The role of social capital,personal networks,and emergency responders in post-disaster recovery and resilience: a study of rural communities in Indiana

The factors that explain the speed of recovery after disaster remain contested. While many have argued that physical infrastructure, social capital, and disaster damage influence the arc of recovery, empirical studies that test these various factors within a unified modeling framework are few. We conducted a mail survey to collect data on household recovery in four small towns in southern Indiana that were hit by deadly tornadoes in March 2012. The recovery effort is ongoing; while many of the homes, businesses, and community facilities were rebuilt in 2013, some are still under construction. We investigate how households in these communities are recovering from damage that they experienced and the role of social capital, personal networks, and assistance from emergency responders on the overall recovery experience. We used an ordered probit modeling framework to test the combined as well as relative effects of (a) damage to physical infrastructures (houses, vehicles, etc.); (b) recovery assistance from emergency responders (FEMA) as well as friends and neighbors; (c) personal network characteristics (size, network density, proximity, length of relationship); (d) social capital (civic engagement, contact with neighbors, trust); and (e) household characteristics. Results show that while households with higher levels of damage experienced slower recovery, those with recovery assistance from neighbors, stronger personal networks, and higher levels of social capital experienced faster recovery. The insights gained in this study will enable emergency managers and disaster response personnel to implement targeted strategies in facilitating post-disaster recovery and community resilience.     

加标回收在水质分析中的应用及回收率计算方法

阐述了水质分析中加标回收分析的方法步骤、条件控制及计算方法。当加标体积影响试样在加标水样中的浓度时,直接使用回收率理论计算公式的计算值,均较其真实的回收率偏低,且其偏低值随加标体积的增加而增大。根据加标回收分析的定义,分别以加标前后被测组分质量浓度(mg/L)的变化或含量(μg)的变化为依据,导出两个计算加标回收率的实用公式。采用该公式,加标体积可以不受严格控制,其计算结果与真实的回收率一致,适用于日常水质分析工作。     

WebGIS技术在地震灾害防御中的设计探讨

从地震灾害防御指挥信息系统中的WebGIS技术研究入手,分析了在地震灾害防御指挥信息系统中采用WebGIS技术对地震灾害防御指挥带来的优势,同时探讨了地震信息采集、信息处理、系统集成发布以及今后对地震灾害评估等一系列过程。研究了基于WebGIS技术建立地震应急防御指挥系统的理论实现过程和方法。通过对地震灾害这一特殊情况的研究,分析研究了基于WebGIS集成应用技术在地震灾害防御指挥信息系统中的优点,对处理其他灾害防御指挥信息系统也提出了一种全新的解决途径。     

Determination of the contributions of true flotation and entrainment in batch flotation tests

Laboratory batch flotation tests were carried out on a deslimed (+6 μm) sulfiderich cassiterite ore, an ultrafine fraction (?6 μm) of a cassiterite ore and a bituminous coal. Chemical conditions were kept constant but the water recovery was varied by changing the height of the froth column and the rate and depth of froth removed. The recovery of the floatable mineral in each system was then found to be linearly related to the weight of water recovered. The intercept of the regression line on the mineral recovery axis, where the water recovery is zero, was interpreted as the recovery due to true flotation. The entrainment contribution was proportional to the slope of the line. In this way the contributions of entrainment and true flotation to overall recovery were separated.     

Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in vegetation recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat data

The 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 damaged the ecology of northwestern Sichuan, China. This study assessed ecological changes within a few years of the earthquake through satellite observations of vegetation dynamics in the earthquake area. As an ecological indicator, the fractional vegetation cover was extracted using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on multi-year Landsat images and was validated using airborne images. We found that the entire mountainous disaster area had recovered by 68.45 % 3 years after the 2008 earthquake. After rapid recovery of vegetation in 2009, the recovery process slowed. The vegetation recovery rate (VRR) in the area heavily damaged by landslides was slightly lower but nearly that of the entire disaster area. In addition, because of differences in the proportions of soil and rock in the damaged areas, recovery of vegetation in the southwest portion of the study area was slower than in the northeast areas. Topographic analysis of vegetation recovery patterns indicated that damage to vegetation was closely related to slope, while recovery of vegetation was more sensitive to elevation. The landscape analysis showed that the recovery rate (65.21 %) of the excellent vegetation cover type was slower than the overall VRR. This study suggests that vegetation recovery is a slow ecological process and that ecological restoration should be implemented in mountainous regions affected by the earthquake.     

