Historical earthquakes and a tsunami in Bohai Sea

Quantitative analysis on seismicity showed that there are several seismic dense zones in Bohai Sea. These seismic dense zones of modern small earthquakes behave prominent NE orientation, although a seismic dense zone with NW direction exists actually. Taking 39°N as a boundary, seismicity in the south is different from that in north of Bohai Sea. Almost all strong earthquakes and seismic dense zones are concentrated in the southern part. Based on archives and seismic dense characteristics, we amended the epicenter of strong earthquakes in 1548 and discussed about magnitude of the earthquake in 1888. Possibility of the event in 173 as a tsunami was discussed. The event in 1597 was doubted as a strong earthquake in Bohai Sea.     

利用大地电磁技术揭示2016年1月21日青海门源MS6.4地震隐伏地震构造和孕震环境

2016年1月21日01时13分在青海省海北州门源县发生了M_S6.4地震,震中位置位于青藏高原东北缘地区祁连造山带内的祁连—海原断裂带冷龙岭断裂部分附近,震源深度约11.4 km,震源机制解显示该次地震为一次纯逆冲型地震.我们于2015年7—8月期间完成了跨过祁连造山带紧邻穿过2016年1月21日青海门源M_S6.4地震震中区的大地电磁探测剖面（DKLB-M）和古浪地震大地电磁加密测量剖面（HYFP）.本文对所采集到的数据进行了先进的数据处理和反演工作,获得了二维电性结构图.结合青藏高原东北缘地区最新获得的相对于欧亚板块2009—2015年GPS速度场分布特征,1月21日门源M_S6.4地震主震与余震分布特征以及其他地质与地球物理资料等,探讨了门源M_S6.4地震的发震断裂,断裂带空间展布、延伸位置,分析了门源M_S6.4地震孕震环境与地震动力学背景等以及祁连山地区深部构造特征等相关问题.所获结论如下：2016年门源M_S6.4地震震源区下存在较宽的SW向低阻体,推测冷龙岭断裂下方可能形成了明显的力学强度软弱区,这种力学强度软弱区的存在反映了介质的力学性质并促进了地震蠕动、滑移和发生;冷龙岭北侧断裂可能对门源M_S6.4地震主震和余震的发生起控制作用,而该断裂为冷龙岭断裂在青藏高原北东向拓展过程中产生的伴生断裂,表现出逆冲特征;现今水准场、重力场、GPS速度场分布特征以及大地电磁探测结果均表明祁连—海原断裂带冷龙岭断裂部分为青藏高原东北缘地区最为明显的一条边界断裂,受控于青藏高原北东向拓展和阿拉善地块的阻挡作用,冷龙岭断裂附近目前正处于青藏高原北东向拓展作用最强烈、构造转化最剧烈的地区,这种动力学环境可能是门源M_S6.4地震发生的最主要原因,与1927年古浪M_S8.0地震和1954年民勤M_S7.0地震相似,2016年门源M_S6.4地震的发生同样是青藏高原北东向拓展过程中的一次地震事件.     

西藏米林M6.9地震早期余震时空分布特征

北京时间2017年11月18日06时34分（GMT：2017-11-17 22∶34）,西藏自治区林芝市米林县发生了M6.9地震.本次地震位于东喜马拉雅东构造结末端旋转变形强烈部位.本研究基于林芝台阵记录的波形数据,应用双差定位方法和匹配滤波方法对本次地震早期余震序列进行了全面检测分析.截至2017年11月25日上午08时,我们共获得约10倍的中国地震台网公布的余震事件.余震的时空分布特征显示,本次米林M6.9地震余震呈NW向,位于北东向南迦巴瓦构造结北部的东西两侧边界断裂带之间,沿西兴拉断裂带分布,断层具有明显的分段破裂特征,主震位于余震分布带中部.根据余震分布特征以及震源机制解显示,发震断层的深部几何结构为北东向陡倾,主震北东侧的断层活动为主震及发震断层触发的结果,其深部几何结构也较陡,余震整体沿断层分布长度约50 km.     

