低频缺失下跨孔雷达包络波形反演

全波形反演方法作为一种高分辨率成像手段在跨孔雷达反演中得到有效应用,但其仍受局部最小问题影响。一个有效的解决方法是为反演提供一个准确的初始模型。但在应用真实雷达数据时,由于地下介质未知且存在低频数据缺失的情况,全波形反演往往难以获得理想结果。为此,使用对包络目标函数求导的方法,详细推导了包络波形反演的梯度公式。该方法与传统全波形反演方法在原始数据低频成分缺失情况下的反演结果对比表明,该方法能够有效还原缺失的低频信息并且对低频缺失数据有更好的反演能力,可以直接为地下介质提供定量解释。     

崎岖海底OBC地震数据全波形反演策略

针对崎岖海底引起的波场传播和全波形反演处理的复杂性,本文提出相应的反演策略。通过对崎岖海底网格特殊处理解决正演和静校正时的地形近似问题。全波形反演采用快速多尺度算法、宽角补偿策略和静校正处理策略。结果表明,该反演策略在大大提高反演效率的同时,能兼顾深部和远偏移距反演效果,并能针对海水误差情况选择策略,在崎岖海底情况下得到好的全波形反演结果。     

基于探地雷达的路基地下异常体全波形反演

路面塌陷及地下空洞隐患往往较为隐蔽且事发突然,造成了人们生命和财产的巨大损失,对于道路塌陷及地下空洞隐患的检测分析显得至关重要。探地雷达(Groud Penetrating Radar, GPR)因其具有精度高、效率快、连续无损、实时成像等优点,是目前城市道路塌陷隐患探测的主要方法。针对GPR传统目标函数全波形反演(Full Waveform Inversion, FWI)中激励源子波估计不准确而导致反演准确性和可靠性降低的问题,提出了一种褶积型目标函数FWI算法。对于路面塌陷及地下空洞2种情况,通过建立合成数据模型,与传统目标函数FWI的反演结果进行对比,说明了褶积型目标函数FWI算法在激励源子波估计不准确的情况下依然可以得到良好的反演结果,验证了该算法的有效性;最后将该算法用于2组不同灾害类型的GPR实测数据中,分析反演得到的地下介质相对介电常数分布情况,验证了褶积型目标函数FWI算法对于实测数据的实用性,从而为路基地下异常体探测提供理论依据。      

基于多目标函数的黏弹性全波形反演

全波形反演是勘探地球物理领域兴起的核心技术之一,不但可以构建地下速度结构,也能够反演衰减参数(品质因子Q)模型,有助于识别地下介质类型和构造(如流体和煤层陷落柱),对煤和油气等自然资源的勘探和开发有重要意义。参数串扰是黏弹性全波形反演的关键难点,受速度误差影响,反演的Q模型会包含非常强的串扰噪声。针对该问题,提出了基于多目标函数的黏弹性全波形反演理论与方法,首先通过旅行时反演速度结构,再通过中心频率目标函数反演Q模型,最终使用波形差目标函数同时反演速度和Q模型。由于中心频率主要受衰减影响,因此,可有效减弱速度误差对Q反演的影响。最后,通过数值模拟验证了算法可有效地反演速度和Q模型。     

Layer-Stripping Full Waveform Inversion with Damped Seismic Reflection Data

Full waveform inversion(FWI) directly minimizes errors between synthetic and observed data.For the surface acquisition geometry,reflections generated from deep reflectors are sensitive to overburden structure,so it is reasonable to update the macro velocity model in a top-to-bottom manner.For models dominated by horizontally layered structures,combination of offset/time weighting and constant update depth control(CUDC) is sufficient for layer-stripping FWI.CUDC requires ray tracing to determine reflection t...     

Some improvement strategies for the time-domain dual-sensor full waveform inversion

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is an effective method in retrieving high-resolution subsurface parameters from seismic data. In this paper, we review the dual-sensor FWI previously studied and present some improvement strategies. We first modify the low-pass Wiener filter to band-pass Wiener filter for time-domain FWI to reduce the overlapped regions. Secondly, we use spectral conjugate gradient method to update the models instead of the conventional conjugate gradient method to speed up the convergence and improve the inversion accuracy. At last, we further improve the efficient boundary storage method which is suitable for the first-order velocity-stress acoustic wave equation to reduce the storage burden. After that, we validate these new strategies for the modified Marmousi model, and the synthetic example shows the feasibility and robustness of these new strategies in terms of improving computational efficiency and alleviating large amounts of data storage.     

