Long-Term Fluctuations in Thunderstorm Activity in the United States

Thunder-day occurrences during a 100-year period based on data from carefully screened records of 86 first-order stations distributed across the United States were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends during 1896–1995. Short-term (<10-year) fluctuations of adjacentstations were often dissimilar reflecting localized differences in storm activity in a few years, making spatial interpretations difficult. But, temporal fluctuations based on 20-year and longer periods exhibited regional coherence reflecting the control of large, synoptic-scale weather systems on the distribution of thunderstorms over broad areas. Classification of station fluctuations based on 20-year periods revealed six types of distributions existed and they formed 12 discrete areas across the nation. One type present in the lower Midwest and the South had a peak in storm activity in 1916–1935 followed by a general decline to 1976–1995.A second type maximizing at the same time had its minimum earlier, in 1956–1975. Another distribution found at stations in the upper Midwest and Northeast had a mid-century peak (1936–1955) with a recent minimum in1976–1995. A fourth distribution also peaked in 1936–1955 but had an early minimumin 1896–1915, and it mainly occurred in the northern plains and Rocky Mountains. A fifth distribution peaked during 1956–1975 and was foundat stations in four areas including the central High Plains, Southwest, northern Great Lakes, and Southeast. The sixth temporal distribution showed a steady increase in storm activity during the 100-year period, peaking in 1976–1995, and covered a large area extending from the Pacific Northwestacross the central Rockies and into the southern High Plains. The national average distribution based on all station values peaked in mid century. The national distribution differs markedly from several regional distributions illustrating the importance of using regional analysis to assess temporal fluctuations in severe weather conditions in the nation. The 100-year linear trends of the 86 stations defined six regions across the U.S. Significant upward trends existed over most of the western two-thirds of the nation, unchanging trends existed in the northern plains and Midwest, and downward trends were found in most of the nation's east. The up trends in storm-day frequencies in the southern plains occurred where storm damage is greatest and where demographic changes have added to storm losses over time. The national patterns of trends and storm distributions were similar to those found for hail. The temporal distributions of storm activity helped explain recent increases in major storms and their losses, conditions which have increased in the west and south.     

成都区域气象中心业务数值预报产品检验分析

依据国家气象中心T213、T639全球模式、成都区域中心实时运行的AREM、GRAPES和MM5中尺度数值模式预报结果,对2008年5~9月进行了日降水量和2m温度检验。结果表明:(1)模式对昆明、南京、广州、长沙、北京和郑州温度预报优于温江、兰州和拉萨站,其中拉萨站温度预报与实况偏差最大,即模式对我国中部及南部地区温度预报与实况近似程度高于西部地区。(2)东部地区中雨及以上量级降水评分高于西部,西部4个城市中以昆明站评分最高,反映模式对我国西部城市降雨预报能力偏弱。     

城市化对长沙市两气象站气温记录的影响

为深入认识城市对其附近气象站气温的影响,采用位于长沙市区东部和西部两个气象观测站的2007-2009年的逐日气温、风向和风速资料,结合地表覆盖特征数据,对比分析了两站气象记录差异,并通过改进的城市影响指数模型估算了气温资料中的城市影响偏差。分析显示：（1）2007-2009年东、西气象站逐月平均气温（T_mean）、最高气温（T_max）和最低气温（T_min）差异很大,最大差异分别可达0.90℃、0.83℃和1.34℃;（2）受城市及风向的影响,两气象站的逐月城市影响指数（K）差异较大,东、西站平均K值分别为2.01和1.50,年内同一台站的K值存在季节变化规律;（3）两站逐月△K与△T之间存在极显著正相关关系;（4）东、西两站2007年T_mean中的城市增温最大,分别达0.63℃和0.45℃。城市附近气象站气温记录受城市规模、风向和风速等因素影响明显,在分析长历时气候变化特征和利用站点记录数据进行空间分析时,有必要对气温数据进行订正。     

