Predicting salinity impacts of land-use change: Groundwater modelling with airborne electromagnetics and field data,SE Queensland,Australia

Throughout Australia, there is concern that land use change is mobilizing salt stored in the landscape, causing salinity in soil and water resources. Salt in the landscape becomes a salinity risk only if it is mobilized by groundwater movement. A combination of modelled groundwater behaviour under various land uses with three-dimensional salt-load maps developed from airborne electromagnetic survey (AEM) provides a practical tool to assess potential salt movement.AEM survey of the country around St. George, SE Queensland, revealed a potential salinity threat: significant salt stores in the uplands adjacent to flood plains which support important irrigation developments and which drain to the Darling River system. A conceptual model of the regional hydrogeology was built upon three-dimensional AEM data, an investigation-drilling program, and direct field measurement of hydraulic conductivities. This information was incorporated in a Flowtube groundwater model and groundwater responses to five different land management options were tested over a 100-year period. Surface water storage on relatively permeable soils and continuous irrigated cotton both resulted in water tables reaching the soil surface; rain-fed wheat and pasture both resulted in a raised watertable, but both established a new equilibrium without the water table reaching the ground surface.     

Assessment of surface and subsurface waterlogging,water level fluctuations,and lithological variations for evaluating groundwater resources in Ganga Plains

Abstract

In the present study, the multi-temporal satellite images of IRS P6 LISS III were used to map waterlogging dynamics over different seasons. An area of 594.36 km² (6.75%) and 4.17 km² (0.04%) was affected by surface waterlogging during pre and postmonsoon season, respectively. The average annual groundwater level fluctuations were calculated using 18 years (1990–2007) pre and postmonsoon groundwater level data to identify the areas which are under groundwater induced waterlogging conditions. The soil map clearly indicates that salinity and sodicity exhibit the highest severity and occur in areas with shallow groundwater levels. The hydrogeomorphical units mapped using IRS P6 LISS III satellite images are flood plain, alluvial plain, paleochannels, and oxbow lakes. The study revealed that 44.65% areas have very good to excellent groundwater resources. The litholog data clearly indicate an alternating sequence of clay and sand in which deep aquifers made up of coarse sand would be best suited for adequate water supply and good groundwater quality. The integrated study utilizing digital spatial data pertaining to waterlogging, soil salinity, water level fluctuation, and lithological variation proved that planning of any surface and subsurface water resources development activity should be taken up after assessments of said parameters.     

Dependence of Waterline Mapping on Radar Frequency Used for SAR Images in Intertidal Areas

Waterline detection in the intertidal areas was investigated through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and field measurements. Two valuable facts were found in this letter: 1) A discrepancy of waterlines between L- and P-band airborne SAR images was discovered and investigated through precise global positioning system measurements and the theory of the SAR imaging mechanism. In the intertidal areas having low slopes, the Bragg waves resonant with the radar signal can reside in different depths depending on the radar frequency, with the result that the boundary between water and land can be mapped differently in the respective SAR images. 2) Intertidal areas covered with a water film present low radar backscatter in SAR images, which can cause mislocation of waterlines     

基于体绘制的海洋温盐空间分布探究

将体绘制技术应用于探究海洋温盐的空间分布特征。提出一种二维颜色传递函数的设计方法,在该颜色空间中根据颜色色调差异判断海水温度的高低,根据颜色亮度的差异判断海水盐度的高低。采用太平洋中部海域的温盐数据进行分析,结果表明,这种可视化方法在三维空间中展示了海洋温度和盐度的分布特征,为探究两者的空间分布关系提供了支持。     

数字正射影像结合LiDAR数据在山区测绘中的应用

随着信息化社会的到来,现代水利测绘已经由传统测绘向信息化测绘发展,无人机技术应用于测绘行业推进了信息化测绘进程。本文探讨了如何有效利用无人机技术解决测绘领域在山区遇到的问题。固定翼无人机能及时获取地面数字正射影像数据,捕获裸露地面的平面和高程,但是无法获取植被覆盖下的地表高程信息,因此,本文通过机载激光雷达获取植被覆盖下的LiDAR点云数据;将二者数据相结合,再通过EPS软件生成三维地表模型,可以快速获取任何测区地物和地形数据,不仅提高了工作效率,还降低了外业劳动强度。     