气云区全波形反演约束Q场建模技术

复杂的浅层气云使地下波场严重扭曲,地震剖面呈现模糊带,影响工区的构造认识和储层描述。品质因子Q是地震波在地层中的衰减属性,Q深度偏移是考虑了地层吸收衰减的偏移成像技术,是提高气云区成像质量的有效方法;但是当浅层气云和深层底辟构造复杂发育时,常规Q场建模的精度往往不能满足Q偏移精细建模的需求。为解决以上难题,本文创新性地提出了全波形反演（full wave inversion, FWI）约束Q场建模技术思路：基于常规网格层析建立初始速度模型,利用FWI技术精细刻画速度异常进而约束Q模型的建立。这一“常规层析-FWI-Q反演”迭代的技术思路在白云凹陷Q深度偏移成像中得到成功应用,不仅提高了气云模糊区的成像质量,而且避免了油气勘探认识的多解性,证明了FWI约束Q场建模和Q深度偏移技术方法对改善复杂气云发育区的成像有效性。     

基于拟Hessian梯度预处理算子的勒夫波全波形反演研究

构建近地表横波速度模型是煤田多分量地震资料处理的重要环节。相较于面波多道分析法,全波形反演在构建近地表横波模型中具有更高的分辨率。然而,在基于梯度的全波形反演中,由于地震记录频带有限、波场的非均匀覆盖以及双重散射等原因导致梯度算子不随深度的增加而缩放,模型深部参数得不到明显更新。目标函数的Hessian算子包含曲率信息,可清晰预测梯度算子中的焦散现象及双重散射产生的伪影,因此,逆Hessian算子则可作为反卷积算子实现对梯度的预处理,加强对模型深部的照明能力。然而Hessian算子具有巨大维度,对其显式计算十分困难。基于此,借鉴逆散射理论的思想,给出勒夫波全波形反演目标函数的拟Hessian算子的表达式,并提出一种梯度预处理的全波形反演方法。将该方法分别应用于断层模型、凹陷模型以及起伏界面模型的重构试验,反演结果表明:与传统的共轭梯度全波形反演方法相比,基于拟Hessian算子的预处理共轭梯度方法可加快收敛速度,提升成像质量。      

时间域跨孔雷达全波形反演及实际应用

通过对目标函数求导的方式详细推导了时间域全波形反演的梯度公式,并使用共轭梯度法同时迭代介电常数和电导率。将该方法应用到一组合成数据和实际数据中,合成数据结果表明全波形反演能够准确刻画地层结构,精确重建亚波长尺寸异常体的位置和参数信息。实际数据的反演结果证明全波形反演能够反映地层中的细微结构,提供高分辨率的反演结果,其波形比配结果也更准确。     

Fire Danger Monitoring Using ERS-1 SAR Images in the Case of Northern Boreal Forests

Research was carried out to assess the potential of imaging radar systems formonitoring forest fire danger. In Canada, daily forest fire danger ratings are generated by the Canadian ForestFire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS), based on estimates of fire weather indices (FWI) and measured foliar moisturecontent (FMC). To evaluate the potential of imaging radar, an experiment was conducted using test sitesconsisting of jack pine, black spruce and white spruce stands located in the MacKenzie river basin, NorthwestTerritories, Canada. Radar image intensity values from ERS-1 SAR imagery collected over these stands in 1994 werecompared to FWI indices and FMC data. FWI indices were calculated using data from local weather stations.Seasonal trends in radar backscatter (⁰) were shown to correlate with temperature and precipitation. Significant relationships were found between ⁰ and FWI codes and indices, particularly in thecase of the black spruce stands, with slow-drying fuels, like duff moisture code (DMC), drought code (DC), and build-upindex (BUI). Rates of changes in ⁰were related to rates of changes in FMC, particularly in the case ofthe jack pine stands for old FMC and in the case of white spruce stands for composite FMC.     