基于城市内涝仿真模型的天津风暴潮灾害评估

基于城市内涝仿真模型,根据天津沿海地区的地形、地貌特征以及排水系统等对城市内涝仿真模型进行改进,在沿海边界和河口设置时变水位,使得模型拓展到既能模拟暴雨产生的内涝,也能模拟由于风暴潮侵袭造成的淹没情景。该模型对天津沿海地区历史上典型风暴潮个例以及10年、20年、50年、100年一遇重现期风暴潮产生的积水范围和积水深度进行了模拟,并对2012年8月3日台风达维 (1210) 造成的天津沿海风暴潮进行了业务试应用。将历史风暴潮个例模拟结果以及2012年8月3日的评估结果与实际灾情进行对比,结果显示模型具有较好的模拟能力,可应用于风暴潮灾害的评估和预估业务中,为相关部门和行业提供决策参考。     

Fluctuations in US Freezing Rain Days

Freezing rain occurrences during a 50-year period, 1949/1950–1998/1999, derived from carefully examined records of 161 first-order stations distributed across the United States, were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends. Classification of station fluctuations based on five 10-year periods revealed five unique distribution types in areas east of the Rockies. One of these five distributions, for stations located in the western Great Plains, experienced its greatest 10-year value at the end of the 50-year period. The other four regional distributions experienced their highest 10-year value in either of the first two 10-year periods. Nationally, the 10-year period when the greatest number of stations experienced their maximum value was 1949/1950–1958/1959, while the period when the greatest number of stations experienced their minimum value fell near the end of the 50-year record (1979/1980–1988/1989). The 50-year linear trends defined one region, the western Great Plains, with increasing values, while three areas of decreasing trend were identified; the Great Lakes, the eastern Ohio River valley, and southern New England. These analyses also indicate the need to examine and consider such time–space changes in the frequency of climate variables at various spatial scales when assessing weather risks and developing climate change scenarios.     

内蒙古东南部暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与区划——以通辽市为例

文章选取通辽市各气象站点气象数据、基础地理信息数据、历史灾情数据、第二次土地调查数据及相关社会经济等统计数据,基于自然灾害风险原理,利用数理统计、层次分析法及空间叠加分析等方法,提出了通辽市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评价指标体系,得到通辽市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估空间分布图。结果表明:高风险区主要分布在通辽市北部山区、中东部地区及偏南部地区,包括扎鲁特旗鲁北镇、科尔沁区、科左中旗东南部及库伦旗东南部;而科左后旗大部地区易形成由短时强降水引发的洪涝,为次高风险区;低风险区及次低风险区主要分布在通辽市中部、西南部地区,包括开鲁县、奈曼旗北部、科左中旗西部。     

近3a岳阳暴雨时空分布规律及形势特征分析

利用岳阳市2015～2017年232个区域气象站、6个国家气象站降水资料和EC细网格风场资料,采用统计分析等方法总结了近三年暴雨日变化特征和空间分布特征,分析了暴雨产生的中低层影响系统的天气形势,结果表明：岳阳市暴雨过程日变化规律有集中型暴雨、持续型暴雨和波动型暴雨3个类型,集中型暴雨主要出现在华容站、平江站白天和汨罗站晚上;持续型暴雨主要出现在岳阳站全天和临湘站晚上;波动型暴雨出现在临湘、湘阴、汨罗站白天和华容、湘阴、平江站晚上。岳阳市暴雨过程的空间分布频次为东部高于西部,药姑山区暴雨次数最多,强度最大,是岳阳市暴雨中心,连云山区为次暴雨频次中心和局地暴雨强度中心,幕阜山区仅有局地暴雨频次中心,地形是岳阳市暴雨出现频率高和暴雨强度大的重要因素;全市性大范围暴雨受天气系统影响更明显,地形影响也是全市性大范围暴雨的重要影响因素,最强暴雨区范围在药姑山区及其新墙河流域。区域性暴雨在连云山区有暴雨重叠区域,连云山区也是区域性暴雨中心。影响岳阳市暴雨的中低层天气系统以急流和冷切变居多,低涡次之、暖切变(横切变)和低槽较少,大多数暴雨过程有多个天气系统配合出现。     