Focal Depths of Earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea Region

The problem of determining focal depths of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is considered. Based on the results of interannual studies, it is found that the focal depths of Crimean earthquakes are mainly crustal, with maximum values of up to 60 km. Some recent publications, however, have described deep-focus earthquakes with depths of up to 300 km which were “revealed” in the Crimean region. In this respect, there arose the need to study such a large difference in estimated focal depths. Convincing examples show that the sensational “revelation” of deep earthquakes in Crimea was caused by incorrect processing of the experimental data, in particular, due to (1) a sharp distortion in the recorded arrival times of body waves, (2) exclusion of data from stations nearest to a source, (3) unreasonable arbitrary selection of data from seismic stations, and (4) dropping of data from the worldwide seismological network, including those on deep seismic phases. Thus, the conclusions about the presence of deep mantle earthquakes in Crimea are erroneous. We have redetermined the parameters of hypocenters and verified that the focal depths of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region are no more than 60 km. Based on these data, we analyze the features of the spatial distribution of focal depths to show that earthquake sources are grouped along conduits that dip southeastward, from the continental part of Crimea toward the Black Sea Basin, in the case of grouping of sources in the Alushta–Yalta and Sevastopol areas. The seismic focal layer of the Kerch–Anapa area dips northeastward, from the Black Sea beneath the North Caucasus.     

松潘-甘孜块体东北端强震间相互作用及地震危险性研究

松潘-甘孜块体位于中国大陆西南部、南北地震带的中段,其东段与扬子块体相接,拥有多条活动断裂带,是青藏高原北部的主要构造单元.该地区地震活动性强烈,历史上曾发生过多次灾难性地震.本文基于地震触发原理和黏弹松弛分层地壳模型,计算了松潘-甘孜块体东北端历史强震之间应力传输和相互作用的过程.模型结果显示,受之前地震导致的库仑应力场变化的影响,1879年武都地震和1976年8月23日松潘M7.2级地震震中库仑应力积累提升,将促进这些地震提前发生;1933年M7.5叠溪地震和1973年M6.5松潘地震震中库仑应力降低,前续地震的影响可能使得这两次地震的发震时间推迟;在研究历史地震对1960年漳腊M6.7级地震、1976年8月16日M7.2级和1976年8月22日M6.7级松潘地震的作用时,有效摩擦系数的取值十分重要,当有效摩擦系数取0.8时,前续地震导致的应力场变化将促进以上三次地震的发生.松潘-甘孜块体东北端的强震活动有效地增强了西秦岭北缘断裂、东昆仑断裂玛沁-玛曲段、鲜水河断裂康定-道孚段和岷江断裂中段上的库仑应力积累,将提升这些断裂今后发生地震的概率;有效降低了龙日坝断裂上库仑应力的积累,降低了该断层上发生地震的概率.松潘-甘孜块体的地震活动降低了汶川地震震中位置的库仑破裂应力,但提升了破裂面东北段的应力积累,有助于汶川地震向东北端破裂.     

The Takab seismic gap—forecasting a major earthquake occureence off northeastern Iraq

A recent evaluation of the seismic activity in and around Iraq (Fahmi et al., 1986) has revealed the existence of a so-called seismic gap (referred to as the “Takab”) or earthquake quiet zone off the northeastern frontier of Iraq. The observed area is bounded by latitudes 36–37° N and longitudes 46–48° E. Despite the historical documentation of a destructive energy release near the town of Saqqez, followed by a large aftershock, in the year 1135 AD (Ambraseys and Melville, 1982), the immediate gap area has nevertheless not experienced the occurrence of a major (Ms>7.5 earthquake since the beginning of the present century. Using the apparently successful “seismic grid method” of Bapat and Kulkarni (1984), the spatial and temporal distribution of instrumentally located epicentess (plus the few historical event locations) is analyzed in the magnitude range 4.0<Ms<7.5 over the period 1903–1986. From this statistical technique and other physically based deterministic evaluations, it is concluded that a major (Ms>7.7) earthquake is anticipated to occur in the vicinity of the town Tf Takab within the next five years, i.e, between 1989 and 1994. This predicted event, which will probably have a similar rupture mechanism to the existing Sareskand (high-angle thrust) fault, should have a shallow focus thereby causing probable large-scale damage and destruction to Takab and its surroundings.     