Acceleration strategies for elastic full waveform inversion workflows in 2D and 3D

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is one of the most challenging procedures to obtain quantitative information of the subsurface. For elastic inversions, when both compressional and shear velocities have to be inverted, the algorithmic issue becomes also a computational challenge due to the high cost related to modelling elastic rather than acoustic waves. This shortcoming has been moderately mitigated by using high-performance computing to accelerate 3D elastic FWI kernels. Nevertheless, there is room in the FWI workflows for obtaining large speedups at the cost of proper grid pre-processing and data decimation techniques. In the present work, we show how by making full use of frequency-adapted grids, composite shot lists and a novel dynamic offset control strategy, we can reduce by several orders of magnitude the compute time while improving the convergence of the method in the studied cases, regardless of the forward and adjoint compute kernels used.     

互相关与最小二乘加权目标函数全波形反演

全波形反演是一个高度非线性的优化问题,当地震数据中缺少低频成分而初始速度与真实速度相差较远时,反演容易陷入局部极小值。笔者提出一种新的目标函数,将模拟地震记录和观测记录的归一化互相关与最小二乘结合。互相关侧重相位匹配,具有更强的线性,能减弱"跳周"现象。通过设置权重因子,在反演前期利用互相关先恢复低波数的背景速度模型,再加入最小二乘约束恢复高波数的模型细节。数值模拟试验结果表明,基于该目标函数的全波形反演不依赖精确的初始模型和低频信息,向全局极小值迅速收敛,能有效改善反演的稳定性,并获得比基于常规目标函数的全波形反演更精确的结果。     

基于L—BFGS算法的全波形反演Q值方法研究

估计地层品质因子Q对描述地下构造分布和油气预测都有着重要的意义。考虑到地震波在介质中传播时的黏滞吸收作用,笔者选择2D黏滞性声波方程全波形反演,将观测波场与正演模拟计算得到的波场构建一个目标函数,引入L--BFGS算法反演出地层品质因子。将该方法应用于异常体模型和Marmousi模型测试,结果均表明反演的模型与理论模型的相对误差较小,计算精度高,反演效果好。     

基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域二维黏滞声波方程全波形反演

全波形反演方法利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,巨大的计算量是阻碍其发展的一个瓶颈问题。为此,研究者们提出了震源编码技术来减少计算量,但是此方法在模型更新过程中会引进随机串扰噪声,降低反演结果准确性。所以,在保证计算精度的情况下,本文提出了采用逐减随机震源采样的方法来高效计算全波形反演问题。笔者将此方法应用于频率域二维黏滞声波波动方程全波形反演,开始了在频率域进行随机震源采样类方法的研究,计算过程中共使用了依次增大的8个频率段;并应用Overthrust模型来验证此类随机震源采样法的正确性。实验结果表明：基于逐减随机震源采样法的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.065 65,而应用基于全部震源的全波形反演方法得到的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.064 64,两者差别不大;但计算用时由740 min减少到291.2 min,即计算效率提高了2.54倍。为了更好地确定方法的有效性,将其应用于Marmousi模型进行试算。模型试算结果表明：基于逐减随机震源和基于全部震源得到的反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差分别为0.080 12和0.078 97,相差不大;但计算用时由1 218.9 min减少到274.4 min,计算效率提高了4.44倍。综上,在保证反演精度的情况下,基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域全波形反演方法大大减少了计算量,具有不可替代的计算优势,并且没有引进随机串扰噪声。     

基于L-BFGS算法和同时激发震源的频率多尺度全波形反演

全波形反演可以利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,庞大的计算量和存储空间需求,限制了全波形反演的发展。在频率多尺度全波形反演中将L BFGS数值优化算法与同时激发震源技术相结合的方法来改善这一现状。首先,对Marmousi模型进行了速度反演：在计算过程中明显发现对计算机内存的占用减少,最终反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差为0.095 9,较小;采用10个频带单炮震源正演384炮所需时间约为32 640 s,而采用同时激发震源（384炮）正演一次所需时间仅约为700 s。然后,基于高速楔形体模型进行了抗噪能力研究：原始含噪地震记录信噪比为11.147 3 dB;对反演得到的速度模型进行正演,其地震记录信噪比为22.251 8 dB。最后,基于逆冲断层模型进行了反演速度扰动能力研究,反演得到的最终模型很清晰,与具有速度扰动特性的实际模型非常接近,拟合误差仅为0.036 0。数值模拟试验结果表明：此方法反演精度高,内存开销较小,能够显著提高计算效率,并且具有良好的抗噪能力,能够反演出具有速度扰动特性的介质。     