2013年初夏湖北两次低涡暴雨对比分析*

利用NCEP提供的高时空分辨率的GFS(Global Forecast System)0.5o×0.5o再分析资料和常规气象资料,对2013年初夏湖北两次低涡暴雨进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）两次暴雨落区不同,5月暴雨由湖北西部向东北方向发展,主要位于湖北西部和中北部;而6月暴雨由湖北西南部向东发展,强降水主要位于湖北中部和东部。（2）两次暴雨落区不同是由于低涡移动的路径不同造成的,而低涡的移动路径受高低空配置的影响,不同的高低空配置导致这两次低涡暴雨的差异。（3）500hPa正的涡度平流使低涡移动发展,对低涡暴雨的发展和移动有很好的指导意义,而6月暴雨500hPa存在强正涡度平流中心,使低涡东移发展加强;另外,对流层低层温度平流对低涡的移动有引导作用。（4）边界层水汽辐合为低涡造成的强降水提供了充足的水汽条件。     

Urban reactions to the global warming issue: Agenda setting in Toronto and Chicago

Little research has been done about what cities could or should do concerning potential global warming. A few cities have adopted programs to deal with impacts they perceive may occur, and a worldwide network of 100 cities involved with CO₂ reduction has recently emerged. Global warming is a new issue for cities and most are only dimly aware of how it may affect them. Toronto, through the efforts of a few leaders, has become a pioneer in the development of an urban response program to global warming. It has charged a city agency to deal with global warming issues, in particular emissions reduction. Chicago is aware of the issue and is concerned about the negative impacts global warming could produce. While behind Toronto, Chicago is moving forward in a number of areas. These two cities illuminate the policy-making process for global warming at the urban level and the role {atpolicy entrepreneurs} can play at this level. In comparing the two cities, a common model of policy development is utilized.     

On the Influences of Urbanization on the Extreme Rainfall over Zhengzhou on 20 July 2021: A Convection-Permitting Ensemble Modeling Study

This study investigates the influences of urban land cover on the extreme rainfall event over the Zhengzhou city in central China on 20 July 2021 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a convection-permitting scale [1-km resolution in the innermost domain(d3)]. Two ensembles of simulation(CTRL, NURB), each consisting of 11 members with a multi-layer urban canopy model and various combinations of physics schemes, were conducted using different land cover scenarios:(i) the real urban ...     

西安市气候变暖与城市热岛效应问题研究

选取1961—2003年西安站和周围4站月平均气温资料, 利用西安站与周围4站气温距平滑动平均变化趋势的差异, 发现该站平均气温有两个明显的上升期, 热岛效应使西安站平均升温1.07 ℃, 并建立了西安市城市热岛效应模型。在此基础上分离了气候变暖过程中由于城市热岛效应引起的增温作用。     

一次新生脉冲风暴分析

本文利用多普勒天气雷达、地面自动站等高时空分辨率观测资料和NCEP1×1°再分析资料,对2017年7月28日南充市区由脉冲风暴引起的局地强对流天气的背景、环境条件、雷达特征、大风成因等进行了研究和探讨。结果表明:(1)此次强对流天气过程以受西太平洋副热带高压控制为背景,有异常强的对流不稳定能量和十分充足的水汽;边界层切变线与弱冷空气回流进入盆地东北部及下垫面加热不均匀导致的强温度梯度是风暴新生的触发机制;在弱垂直风切变的环境条件下,使得过程中雷暴具有脉冲风暴特征。(2)此次过程有多个脉冲风暴的活动,造成南充城区大风的脉冲风暴主要有两个,1号风暴单体在强的温度梯度触发后,快速向上向下发展,成熟崩塌时以下击暴流的形式形成强的地面辐散气流,造成高坪站大风;强的下沉气流到达地面形成冷中心,冷中心与前方的暖中心形成强的温度梯度即冷池密度流,冷池密度流产生强的气压梯度力风,再叠加单体下层辐散气流造成了华凤镇的极端大风。      

