of cosmic matter does not drive changes in this record, except at the K-T boundary. A comparison between osmium isotope and Ir data from two pelagic sediment cores from the Pacific (DSDP Site 596 and LL44-GPC3) indicates that the seawater-soluble fraction of ET Os cannot exceed ∼36 kg/a and most likely is significantly smaller. The maximum value of 36 kg/a can account for approximately one half of the seawater-soluble ET matter flux necessary to balance the radiogenic continental runoff of Os without any additional unradiogenic source. Simple mass balance calculations indicate that an additional unradiogenic source of Os to the oceans, most likely alteration of oceanic crust, is required to balance the present-day seawater osmium-isotopic composition. This source is probably more important in balancing radiogenic continental runoff than is dissolution of cosmic matter in seawater.     

Diatom record from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, during the last 1 Ma: The results from the HDP-04 drill core

Quantitative diatom abundance and species composition was studied in the longest 81-m Lake Hovsgol drill core, HDP-04. Lake Hovsgol diatom biostratigraphy of the past 1 Ma includes 14 local diatom assemblage zones (LDAZ). Planktonic diatom flora of Lake Hovsgol is dominated by members of Stephanodiscus and Cyclotella. A large-scale shift from Stephanodiscus-dominated to Cyclotella-dominated flora occurred in the mid-Brunhes chron. Significant morphological variability of Cyclotella ocellata complex and Cyclotella cf. minuta, as well as the presence of new extinct endemic taxa of genus Stephanodiscus, suggest long speciation and/or adaptation history of diatom flora. The recognition of taxa morphologically similar to the extinct endemic species of Lake Baikal suggests potential correlation ties between Lake Hovsgol and Lake Baikal diatom biostratigraphies around the MIS 17, MIS 25, and, possibly, MIS 15 interglacial intervals. Narrow peaks of diatom abundance in the Lake Hovsgol sedimentary record are episodic and short-lived. These peaks may represent humid optima of past interglacials and/or interstadials, characterized by elevated surface runoff in the Hovsgol basin and relative highstands of the lake.     

最近880 ka以来黄土-古土壤序列粘土矿物和粘粒地球化学特征及东亚夏季风演化

中国黄土-古土壤序列记录了东亚古气候的演化历史。为获取黄土高原南部地区夏季风强度演化特征,以甘肃灵台邵寨L₉以来的黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和X荧光光谱(XRF)方法分别对880 ka以来黄土-古土壤序列粘粒组分的粘土矿物和元素地球化学特征进行了系统分析。研究表明,黄土高原南部地区880 ka以来风尘堆积序列以伊利石为主,其次为蛭石,含少量的1.42 nm混层矿物(HIM)、高岭石和蒙脱石(含I/S),不含绿泥石;粘粒组分中常量元素含量从高至低排列如下：SiO₂>Al₂O₃>TFe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>CaO>Na₂O>TiO₂>P₂ O₅>MnO。将粘土矿物组合、粘土颗粒显微结构与粘粒组分元素地球化学特征相结合,系统揭示出邵寨剖面中,蒙脱石(含I/S)和高岭石主要来源于原始风尘碎屑,伊利石包括原始风尘碎屑和后期风化成壤两种来源,蛭石和HIM为成壤风化产物。由于含Na、Fe、Mg元素的蛭石、HIM和蒙脱石(含I/S)含量的变化主要受控于成壤作用的强弱,因此基于上述元素获取的粘粒组分的CIW'(CIW'=100×Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Na₂O))和TFe₂O₃/MgO指标很好地记录了古东亚夏季风环流强度的变化历史。研究发现,880 ka以来东亚夏季风环流强度呈间冰期/冰期的强/弱变化特征,在约850 ka、约620 ka、约550 ka、约420 ka和约127 ka等几个间冰期显著增强。

     

西南大别榴辉岩和麻粒岩的氧同位素地球化学

报道了大别造山带西南部湖北红安榴辉岩和罗田麻粒岩的氧同位素组成，并讨论了氧扩散作用对矿物氧同位素平衡的影响，结果得到，红安榴辉岩的全岩δ^18O值为6．4－7．3‰，罗田黄土岭麻粒岩的全岩δ^18O值为6．6－7．8‰，罗田惠兰山麻粒岩的全岩δ^18O值为3．9‰，这些榴辉岩和麻粒岩全岩的氧同位素组成保持了峰期变质条件下的平衡分馏特征，得到的氧同位素温度对于红安榴辉岩425－620度，对于罗田麻粒岩为740－945度。根据快速颗粒边界扩散模型计算的矿物对氧同位素温度不仅与大多数实测氧同位素温度一致，而且与岩石学测温结果相吻合，因此，这些岩石与东大别榴辉岩一样在形成后经历了快速冷却过程，退变质反应过程中没有外来流体加入。     

Decoupling of stalagmite-derived Asian summer monsoon records from North Atlantic temperature change during marine oxygen isotope stage 5d

The Asian monsoon is an important component of the global climate system. Seasonal variations in wind, rainfall, and temperature associated with the Asian monsoon systems affect a vast expanse of tropical and subtropical Asia. Speleothem-derived summer monsoon variation in East Asia was previously found to be closely associated with millennial-scale change in temperature in the North Atlantic region between 75 and 10 ka. New evidence recovered from East Asia, however, suggests that the teleconnection between summer monsoon in East Asia and temperature change in the North Atlantic region may have significantly reduced during 120 to ~ 110 ka, a period directly after the full last interglaciation and corresponding roughly to marine oxygen isotope stage 5d. This reduction may be due to the low ice volume in the North Hemisphere at that time, which makes the millennial-scale change in temperature in the North Atlantic region less effective in influencing the Asian summer monsoon. This is important for investigating the mechanisms controlling the Asian summer monsoon and the paleoclimatic teleconnection between East Asia and the North Atlantic region, and for predicting monsoon-associated precipitation in East Asia under a global-warming trend.     