Discussion on Characteristics of Crustal Deformation along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea Seismotectonic Zone

INTRODUCTIONThe Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone has drawnextensive attentionfromseismologists and geologistssince it was determinedinthe1980’s(Zheng Binghua,et al.,1981).Ma Xingyuan,et al.(1989)consideredit asthe north boundaryof North China sub-block.Int…     

Kamchatka subduction zone,May 2013: the Mw 8.3 deep earthquake,preceding shallow swarm and numerous deep aftershocks

A sequence of 98 teleseismically recorded earthquakes occurred off the east coast of Kamchatka at depths between 10-90 km around latitude 52.5°N and longitude 160°E on May 16–23, 2013. The swarm occurred along the northern limit of the rupture area of the 1952 M_w 9.0 great Kamchatka earthquake, the fifth largest earthquake in the history of seismic observations. On May 24, 2013 the strongest deep earthquake ever recorded of M_w 8.3 occurred beneath the Sea of Okhotsk at a depth of 610 km in the Pacific slab of the Kamchatka subduction zone, becoming the northernmost deep earthquake in the region. The deep M_w 8.3 earthquake occurred down-dip of the shallow swarm in a transition zone between the southern deep and northern shallow segments of the Pacific slab. Several deep aftershocks followed, covering a large, laterally elongated part of the slab. We suppose that the two described earthquake sequences, the May 16–23 shallow earthquake swarm and the May 24–28 deep mainshock-aftershock series, represent a single tectonic event in the Pacific slab having distinct properties at different depth levels. A low-angle underthrusting of the shallow part of the slab recorded by the shallow earthquake swarm activated the deep part; this process induced the deep mainshock-aftershock series only three days after the swarm. The domain of the subducting slab activated by the May 2013 earthquake occurrence was extraordinarily large both down-dip and along-strike.     

2008年6月10日鄂伦春自治旗与阿荣旗间5.2级地震活动性异常分析

中国东北地区中强地震的构造特征和动力机制表明,NE向和NW向断裂形成了东北地区现今构造格局,控制了东北地区中强震的地域分布,中强震发生的动力来源于日本海板块俯冲。2008年6月10日鄂伦春自治旗与阿荣旗交界地区发生5.2级地震,区域中强地震活动特征分析显示,存在中强地震有序迁移和有序分布图像,震前3年震中附近存在小震活动空区和丛集图像。区域中强地震时间成对、时间一空间成对分析结果说明,内蒙古鄂伦春到黑龙江萝北存在再次发生中强地震的危险性。     

2020年龙泉山断裂带MS5.1地震成因综合分析

2020年2月3日四川省成都市青白江区发生M_S5.1地震,震中烈度为Ⅵ度。该地震事件震中位于龙泉山断裂带上,距离成都市中心38 km,是龙泉山断裂带历史上非常罕见的5.0级以上地震事件。针对该事件成因进行了综合分析与研究,具体内容包括:(1)通过收集历史地震资料讨论龙泉山断裂带的地震活动性;(2)利用高质量的波形数据对主震位置进行重定位;(3)根据地震层析成像获得的三维vP、vS以及泊松比(σ)模型分析了孕震构造和流体影响,以及(4)利用固体潮理论模型分析了固体潮与地震触发的相关性。结果表明,本次M_S5.1地震发生在龙泉山断裂带北段,震中坐标为(30.732°N,104.529°E),震源深度为15.12 km;震源位于高-低泊松比过渡带附近,并伴随着大范围的低速异常,初步推断与深部流体有关;同时,固体潮在断层面上产生的剪切应力变化,也可能与本次地震的触发密切相关,暗示着在地震发生前龙泉山北段的地震危险性已经达到了较高水平。因此深部流体侵入作用、强震同震效应以及特定孕震构造环境的综合影响可能是导致本次地震触发的主要因素。     

新发现的唐山地震大断层

在对唐山地面塌陷的研究中发现了一条与唐山地震相关的大断层,该断层至少长90km,地面垂直错距3m,明显具有铲形正断层特点。该断层倾向NW,可分为南、北2段。南段的确定主要依据震后地面形变野外调查、水准形变资料、航片解译和石油地球物理勘探资料;北段的存在则有强烈线状喷沙冒水分布以及地震反射测深资料作为证据。唐山地震主震的余震大致分布在该断层地表出露迹线的NW侧,这种位置关系显示了新发现的断层对唐山地震的控制性     