成都平原经济区气候特征分析

利用1981~2015年成都平原经济区50个气象站逐月气温和降水观测资料,统计分析了成都平原经济区的气候特征。结果表明：成都平原经济区气温空间分布呈西北低-东南高的特征,其中遂宁、资阳、成都东南部、眉山东部、雅安南部以及乐山东北部气温较高,而峨眉山及绵阳北部龙门山脉气温较低;时间变化上,气温呈显著的上升趋势,在1996年发生了由低到高的突变。成都平原经济区降水空间分布特征是峨眉山-眉山西部-雅安中部区域较多,成都西部以及绵阳市中西部次之;时间变化上,降水主要集中在7月和8月,表现出雨热同期的特点,近35a呈较显著的下降趋势。     

浅丘地带主要气象灾害特征及风险分析——以绵西高速公路为例

本文通过应用绵西高速公路(S32)交通管制台账资料、沿途气象观测站数据、通过统计学、GIS区划、专家打分等方式进行研究分析,得到绵西高速公路道路管制情况、灾害性天气直接影响下交通管制情况分布特征、主要气象灾害风险等级：1)绵西高速公路运营以来至2021年,受灾害性天气及引发的次生灾害造成的交通管制占比77.7%,主要原因是大雾天气、强降水及引发的路面积水;季节天气影响交通管制程度由高到低分别为冬、夏、秋、春。2)2019至2021年绵西高速公路由大雾造成交通管制的平均时长较强降水更长,发生时段更集中。大雾造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为5小时,管制开始时间主要集中在00至08时,解除时间在07至11时;强降水直接造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为3小时,管制开始时间为08至10时和15时至21时,结束时间在10到17时。利用成果能为交通运维工作提供有效的决策参考意见,有力保障道路安全畅通,最大限度地减少因灾害性天气造成的交通事故发生,有利于提高生产效率和社会经济效益。     

On the Key Dynamical Processes Supporting the 21.7 Zhengzhou Record-breaking Hourly Rainfall in China

An extremely heavy rainfall event occurred in Zhengzhou, China, on 20 July 2021 and produced an hourly rainfall rate of 201.9 mm, which broke the station record for mainland China. Based on radar observations and a convection-permitting simulation using the WRF-ARW model, this paper investigates the multiscale processes, especially those at the mesoscale,that support the extreme observed hourly rainfall. Results show that the extreme rainfall occurred in an environment characteristic of warm-sec...     

面向特大城市的风环境容量指标和区划初探——以北京为例

利用气象观测、高分辨率城市地理信息和卫星遥感数据,通过将气象类指标与城市类指标相结合,开展了北京地区风环境容量指标和区划的探索性研究。结果表明：水平风速和大气混合层厚度两个指标在空间上均呈北部和东部地区高、中心城区和西南地区低的特征;中心城核心区和卫星城的地表粗糙度长度较高,二环内老城区建筑多为平房,地表粗糙度长度小于二环外其他中心城区,形成较明显的空心环状结构;在中心城区外的植被地区,北部和西部山区粗糙度长度明显高于平原区;加权综合水平风速、大气混合层厚度和地表粗糙度长度3个指标,计算不同等级风环境容量指数阈值,在空间上西南地区的房山、门头沟、海淀、石景山、丰台以及中心城区的东城和西城等地风环境容量指数较低,其中二环至四环范围是风环境容量指数最低区域,这与北京经济、金融和商业中心空间分布一致;延庆、怀柔、密云的北部以及通州的绝大部分地区为风环境容量指数高值区,其他平原区多为中等风环境容量指数区。     