A LiDAR–optical data fusion approach for identifying and measuring small stream impoundments and dams

This article outlines a semi‐autonomous approach for using a fusion of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and optical remote sensing data to identify and measure small impoundments (SIs) and their dams. Quantifying such water bodies as hydrologic network features is critical for ecosystem and species conservation, emergency management, and water resource planning; however, such features are incompletely mapped at national and state levels. By merging an airborne LiDAR‐derived point cloud with a normalized water index using airborne optical imagery we demonstrate an improvement upon single‐source methods for identifying these water bodies; classification accuracies increased over 10% by using this multi‐source fusion method. Furthermore, the method presented here illustrates a cost‐effective pathway to improve the National Inventory of Dams (NID) and includes a framework for estimating dam heights, with results showing strong correlations between derived dam heights and those recorded in the NID (r=.78). With the steady increase in available LiDAR coverage, the 87,000+ dams in the NID could be updated using this technique, a method which could also be expanded for global inventories of SIs and dams.     

Airborne electromagnetics supporting salinity and natural resource management decisions at the field scale in Australia

Airborne geophysics has been used at the catchment scale to map salt stores, conduits and soil variability, but few studies have evaluated its usefulness as a land management tool at the field scale. We respond to questions posed by land managers with: (1) comparison of airborne and ground-based electromagnetic surveys in the Lower Balonne catchment, Queensland, and (2) comparison with historical and anecdotal knowledge of landscape response in the country around Jamestown in mid-South Australia.In the Lower Balonne, direct comparison between ground electromagnetic survey (EM) and airborne electromagnetics (AEM) showed a strong relationship for both the absolute values and spatial patterns of conductivity. The penetration of AEM to greater than 100 m is valuable in defining hydrological barriers. In the Jamestown area, AEM conductivity corresponded well with specific outbreaks of salinity and observed variability in crop response; local inconsistencies at the ground surface could be resolved when sub-surface data were considered. AEM can provide valuable information at the field scale that is relevant to salinity management. Farmers can have confidence in any of these techniques (historical information, EM and AEM) and they may directly compare or integrate the results.     

Sustainable fresh water resources management in northern Kuwait—A remote sensing view from Raudatain basin

The paper presents time and cost effective remote sensing technology to estimate recharge potential of fresh water shallow aquifers for their sustainable management of water resources in arid ecosystem. Precipitation measurement of Raudatain basin in Kuwait from TRMM data has been made and integrated with geological, geomorphological and hyrological data, to estimate the recharge potential of this basin. The total precipitation in the basin is estimated at 334 MCM for the year 2003. The initial losses are estimated at 78.43% and the transmission loss at 14.866% of the net precipitation.For sustainable management of the ground water resources, recharge wells have been proposed in the higher order streams to augment the Raudatain aquifer in Kuwait. If the available quantity of precipitation can be successfully utilized, it will reduce considerable pressure on desalination, which leads to increased salinity at the coast in Arabian Gulf.     

新一代水文遥感潜力展望

本文从我国水文遥感技术和应用的现状出发,以降雨量估算、土壤含水量探测、湖泊和巨型水库水位监测及大型水体水温监测为重点,阐述了新一代水文遥感的技术动向和发展趋势,点明了90年代我国水文遥感的研究方向。     

Mapping of soil degradation hazards by remote sensing in Hanumangarh district (western Rajasthan)

In the present study, efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various soil degradation processes in Hanumangarh district of western Rajasthan. Soil degradation processes were identified by using IRS-1B satellite image of the year 1998, SOI toposheets, ground truth verification and soil studies. The kind, extent and degree of soil degradation have been mapped in an area of 9703 km². The study reveals that the soil degradation problems were mainly due to wind erosion/deposition and water-logging, followed by salinity/alkalinity, water erosion and wind and water erosion combinedly. Nearly 38.7% area is subjected to slight and moderate degradation, which can easily be combated by adopting the suggested techniques and 17.1% area is free of hazard. Soil degradation processes have resulted in the loss of organic carbon, available Phosphorus and Potassium. Soil degradation due to water logging/salinization has also shown a significant increase in electrical conductivity and available potassium content of soil.     