Reconstructing the last Irish Ice Sheet 1: changing flow geometries and ice flow dynamics deciphered from the glacial landform record

The glacial geomorphological record provides an effective means to reconstruct former ice sheets at ice sheet scale. In this paper we document our approach and methods for synthesising and interpreting a glacial landform record for its palaeo-ice flow information, applied to landforms of Ireland. New, countrywide glacial geomorphological maps of Ireland comprising >39,000 glacial landforms are interpreted for the spatial, glaciodynamic and relative chronological information they reveal. Seventy one ‘flowsets’ comprising glacial lineations, and 19 ribbed moraine flowsets are identified based on the spatial properties of these landforms, yielding information on palaeo-ice flow geometry. Flowset cross-cutting is prevalent and reveals a highly complex flow geometry; major ice divide migrations are interpreted with commensurate changes in the flow configuration of the ice sheet. Landform superimposition is the key to deciphering the chronology of such changes, and documenting superimposition relationships yields a relative ‘age-stack’ of all Irish flowsets. We use and develop existing templates for interpreting the glaciodynamic context of each flowset – its palaeo-glaciology. Landform patterns consistent with interior ice sheet flow, ice stream flow, and with time-transgressive bedform generation behind a retreating margin, under a thinning ice sheet, and under migrating palaeo-flowlines are each identified. Fast ice flow is found to have evacuated ice from central and northern Ireland into Donegal Bay, and across County Clare towards the south-west. Ice-marginal landform assemblages form a coherent system across southern Ireland marking stages of ice sheet retreat. Time-transgressive, ‘smudged’ landform imprints are particularly abundant; in several ice sheet sectors ice flow geometry was rapidly varying at timescales close to the timescale of bedform generation. The methods and approach we document herein could be useful for interpreting other ice sheet histories. The flowsets and their palaeo-glaciological significance that we derive for Ireland provide a regional framework and context for interpreting results from local scale fieldwork, provide major flow events for testing numerical ice sheet models, and underpin a data-driven reconstruction of the Irish Ice Sheet that we present in an accompanying paper – Part 2.     

Morphological and sedimentary responses to ice mass interaction during the last deglaciation

During decline of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) down‐wasting of ice meant that local sources played a larger role in regulating ice flow dynamics and driving the sediment and landform record. At the Last Glacial Maximum, glaciers in north‐western England interacted with an Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS) occupying the eastern Irish Sea basin (ISB) and advanced as a unified ice‐mass. During a retreat constrained to 21–17.3 ka, the sediment landform assemblages lain down reflect the progressive unzipping of the ice masses, oscillations of the ice margin during retreat, and then rapid wastage and disintegration. Evacuation of ice from the Ribble valley and Lancashire occurred first while the ISIS occupied the ISB to the west, creating ice‐dammed lakes. Deglaciation, complete after 18.6–17.3 ka, was rapid (50–25 m a^?1), but slower than rates identified for the western ISIS (550–100 m a^?1). The slower pace is interpreted as reflecting the lack of a calving margin and the decline of a terrestrial, grounded glacier. Ice marginal oscillations during retreat were probably forced by ice‐sheet dynamics rather than climatic variation. These data demonstrate that large grounded glaciers can display complex uncoupling and realignment during deglaciation, with asynchronous behaviour between adjacent ice lobes generating complex landform records.

     

Loess stratigraphy of the Lanzhou profile and its comparison with deep-sea sediment and ice core record

After summarizing the results of Quaternary climatic fluctuations in China, authors describe the significance of the Lanzhou loess and paleosol sequence in Quaternary studies. In the Lanzhou area the loess sequence attains 400 m thickness, inwhich five stratigraphic units are identified with at least 21 intercalated paleosols, TL, paleomagnetic and fission track dating techniques have been applied to determine the age of the loess horizons. Correlations are made with the terrace of the Yellow River and oxygen isotope curves of the Pacific deep-sea cores V28-238 and V28-239 and the Vostok ice core isotope curves. The comparative study proves that the Lanzhou loess is a very sensitive recorder of climatic fluctuation.     

Precipitation variations and possible forcing factors on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last millennium

Understanding precipitation variation, drought and flood history, and their associated forcing mechanisms are important to human society. In this study, five moisture-sensitive tree-ring width chronologies are used to represent variations in precipitation over the past millennium on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP). We find a strong coherency between chronologies in the NETP, indicating a common response to regional climate during the last millennium. The first principal component of the five chronologies (PC1) correlates significantly with regional precipitation and can thus be used as an indicator of regional precipitation variations. Dry spells, even more severe than the 1920s drought, occurred during AD 1139–1152, 1294–1309, 1446–1503 and 1708–1726. Previous studies in this area using other proxies also identified these droughts. Multi-Taper spectral analysis demonstrates significant periodicities at 205 yr and 73 yr, plus a range of ~ 2 yr cycles, suggesting possible linkage with solar variation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). PC1 also shows coherent patterns with solar irradiance variation: the precipitation tends to reach low values during the well-known solar minimum.