新疆成组中强地震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征

用“震源触发-系统响应”孕震模式，分析讨论了新疆1996-1998年成组强震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征，由此定义了“诱发信号震”，进而分析研究了诱发信号震与后续主震的关系，结果表明，强震发生后触发（或引起）的中等地震活动区及边缘很可能是未来强震发生的地点；强震或其强余震发生当天或稍后1天内发生的信号震具有预报意义，信号震发生后，其周围200km范围内3年发生强震的可能性较大，其震级可能比信号震的震级高0.5-2.0，最后对成组强震活动的机理进行了分析和讨论。     

A study on physical property of crustal ma—terial and seismogenic environment in northeastern Pamir

2-D crustal structure and velocity ratio are obtained by processing S-wave data from two wide-angle reflec-tion/refraction profiles in and around Jiashi in northeastern Pamir,with the result of P-wave data taken into con-sideration.The result shows that:1)Average crustal velocity ratio is obviously higher in Tarim block than in West Kunlun Mts.and Tianshan fold zone,which reflects its crustal physical property of “hardness“and stability.The relatively low but normal velocity ratio(Poisson‘s ratio)of the lower crust indicates that the “downward thrusting“ of Tarim basin is the main feature of crustal movement in this area.2)The rock layer in the upper crust of Tian-shan fold zone is relatively“soft“,which makes it prone to rupture and stress energy release.This is the primary tectonic factor for the concentration of small earthquakes in this area.3)Jiashi is located right over the apex or the inflection point of the updoming lower crustal interface C and the crust-mantle boundary,which is the deep struc-tural background for the occurrence of strong earthquakes.The alternate variation of vp/vs near the block bounda-ries and the complicated configuration of the interfaces in the upper and middle part of the upper crust form a par-ticular structural environment for the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm.vp/vs is comparatively high and shear modulus is low at the focal region,which may be the main reason for the low stress drop of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm.     

Seismic moment of great deep shocks

The long-period Rayleigh waves were investigated for the largest four deep shocks in 1963–1973 to determine the seismic moment by the same technique as used for shallow earthquakes. The results could be used for a quantitative comparison of source parameters between shallow and deep events. Three of the four shocks occurred beneath the South American continent (the Colombia earthquake, 1970; the western Brazil earthquake, 1963; the Peru—Bolivia border earthquake, 1963) and the other beneath the Japan Sea (1973). The focal depths are 653, 576, 593 and 575 km, respectively. The largest value of seismic moment was obtained as 2.1 · 10²⁸ dyncm for the Colombia earthquake. This value is still about forty times smaller than that for the great Alaskan earthquake. A slight inconsistency was found between the first-motion diagram and the Rayleigh wave radiation pattern for the Colombia earthquake and the Peru—Bolivia border earthquake.     

日本海区板块俯冲与华北地震

根据日本海西部17次深源地震(h>350公里,M_b>4.0)震源机制结果的统计分析,得到该区地震应力场的优势方向,主压应力轴为85°—110°,主张应力轴为255°—280°。 据日本海西部深源地震与华北、东北强震活动的相关性,求得地震迁移的距离与时间的回归方程。这个结果对华北地震的预报具有一定的意义。      

2022年1月8日青海门源MS6.9地震深部构造背景浅析

2022年1月8日青海境内的托莱山—冷龙岭断裂附近发生了门源M_S6.9地震。结合地壳厚度、速度结构及各向异性等资料探讨了门源地震的深部构造特征,揭示了门源地震的发震位置与地壳结构变化的密切关联。结果显示:门源M_S6.9地震发生在地壳厚度和v_P/v_S值都出现快速空间变化的区域;大约在10—20 km深度范围内,震源位于P波速度从浅到深由高速变低速的垂向过渡区,同时也是S波速度和泊松比分布呈现明显横向变化的过渡区域,震源下方存在明显的低速区;冷龙岭断裂两侧相速度的方位各向异性变化比较明显。1月12日的M_S5.2余震震中紧邻2016年M_S6.4地震震中,揭示出2022年门源M_S6.9地震及其余震活动导致了冷龙岭断裂比较充分的破裂,两次门源地震主震之间及邻区短时间内难以积累更大能量,因而短时间内发生更大地震的可能性不大。青藏高原东北缘的持续向北扩展所导致的地表隆升和地壳增厚是该地区强震频发的主要构造成因。      

Macroseismic manifestations of the Okhotsk earthquake of May 24, 2013 in the territory of Moscow