四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿选矿试验研究

对四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿采用优先浮选流程,实现了铅、锌、硫的有效分离回收,获得了的铅品位和回收率分别为55.50％和75.45％的铅精矿,锌的品位和回收率分别为50.58％和92.87％的锌精矿,硫的品位和回收率分别为47.22％和71.76％的硫精矿.     

含油气盆地深部高过成熟烃源岩古TOC恢复方法及其应用

根据烃源岩演化过程中残留生烃母质变化原理,建立了TOC恢复的数学地质模型,提出了TOC演化与各种主控因素之间的定量关系模式,通过对模式中各主控因素在自然条件下变化的特征取值,计算得到了TOC恢复系数,做出了泥质岩烃源岩和碳酸盐岩烃源岩在含不同类型干酪根情况下的TOC演化图版。这一方法的最大特色是避免了人为主观因素和高温压物理模拟实验条件可能带来的结果偏差。研究表明:随着热演化程度的增加,烃源岩内残留的TOC含量逐渐减少,在大量生排烃阶段(R_O=0.5％～2.0%)变化幅度最大;处于高过成熟阶段(R_O>1.2%)的烃源岩,其原始TOC恢复系数随R_O增大而逐渐增加,含Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型母质的泥质岩烃源岩TOC恢复系数分别可达3.0、2.0、1.4;含Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型母质的碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC恢复系数分别可达3.2、2.2、1.5。论文例举了源岩TOC恢复在实际工程中的应用。     

Analysis of recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage: a Rayleigh-based method

High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) is an important technique for energy conservation. A controlling factor for the economic feasibility of HT-ATES is the recovery efficiency. Due to the effects of density-driven flow (free convection), HT-ATES systems applied in permeable aquifers typically have lower recovery efficiencies than conventional (low-temperature) ATES systems. For a reliable estimation of the recovery efficiency it is, therefore, important to take the effect of density-driven flow into account. A numerical evaluation of the prime factors influencing the recovery efficiency of HT-ATES systems is presented. Sensitivity runs evaluating the effects of aquifer properties, as well as operational variables, were performed to deduce the most important factors that control the recovery efficiency. A correlation was found between the dimensionless Rayleigh number (a measure of the relative strength of free convection) and the calculated recovery efficiencies. Based on a modified Rayleigh number, two simple analytical solutions are proposed to calculate the recovery efficiency, each one covering a different range of aquifer thicknesses. The analytical solutions accurately reproduce all numerically modeled scenarios with an average error of less than 3 %. The proposed method can be of practical use when considering or designing an HT-ATES system.     

三维构造恢复中原位归属问题的方法技术

针对目前复杂构造三维恢复过程中地质体产生空间位置变化的不确定性,采用三维原位恢复方法,以巴楚断隆S1 构造为例,通过对比S1 构造恢复过程中所选取的标准区域与样本区域在构造变形前后的空间位置变化,分析构造变化过程中S1 构造整体模型的位置变化规律; 并据此将构造复原后的模型整体变化至初始位置,消除S1 构造因去掉石炭系顶面断距带来西南方向的位移,也消除了因去掉石炭系褶皱所带来西南方向的位移。研究表明,运用三维原位恢复技术,能够确保地质模型在构造复原前后空间位置不变,进而保证研究主体在构造恢复过程中空间位置的相对稳定,为分析构造变形带来的影响奠定空间比较基础。     

