Fuzzy topological relations between fuzzy spatial objects

Fuzziness is an internal property of spatial objects.How to model fuzziness of a spatial object is a main task of next generation GIS.This paper proposes basic fuzzy spatial object types based on fuzzy topology.These object types are the natural extension of current nonfuzzy spatial object types.A fuzzy cell complex structure is defined for modeling fuzzy regions,lines and points.Furthermore,fuzzy topological relations between these fuzzy spatial objects are formalized based on the 9intersection approach.This model can be implemented for GIS applications due to its scientific theory basis.     

Quantitative fuzzy topological relations of spatial objects by induced fuzzy topology

This paper presents a study on the modeling of fuzzy topological relations between uncertain objects in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on the recently developed concept of computational fuzzy topological space, topological relations between simple fuzzy spatial objects are modeled. The fuzzy spatial objects here cover simple fuzzy region, simple fuzzy line segment and fuzzy point. To compute the topological relations between the simple spatial objects, intersection concepts and integration methods are applied and a computational 9-intersection model are proposed and developed. There are different types of intersection, and we have proposed different integration methods for computation in different cases. For example, surface integration method is applied to the case of the fuzzy region-to-fuzzy region relation, while the line integration method is used in the case of fuzzy line segment-to-fuzzy line segment relation. Moreover, this study has discovered that there are (a) sixteen topological relations between simple fuzzy region to line segment; (b) forty-six topological relations between simple fuzzy line segments; (c) three topological relations between simple fuzzy region to fuzzy point; and (d) three topological relations between simple fuzzy line segment to fuzzy point.     

移动目标空间拓扑关系的度量描述

针对传统9交模型对移动目标空间拓扑关系表达及量化描述的不足,基于格网化思想,提出了度量参数量化描述的方法。首先对移动目标和参考目标进行格网化,划分为固定大小的格网阵列;然后利用9交模型确定空间目标间拓扑关系的形式化描述;最后引入内部分量、边界分量、外部分量3种度量参数对移动目标空间拓扑关系进行度量化描述。试验证明,该方法计算简单、直观,能更加有效地度量移动目标间的拓扑关系。     

Interactive analysis of the spatial distribution of disease using a geographic information systems

Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a variety of tools for the manipulation and display of public health data. Few, however, enable users to interactively evaluate hypotheses on spatial trends in disease risk that may be suggested by maps of measures of disease impact. We addressed this limitation by developing a seamless interface between a commercial GIS and a suite of spatial analysis algorithms. Users of the system can utilize the GIS's capability to interactively select and manipulate geographically referenced data and, through a series of pull-down menus, apply a variety of exploratory analysis methods to this information. In the presented application, we illustrate this capability by including algorithms for the reduction of random noise in observed incidence rates, for the detection of unusual aggregations of disease events, and for the statistical evaluation of inferences drawn from spatial trends. We demonstrate this application by examining lung cancer mortality in the state of Ohio. Received: 22 September 1999 / Accepted: 8 March 2000     

Change of geographic information service model in mobile context

IntroductionGreat progress of scientific and technologicalcivilization dramatically i mproves the interactivemethods between people and world. At the sameti me various intelligent mobile terminals spreadInternet over anywhere in human’s life . Mobilecomputing and mobility of computational toolswill reform traditional geographic informationservice model ,combine seamlessly people ,real-ity and digital world through networks each oth-er ,achieve interoperability without li mitation ofti me and …     

Classification of topological relations between spatial objects in two‐dimensional space within the dimensionally extended 9‐intersection model

As an important topological relation model, the dimensionally extended 9‐intersection model (DE‐9IM) has been widely used as a basis for standards of queries in spatial databases. However, the negative conditions for the specification of the topological relations within the DE‐9IM have not been studied. The specification of the topological relations is closely related to the definition of the spatial objects and the topological relation models. The interior, boundary, and exterior of the spatial objects, including the point, line, and region, are defined. Within the framework of the DE‐9IM, 43 negative conditions are proposed to eliminate impossible topological relations. Configurations of region/region, region/line, line/line, region/point, line/point, and point/point relations are drawn. The mutual exclusion of the negative conditions is discussed, and the topological relations within the framework of 9IM and DE‐9IM are compared. The results show that: (1) impossible topological relations between spatial objects can be eliminated by the application of 43 negative conditions; and (2) 12 relations between two regions, 31 relations between a region and a line, 47 relations between two lines, three relations between a region and a point, three relations between a line and a point, and two relations between two points can be distinguished by the DE‐9IM.     