西南地区持续性气候事件的未来变化预估

利用RegCM4.0区域气候模式单向嵌套BCC_CSM1.1模式输出资料进行连续积分获得的模拟预估数据,对西南地区未来2025-2055年在两种温室气体排放情景下持续性干期和持续湿期事件的特征及其相对于历史基准期的变化进行了预估分析。结果表明,最长持续干期和湿期在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下的变化趋势不一致,RCP8.5情景下的最长湿期和持续湿期事件的发生频次相较RCP4.5并没有大幅增加,而是比RCP4.5情景具有更高的年际变率特征。相对于历史基准期,两种情景下的最长持续性气候事件的日数和发生频次在西南地区的东南部区域显著性增加,而在川西高原地区显著减少。对于持续干期发生的频次FCDD和最长持续湿期而言,四川中部以及四川、云南和贵州三省邻接处在RCP4.5情景下表现为显著增加的区域在RCP8.5情景下转变为显著减少。未来几十年西南地区持续性湿期和干期的分布特征可能更加趋于不均匀。     

Urban Bias in Temperature Time Series – a Case Study for the City of Vienna, Austria

Compared with other large cities Vienna shows different urban development characteristics. The city has had a zero population growth during 1951–1995, a period of rapid growth elsewhere. In spite of its stagnating population of about 1,6 million Vienna has had development in other areas: a doubling of living floor space, a two and a half-fold increase in total energy consumption, a 60% rise of traffic area. In contrast, forests have been reduced by 20% and grasslands within the city borders by 30%. Of the 34 temperature recording stations in the study area of 1450 km², nine series passed the quality tests after careful homogenization. Three of these were in the rural environment and were used as reference series for the urban temperature excess at the other six stations in the urbanized area. The urban excess temperatures vary from site to site: from 0.2 K in suburban areas up to 1.6 K in densely built-up areas. The Vienna case study illustrates two features of more than local interest which should be considered in urban climatology as well as in time series studies where the urban temperature excess is regarded as a bias. Firstly, in a city with constant population the urban heat excess shows significant to strongly significant trends of up to 0.6 K in 45 years due to changes in urban morphology and energy consumption. Secondly, the urban heat island and its trend cannot be regarded simply for the city as a whole. There are different absolute levels, different annual variations and different increases of the urban temperature excess in different parts of a city. The urban effect is more strongly influenced by the local surroundings of the site than by the city as a whole. So, if possible, urban heat islands should not be described by a two station approach only (the typical airport-downtown comparison), nor should it rely on regression between population number and heat island.     

Modelling the variability of midlatitude storm activity on decadal to century time scales

The output of several multi-century simulations with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model is examined with respect to the variability of global storm activity in winter on time scales of decades and longer. The frequency of maximum wind speed events within a grid box, using the lower limits on the Beaufort wind speed scale of 8 and 10 Bft as thresholds, is taken as the characteristic parameter. Two historical climate runs with time-dependent forcing of the last five centuries, one control simulation, and three climate change experiments are considered. The storm frequency shows no trend until recently. Global maps for the industrially influenced period hardly differ from pre-industrial maps, even though significant temperature anomalies temporarily emerge in the historical runs. Two indicators describing the frequency and the regional shift of storm activity are determined. In historical times they are decoupled from temperature. Variations in solar and volcanic forcing in the historical simulations as well as in greenhouse gas concentrations for the industrially influenced period are not related to variations in storm activity. Also, anomalous temperature regimes like the Late Maunder Minimum are not associated with systematic storm conditions. In the climate change experiments, a poleward shift of storm activity is found in all three storm track regions. Over the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, storm activity increases, while it decreases over the Pacific Ocean. In contrast to the historical runs, and with the exception of the North Pacific storm frequency index, the storm indices parallel the development of temperature, exceeding the 2 σ-range of pre-industrial variations in the early twenty-first century.     

华北北部黑风暴的气候学特征

使用内蒙古中西部７２个地面测站１９５７～１９９６年历史资料,分析研究了该地区黑风暴的气候学特征,包括黑风暴的地理分布、年代际变化、年际变化、年变化、旬变化、日变化等时间变化特征和强度变化;讨论了形成上述变化特征的气候成因。得到如下结论：内蒙古中西部是黑风暴的易发区和多发区,最大中心位于内蒙古中部的朱日和;黑风暴的时间变化特征显著;强度有较大差异。