槽波地震勘探技术在工作面小构造探测中的应用

小构造是导致煤炭资源回采困难及煤矿安全事故的主要原因。利用槽波地震勘探技术,对义安煤矿11061工作面进行了透射法探测。通过CT成像可以分辨工作面内与煤厚相当的小构造,同时还能获得围岩高应力区及瓦斯富集带等地质信息。探测结果可作为煤矿安全回采的依据。      

青海双朋西金矿床金的赋存状态及矿石可选性研究

双朋西金矿床物质组成复杂,金属矿物以金属氧化物为主,含少量硫化物.载金矿物主要有褐铁矿、碳酸盐和石英,金矿物以自然金和银金矿独立矿物形式存在,以粗粒金为主,以裂隙金为主要赋存形式.根据金的化学物相和解离分析,选矿时加强细磨可提高金的回收率,选用浮选氰化工艺金的回收率可达91.7%.     

濮城油田沙一段的储层非均质性研究

储层性质的好坏直接影响到油层的产能,注水效果及石油采收率。对濮城油田沙一段储层的非均质性从层内、层间、平面的非均质性三个方面作了系统研究,该区储层的非均质程度以严重非均质型为主,层内夹层多,层间非均质性强,层间隔层分布稳定,平面非均质性较强,油田开发以层内矛盾为主,所以研究层内非均质特征能为揭示砂体展布及合理划分开发单元,选择注采系统,为改善油田的开发效果,进行二、三次采油提供可靠的地质依据。     

常规取心工具在定向井中应用的可行性分析

通过对岩心收获率影响因素的分析,认为常规取心工具可以在定向井取心中应用,但是岩心收获率要比直井低,并且随井眼弯曲强度的增大而降低。进一步分析并提出提高定向井取心收获率的方法,为定向井取心工具的研制提供了依据;引用国内外已有的钻井文献证明了以上结论。     

岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义——以贵州贞丰—关岭岩溶石山地区为例

岩溶石山地区土壤退化与恢复的成因和机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。以贵州西南部贞丰—关岭岩溶石山区为对象，选择了区内退化地、农用地、恢复地等生态样块以及与未退化地为对照，采集了其中的表层和亚表层土壤，分别进行了土壤的养分库量、微生物活性与功能和土壤酶活性等化学分析。研究表明土壤养分库是土壤中微生物活性基础，微生物量碳随土壤养分库容的退化或恢复而相应变化，退化岩溶地植被恢复3~6年后，主要养分总库容得到明显恢复(恢复程度55%~65%)，因而带动了微生物量碳的恢复（平均恢复程度60%以上），但养分的活性（有效磷）、微生物的功能（呼吸熵及土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性）并没有得到相应程度的恢复（平均恢复程度仅在25%~40%）。这些结果提示，限制性养分活性和微生物功能的恢复是植被恢复下生态系统健康水平的重要指示。因此，在分析岩溶土壤和生态系统退化过程的本质以及评价生态恢复的效应时，不仅应将微生物量碳和总养分库指标作为岩溶土壤退化恢复的指标，更应将微生物区系的质量和功能指标纳入关键评价内容。      

软弱易冲蚀地层钻探施工技术

钻探生产中经常遇到一些软弱易冲蚀地层,因这些地层岩石破碎、松软,在进入内管前往往易被冲洗液冲蚀,进入内管后也常常因卡簧卡不牢在打捞时掉落造成空管。因岩心采取率低往往造成钻孔报废。以贵州道真新民铝土矿矿区为例,分析了软弱易冲蚀地层岩心采取率低的原因;为提高该类地层岩矿心采取率,研制了元泵反循环超前侧喷绳索取心钻具,保证了岩矿心采取率,取得了很好的效果。     

Modelling the economic vulnerability of households in the Phang-Nga Province (Thailand) to natural disasters