Three-dimensional mapping of salt stores in the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia: 2. Calculating landscape salt loads from airborne electromagnetic and laboratory data

Salt is widespread in the Australian landscape – in soil, regolith and groundwater – leading to concerns that land management practices may be putting much agricultural land and important water resources at risk of salinisation. Defining the location and nature of salt stores is an important first step in understanding the processes leading to salinity of soils, streams and groundwater resources, and predicting areas that may be at risk. Airborne geophysics can define subsurface salt stores and mobilisation pathways. Airborne electromagnetics (AEM) can map the three-dimensional conductivity structure of the landscape but does not, intrinsically, quantify the amount of salt. Salinity, moisture content, porosity and mineralogy all contribute to the electromagnetic signal, and each can vary significantly throughout the landscape.In the Lower Balonne catchment, Queensland, the relationship between AEM and the amount of salt in the landscape was quantified using laboratory analyses of pore fluids from core samples. A general statistical relationship was established between AEM conductivity and salt load (defined as the product of pore fluid salinity, porosity and moisture content)—with a significant positive correlation although data were generally widely dispersed. Comparison of calculated salt load with borehole electromagnetic logs gives insight into the factors contributing to dispersion in the AEM data.The relationship transforms bulk conductivity to salt load in 5 m layers, allowing the generation of a three-dimensional map of the salt load. This is a powerful tool for identifying areas that may require monitoring and management interventions to reduce salinity risk. An example is given of salt loads beneath an established irrigation area in the Lower Balonne catchment, Queensland.     

Groundwater investigation in semi-arid developing countries, using simple GIS tools to facilitate interdisciplinary decision making under poorly mapped conditions: The Boteti area of the Kalahari region in Botswana

Locating additional long-term groundwater resources in semi-arid regions of developing countries with growing populations is an expensive undertaking. Simple geographic information system (GIS) techniques can be utilised to facilitate efficient application of expensive geophysical techniques and test-drilling by functioning as an interdisciplinary integration and decision-making tool, especially in data-poor and poorly mapped environments where more sophisticated GIS techniques are not applicable. The paper demonstrates this in the context of the search for groundwater alternatives to the dwindling river water supply in the Boteti area of the Kalahari region in Botswana.     

高分辨率机载SAR影像空中三角测量模型

目前,我国西部地区近2000000km2的国土面积还缺乏相应比例尺的地形图,由于西部多云多雾天气条件的限制,采用高分辨率机载SAR遥感影像成为遥感技术测图实施中的重要数据源之一。同时,为了减少地面控制点的外业测量工作,研究如何获取足够数量及精度的控制点也成为当务之急。本文分析了高分辨率机载SAR影像空三应用的条件,并在测区稀少控制点的条件下,讨论DGPS/INS辅助机载SAR影像空三向量模型以及相应的数据处理方法,为机载SAR影像获取地面控制点的实际应用提供理论依据。     

Assessment of soil degradation Hazards in Jalor and Ahor Tehsil of Jalor district (Western Rajasthan) by remote sensing

In the present study efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various land degradation processes with the aid of Landsat TM imagery data of 1988 and ground truth verification. The kind, extent and degree of land degradation have been mapped. In an area of over 4,124 sq. km. 51% was affected by water erosion and 30% area by wind erosion. Nearly 1.14% area is affected by salinity. Degradation due to combined effect of water and wind erosion and water erosion and salinization has affected 8.20% of the study area. 1.53% area is free from any hazard. Remaining 7.85% area comes under hills and rivers. Nearly 44 percent of the affected area is subjected to moderate and severe degradation which can easily be combatted by techniques referred.     