多尺度表达中空间拓扑关系等价性评价模型

本文主要讨论不同尺度下地理目标之间拓扑关系的等价性问题。根据人类认知习惯,得出从大比例尺地理空间中拓扑关系抽象为小比例尺空间中拓扑关系应当遵循的基本规则,并利用模糊函数将这些规则定量化;在此基础上,得到评价地理空间场景中多个空间目标之间拓扑关系在不同尺度下是否等价的综合评价模型。该模型可以用于检验和维护空间数据质量、为地图自动综合提供空间关系处理和评价方法的参考。     

三个目标间空间方位关系表达模型及其GIS应用

空间方位是一类重要的空间关系,它不同于目前研究较多的方向关系。空间方位关系描述的是三个目标间的空间关系,它的理论基础是基于射影几何中的三点共线不变性。本文首先阐述了空间方位的基本定义、表达基础以及它与拓扑关系、方向关系的区别。然后,重点回顾了6种较为有代表性的方位关系描述模型,指出了这些模型的适用性,并对这些模型进行了比较分析。最后,简要地分析了空间方位关系在GIS中的应用前景以及有待进一步研究的若干问题。     

在空间抽象中线状目标间拓扑关系的等价转换

拓扑关系在抽象过程中的等价转换是维护多尺度空间关系一致性的基础。本文以空间拓扑关系组合推理所描述的线状目标之间的拓扑关系为例,采用成分抽象的等价转换方法,研究了线之间拓扑关系等价转换的原则,并绘出了相应的等价转换图。     

三维地理信息应急指挥系统设计

基于GIS构建的应急指挥系统在应急救灾工作中作用日益突出,本文在应急指挥系统功能需求分析基础上,采用网格和四叉树索引技术构建了统一地理框架平台的海量基础地理信息与应急资源专题数据库,采用C/S架构、插件式模块化思想设计应急指挥系统的总体框架和功能体系,为应急救灾的灾前预警分析、灾中灾情评估、资源调度等工作提供辅助决策支...     

地理信息系统专业教学实践与改革探索

本文通过对当前GIS专业就业面临的挑战以及高校地理信息系统专业教学中存在的若干问题进行了深入研究,针对课程体系设置、教学考核模式、实践教学、师资队伍建设、学术交流等方面提出了改革措施和建议,这些措施已在教学实践中尝试使用,并取得了较好效果.     

城市基础地理信息时空数据变化更新方法

针对城市基础地理空间数据时空变化更新特点,该文研究了利用空间信息和属性信息进行变量提取和变化更新的方法。通过使用不同年份的基础地理信息矢量数据为研究对象,采用FME空间数据转换处理系统和Python语言,实现了基于FME、基于空间分析和基于质心的3种空间数据变量提取和变化更新解决方案。对各方案变化更新的准确性和完整性进行分析对比,选择出了最优的变量提取和变化更新解决方案。     

Photogrammetry and geographic information systems for quick assessment, documentation and analysis of earthquakes

After a catastrophe like an earthquake, one on the most important problems is to provide shelter and housing for the homeless. To this end, it is necessary to decide if a building is still habitable, or if it is has to be renovated or even torn down. A prerequisite for such decisions is the detailed knowledge about the status of the building. Earlier earthquakes revealed problems in the processes of documenting and analysing the building damage, as they demanded much effort in terms of time and manpower. The main difficulties appeared to be because of the analogue damage assessments which created a great variety of unstructured information that had to be put in a line to allow further analysis. Apart from that, documentation of damage effects was not detailed and could only be carried out on the spot of a disaster. The aim of this study is to make an improvement, using combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a management and data analysis tool and photogrammetry as a documentation method. Photogrammetric data acquisition is achieved using a CCD camera and the digital photogrammetric software package PICTRAN by Technet. The information system part is the GIS package ArcView by ESRI. The combination of rapid data acquisition and GIS offers a quick assessment of the situation and the possibility of its objective and holistic analysis. This is the prerequisite for a quick initiation of appropriate measures to help people.     