东海沉积地层矿物研究

本文据东海五口探井的559个碎屑矿物样资料,用主要重矿物的含量及其组合特征编绘了含量变化图,试图进行分层比较。位于西湖凹陷的平湖一井和玉泉1井重矿组合特征可比性较好;龙井2井三潭组以下与上两井缺少可比特点;灵峰1井除东海群外,其余地层与上列3井相比,差异是大的。     

多种生态补偿方案下流域农户生计的响应机制

通过对不同生态补偿方式的对比分析, 可知生态补偿能够在一定程度上提升农户的生活水平, 促进农户五种生计资本的合理均衡分布. 而资金支持的补偿方式对于农户生活的提升最为有效, 技术支持的补偿方式对促进农户生计资本的合理分布更为有效. 从对农户人力资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予资金支持, 从而有效促进农户人力资本的提高; 从对农户物质资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予技术支持, 从而有效促进农户物质资本的提高; 从对农户金融资本的影响来看, 政府可以通过对农户给予资金和技术支持, 从而有效促进农户金融资本的提高, 弥补农户由于实施生态补偿后所损失的利益, 提高农户的生计水平.     

Evaluation of uranium and arsenic retention by soil from a low level radioactive waste management site using sequential extraction

The European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Chunguo sequential extraction procedures were employed to evaluate the retention of U and As by a soil contaminated with low level radioactive waste. Modifications were made to both procedures to optimize the measurement of soil and extractant samples using epithermal neutron activation analysis. Based on the BCR procedure, approximately 20% of the U appeared to be bound to the carbonate fraction, 10% to the mineral oxide fraction and 20% to the organic fraction. In the case of As, the majority was strongly bound in the residue fraction. The results obtained with the Chunguo procedure supported these conclusions to some extent, in that the majority of the U and As was found to be strongly bound to the soil in a manner consistent with its presence in the residue fraction.     

金属硫化物矿石中同沉积组构的成因鉴别

同沉积组构是特定地质环境的产物，在矿化地层中有一定的空间分布特点。对组构进行成因鉴别时，必须注意野外地质产状的调查。在室内，既要对组构中硫化物颗粒的形态特征、排布形式及其与胶结物的关系进行放大观察，还要对一些可能是多解性的组构形态进一步进行测试研究。电子探针可以对其中的矿物颗粒进行成分对比分析，Ｘ光岩组可以测定硫化物晶体的定向特征及其与层理的方位关系。     

Usefulness of geological,mineralogical, chemical and chemometric analytical techniques in exploitation and profitability studies of iron mines and their associated elements

Due to the high number of variables involved in mine profitability studies, it is often very difficult to establish connections among them in order to provide a blend of market saleable quality products. In this sense, analytical chemistry together with chemometry are essential and indispensable disciplines to tackle these studies. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the utility of these disciplines to carry out optimization studies of iron mines. For this purpose, one of the most important iron mines of the Iberian Peninsula was chosen, sited in the mountain range of Sierra Menera, near the location of Ojos Negros (Teruel, Spain). Geological, mineralogical and chemical composition of 148 samples was analyzed, corresponding to different depths of three drill holes (named TE1, TE2 and TE3). In particular, aspects concerning to chemical composition are very important, since the mean contents of certain elements, such as phosphorus, sodium and potassium, should be restricted to the established limits to prevent that companies can drive back the raw material if they do not fulfil the necessary requirements. On the other hand, the large number of analysed samples drove us to use a statistical processing of the data. Among other aspects, it provides a way to find possible connections among a high number of variables and classify samples into compositional groups sharing similar composition, in order to limit the mineralised area and to obtain enough information about the amount of those chemical elements associated to iron ores. Data obtained from all these analytical techniques were in good agreement and provide a methodology that can be of wide interest applied to different geological studies.