The 2004 tsunami devastated large areas in the southern part of Thailand. This paper takes a particular look at the circumstances of vulnerability and the process of recovery in the area of Khao Lak and its surrounding villages, which constitute a booming tourist hotspot at the centre of a region that is still dominated by agriculture. A quantitative vulnerability model was developed, integrating a quantitative household survey and remote sensing data. This model describes and specifies the circumstances of vulnerability and the factors leading to a recovery of the area. Indirect effects on the livelihood of households in particular, such as the disruption of infrastructure or the loss of income, show a negative effect on the recovery time. External help received by the households even shows an extending influence on the duration of their recovery period.     

Quantitative Recovery of Elemental Sulfur and Improved Selectivity in a Chromium-Reducible Sulfur Distillation

Chromium-reducible sulfur (CRS) distillations are intended to recover only reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RIS) including elemental sulfur. However, the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur is not ensured in common CRS-distillations. The new method presented here was designed to remedy this deficiency. An increase in ethanol concentration assured the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur in various forms and, in addition, all other RIS-compounds were quantitatively recovered. Furthermore, the selectivity of the procedure was improved by an additional filtration step to eliminate zinc particles from the Cr(II)-solution. Thus, the recovery of sulfates and organic sulfur compounds was significantly decreased by a factor of up to 35, depending on the compound analysed. Exhaustive testing with a variety of pure phases, rock and soil samples demonstrated the precision and accuracy of the new method. The new protocol eliminated the constraints of previous procedures. The improved distillation efficiency for elemental sulfur ensured the quantitative recovery of all RIS-compounds in a single-step distillation.     

甘肃省重要矿产资源节约与综合利用现状分析

提高资源节约与综合利用水平是促进资源利用方式转变的重要途径。贫矿多、共（伴）生矿多、难选冶矿多的资源禀赋特点以及粗放的经济结构和发展过多依赖能源资源消耗的增长方式,决定了甘肃省矿产资源节约与综合利用整体水平还较低。本文以“三率”调查成果为基础,分析了煤、铁、铜、铅、锌、镍、金等7种重要矿产资源综合利用现状、节约与综合利用发展潜力及存在的问题。     

Analysis on variation characteristics of geothermal response in Liaoning Province

Due to energy shortage and increasing environmental awareness, resources in shallow underground space have been rapidly exploited and utilized. So that studying variation characteristics of geothermal response in gneiss is necessary for effective and rational use of underground heat. Based on field test of thermal response in gneiss under hydrogeological survey project carried out in shallow geothermal energy development zone in Liaoning Province, this thesis analyzes mathematical statistics of geothermal response characteristics in main gneiss of Laoning Province. The initial formation temperature ranges from 10.80℃ to 15.80℃ according to field test. The statistical results show that in the condition of natural water content, the average thermal conductivity of Quaternary loose rocks comes as clay silty silty fine sand medium sand coarse sand gravelly sand. This order is consistent with thermal conductivity characteristics of gneiss obtained in the laboratory. Formation temperature recovery in different strata follows as granite medium sand clay. This order is opposite to the absolute value of temperature recovery curve slope of corresponding lithology, which shows that the stratum with higher temperature recovery rate has lower temperature recovery curve slope.     

翠湖湿地软土触变性试验研究

利用自行研制的微型十字板剪切仪对翠湖湿地软土的触变性进行了试验研究。观测了湿地软土扰动后由不同静置时间引起的抗剪强度的变化,确定了扰动后湿地软土的抗剪强度恢复时间、恢复程度、灵敏度以及触变强度比率。对湿地软土的触变性进行了3个不同深度处的试验研究,得到了深度和静置时间对扰动后土体抗剪强度恢复的耦合影响。对湿地重塑土样进行了不同含水率的试验研究,得到了湿地软土含水率和抗剪强度的对应曲线。试验结果可为深入研究湿地软土工程力学性质提供依据,也可为沼泽湿地的合理开发利用提供参考。