地图综合中目标空间关系维护

在地图综合的过程中,比例尺的变化以及各种综合算子都可能导致目标产生空间关系冲突。以往在对空间关系进行维护时,通常只是对拓扑关系变化进行探测与控制。由于方向关系是人们在日常生活中用途最为广泛的空间关系,研究在地图综合中如何有效维护目标间的方向关系具有重要的科学意义。本文采用定性空间推理的方法,建立考虑目标方向关系的移位安全区,从而可以综合检测与控制拓扑关系与方向关系的冲突及其传播,并就本方法存在的问题和今后的研究方向提出了一些看法和思路。     

网格编程模型及其地理空间信息网格技术研究综述

地理空间信息网格是一种专业应用网格,它具备计算网格的全部功能,重点拓展了广域的空间地理信息服务,因此,网格编程或者说如何在地理空间信息网格上进行程序设计是需要解决的问题.网格编程的共享状态模型、远程过程调用与远程方法启动模型、混合模型等为地理空间信息网格编程模型的研发与应用提供了很好的启示与借鉴.准确分析基本性质,明确...     

概念格在基础地理本体层次构建中的应用

本文通过研究基础地理信息中概念间的语义层次来改进现有分类标准。文中分析了基础地理信息中存在的三种概念间的层次关系(Hierarchy):a-kind-of、a-part-of和appertaining-to;重点介绍了使用概念格的思想获取a-kind-of(上下位)关系的方法,并通过推理得到了基础地理信息概念的语义体系,分析实验结果表明了概念格方法建立本体层次的有效性。     

Quantitative relations between spatial similarity degree and map scale change of individual linear objects in multi-scale map spaces

Quantitative relations between spatial similarity degree and map scale change in multi-scale map spaces play important roles in map generalization and construction of spatial data infrastructure. Nevertheless, no achievements have been made regarding this issue. To fill the gap, this paper firstly proposes a model for calculating spatial similarity degrees between an individual linear object at one scale and its generalized counterpart at the other scale. Then psychological experiments are designed to validate the new model, taking four different individual linear objects at five different scales as test samples. The experiments have shown that spatial similarity degrees calculated by the new model can be accepted by a majority of the subjects. After this, it constructs a formula that can calculate spatial similarity degree using map scale change (and vice versa) for individual linear objects in multi-scale map spaces by the curve fitting method using the point data from the psychological experiments. Both the formula and the model can calculate quantitative relations between spatial similarity degree and map scale change of individual linear objects in multi-scale map spaces, which facilitates automation of map generalization algorithms for linear features.     

3D GIS中空间对象的存储与快速查询

空间对象的存储和快速查询是三维地理信息系统研究的基本问题。本文采用面向对象的方法将三维空间对象抽象为点、线、面、体四类,点对象用一个坐标点(x,y,z)来表示,线对象用一组首尾相接的线段表示,面对象与体对象用三角网表示,然后采用SQL Server 2005来组织存储数据。为了提高空间数据库的检索速度,作者编程实现了线性八叉树空间索引,应用程序采用目前比较流行的ADO.net技术来访问数据库。     

An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: cases with different types of spatial data

ABSTRACT

Spatial heterogeneity represents a general characteristic of the inequitable distributions of spatial issues. The spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis investigates the heterogeneity among various strata of explanatory variables by comparing the spatial variance within strata and that between strata. The geographical detector model is a widely used technique for spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. In the model, the spatial data discretization and spatial scale effects are fundamental issues, but they are generally determined by experience and lack accurate quantitative assessment in previous studies. To address this issue, an optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model is developed for more accurate spatial analysis. The optimal parameters are explored as the best combination of spatial data discretization method, break number of spatial strata, and spatial scale parameter. In the study, the OPGD model is applied in three example cases with different types of spatial data, including spatial raster data, spatial point or areal statistical data, and spatial line segment data, and an R “GD” package is developed for computation. Results show that the parameter optimization process can further extract geographical characteristics and information contained in spatial explanatory variables in the geographical detector model. The improved model can be flexibly applied in both global and regional spatial analysis for various types of spatial data. Thus, the OPGD model can improve the overall capacity of spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. The OPGD model and its diverse solutions can contribute to more accurate, flexible, and efficient spatial heterogeneity analysis, such as spatial patterns investigation and spatial factor explorations.     

城市地下综合管线信息系统的空间分析应用

建立城市地下综合管线信息系统有利于城市建设的有序和稳定发展 ,目前采用GIS技术可以有效的管理来自地下管线的一系列空间信息。本文从系统的基本模型框架入手 ,对管线信息系统的空间分析应用作了详细的探讨 ,并给出了用于空间分析的管线网络追踪方法。此外介绍了该系统在具体城市应用中所要遵循的原则 ,以此试图为类似城市地下综合管线信息系统的建立积累管理、维护和开发的经验。