The results of a study of the macroseismic effects in the territory of Moscow of a remote deepfocus earthquake that occurred on May 24, 2013 in the Sea of Okhotsk are reported. On the surface of the earth and on the first floors of the buildings the seismic effect was not felt. The effect of the shock began to manifest itself at levels higher than the fifth floor of the buildings. The distribution of points on the map where the earthquake was felt is non-uniform. Points where tremor was felt do not appear to correspond with certain types of Quaternary deposits or with zones of different depth. There is also no significant correlation of the parts of the surface with high intensities of tremor and areas of ground-water flooding. Comparison between the surface manifestations of the seismic event and the tectonic features and deep structure of the metropolis was made. Based on the results of the implemented statistical estimation of distribution points where the earthquake was felt on the territory of the city it is visible that fault zones govern the largest number of points, while block structures characterize almost half of them. Thus, we can reasonably suggest a certain macroseismic increase of vibrations from earthquakes in the areas of large faults in the city. The study of deformations of the asphalt cover of walkways on the landslide-affected slope of Vorobyovy Hills showed that the tremor caused by the Okhotsk deep focus earthquake of May 24, 2013, caused the activation of a small landslide at all levels of the hillside.     

Anomalous Rayleigh-Wave Propagation Along Oceanic Trench

A clear later phase of amplitude larger than the direct surface wave packet was observed at stations in Hokkaido, Japan, for several events of the December 1991 off-Urup earthquake swarm in the Kuril Islands region. From its particle motion, this phase is likely to be a fundamental Rayleigh wave packet that arrived with an azimuth largely deviated from each great-circle direction. As its origin, Nakanishi (1992) proposed that the sea-trench topography in this area as deep as 10 km may produce a narrow zone of low velocity for Rayleigh waves of periods around 15 sec. Following this idea, we compute ray paths and estimate how Rayleigh waves would propagate if we assume that lateral velocity variations are caused only by seafloor topography. We confirm that thick sea water in the trench indeed produces the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves to be smaller than in a surrounding area by the degree over 100%. Such a low-velocity zone appears only in a period range from 12 to 20 sec. Although this strong low-velocity zone disturbs the direction of Rayleigh wave propagation from its great circle, the overall ray paths are not so affected as far as an epicentre is outside this low-velocity zone, that is, off the trench axis. In contrast, the majority of rays are severely distorted for an event within the low-velocity zone or, in other words, in the neighborhood of the trench axis. For such an event, a part of wave energy appears to be trapped in this zone and eventually propagates outwards due to the curvature or bend of trench geometry, resulting in very late arriving waves of large amplitude with an incident direction clearly different from great circles. This phenomenon is observed only at a very limited period range around 16 sec. These theoretical results are consistent with the above mentioned observation of Nakanishi (1992).     

2001年11月14日昆仑山大地震震前扰动信号的再研究

研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山M_S8.1大地震前新疆地区宽频带地震仪记录到的异常扰动事件.新疆地震台网在发生强震的前三天记录到了强烈的扰动信号.由于新疆地震台距离昆仑山大地震的震中很近,因此该震前扰动的成因备受关注,一直被认为可能是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,可能是大地震的某种前兆现象.本研究扩大了观测异常扰动事件的范围,分析了欧亚大陆187个宽频带地震仪在2001年11月的观测记录,发现这些地震仪在11月10—12日期间都记录到了时频特征类似的强扰动信号,其中最强的扰动信号出现在挪威台站KONO.调查研究发现挪威海域在11月10—12日期间出现了一次超强北极风暴,我们对扰动源位置初步定位后发现大地震前欧亚大陆各台站记录的最大扰动信号主要来源于挪威西南海岸.本文的研究结果确认昆仑山大地震前新疆台网记录到的强烈震前扰动信号不是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,而是挪威海域北极风暴激发的微地震（地脉动）.本文进一步研究表明北极风暴激发的地脉动可显著影响中国大陆的地震和重力观测.在分析中国大陆地震台网记录的强扰动信号时,北极风暴的影响不能忽视.     

对中国本世纪第五次大震高潮的探讨

本文首先指出从1988年11月澜沧7.6级地震开始,中国可能已进入了本世纪的第五次大震活动高潮,并将持续到2000年左右,之后将中国划分成十余个地震带,通过各带地震活动强度起伏的节律分析以及外部环境条件的辅助论证,确定出了滇、川、藏、青、北疆和东北深震区是本次大震的主体活动地区,并大致给出了它们发震的时间顺序。