航空遥感技术在合肥市国土资源综合调查中的应用效果

航空遥感技术是城市国土资源调查的重要手段之一。本文简要地介绍了航空遥感技术在合肥市国土资源综合调查中的应用效果, 并讨论了合肥市国土资源利用方面存在的一些问题。     

基于GIS的东营市土地适宜性评价研究

依据土地适宜性评价原则,以山东省东营市土地适宜性评价为例,探讨了运用GIS技术对用地的自然、社会属性进行综合评价的数量化方法,结合当地实际情况,选取了土壤类型、地下水位、全氮、全磷、土壤盐分五个评价因子,各因子的适宜度的确定和各单元因素适宜性的评价,对评价结果进行了分析,提出了土地改良应用的合理化建议。将GIS引入到土地适宜性的空间评价中评价方法更科学,使评价结果能更好地为土地利用和规划服务。     

无人机航空放射性资源勘查环境监测系统及应用

针对目前航空放射性测量行业飞行作业安全风险高,飞行人员易受到安全威胁等问题,综合考虑无人机平台、任务传感器、数据采集处理软件的集成关系,实现包含结构设计、电气设计、控制流设计等多载荷一体化集成设计,研发出一套全新轻便应用型无人机航空放射性资源勘查环境监测系统,使之能应用于大比例尺(大于1:5万)放射性矿产勘查,环境监测...     

船载水陆一体化综合测量系统研究进展

海岛、海岸带等水陆结合部一直是开展海洋测绘的困难区域。近年出现的机载激光测深技术尽管可应用于海岸带、海岛礁等区域的测量,但由于受限因素较多,未能实现我国大部分水陆地形的无缝拼接工作。船载水陆一体化综合测量技术通过多进程网络技术集成三维激光测距、多波束测深、定位定姿等技术,弥补了传统测量方式低效率、高成本、获取水陆高密度的三维空间地理信息困难等不足,作为新兴的海洋空间探测技术优势明显。本文概述了目前国内外船载水陆一体化综合测量系统的最新研究进展,并对系统组成及原理进行了介绍,同时总结了系统的数据采集、处理流程中的关键环节及存在的问题,最后展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment

This is a review of the latest developments in different fields of remote sensing for forest biomass mapping. The main fields of research within the last decade have focused on the use of small footprint airborne laser scanning systems, polarimetric synthetic radar interferometry and hyperspectral data. Parallel developments in the field of digital airborne camera systems, digital photogrammetry and very high resolution multispectral data have taken place and have also proven themselves suitable for forest mapping issues. Forest mapping is a wide field and a variety of forest parameters can be mapped or modelled based on remote sensing information alone or combined with field data. The most common information required about a forest is related to its wood production and environmental aspects. In this paper, we will focus on the potential of advanced remote sensing techniques to assess forest biomass. This information is especially required by the REDD (reducing of emission from avoided deforestation and degradation) process. For this reason, new types of remote sensing data such as fullwave laser scanning data, polarimetric radar interferometry (polarimetric systhetic aperture interferometry, PolInSAR) and hyperspectral data are the focus of the research. In recent times, a few state-of-the-art articles in the field of airborne laser scanning for forest applications have been published. The current paper will provide a state-of-the-art review of remote sensing with a particular focus on biomass estimation, including new findings with fullwave airborne laser scanning, hyperspectral and polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry. A synthesis of the actual findings and an outline of future developments will be presented.     

航空遥感应急监测任务规划系统的设计与实现

为了促进航空遥感资源在应急监测中的共享利用,提高航空遥感应急监测的响应时效,从应急监测任务规划着手,分析了航空遥感应急监测任务实施中可以优化的环节,设计并实现了航空遥感应急监测任务规划系统。