钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗地震破坏倒塌能力评估研究

在地震作用下钢筋混凝土建筑结构出现破坏倒塌为地震灾害中的关键,有效评估建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力是建筑结构设计的前提,也是当前建筑结构提高抗震性能与加固的依据。提出变形指标极值、失效判断标准以及钢筋混凝土建筑结构倒塌极限状态判断标准,据此获取倒塌储备系数、倒塌易损性、结构整体超强系数、结构整体延性系数等评估标准。采用Pushover分析法选择相应地震波。依据梁柱线刚比对建筑结构抗倒塌能力的影响,以及柱端弯矩增加系数对建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力的影响,对建筑结构易损性进行分析。结果表明:等跨建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力更强;建筑结构底层是薄弱层,COF值越高,结构越容易倒塌。     

地震作用下结构连续性倒塌研究进展与展望

近年来,地震灾害频发,导致结构倒塌事故时有发生,造成重大的人员伤亡和经济损失。针对地震作用下结构倒塌破坏,国内外学者进行了诸多的研究工作。从倒塌破坏准则、结构倒塌与抗倒塌试验、结构倒塌数值模拟和结构抗倒塌措施四个方面,对结构连续性倒塌的研究现状进行了归纳和总结,并对未来的研究热点进行了展望。     

强震作用下砌体结构倒塌过程仿真分析

四川汶川地震中大量砌体房屋倒塌,造成巨大人员伤亡。为研究和预防砌体结构震害,本文概述了多层砌体房屋的主要震害特点,研究了砌体结构地震倒塌分析方法、失效单元与结构倒塌等关键技术问题。利用动力有限元程序LS-DYNA模拟了砌体结构的倒塌过程。仿真计算的结果与真实倒塌过程吻合较好,说明通过合理选取计算参数和计算模型,可以对这种特殊的复杂破坏过程进行模拟分析和仿真。通过再现倒塌过程,发现了结构在强震作用下的薄弱环节,为提高砌体结构抗震性能研究、建立结构防倒塌机制提供了有力的技术支撑。     

面向对象的界面元方法及其与有限元的时域耦合分析模型

在破坏性地震中,工程结构的倒塌是造成大量人员伤亡的主要原因。因此,只有有效地控制工程结构的倒塌,才能从根本上将地震灾害的损失降到最低。若要有效地控制结构的倒塌,必须深入了解结构的倒塌机理。然而,结构倒塌机理的研究是一个非常复杂、高度非线性的课题,需要综合运用多种研究方法和研究工具,不仅需要理论分析、试验等研究手段的支持,也离不开准确有效的数值分析工具。结构倒塌破坏过程在力学实质上属于连续体向非连续体转变的连续-非连续问题。若要     

竖向刚度不同的混合结构连续倒塌机制分析

为了探究上部钢结构-下部混凝土结构这类竖向刚度不同的混合结构抗连续倒塌机制,利用拆除构件法,应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对初始失效后的剩余结构进行非线性静力(Pushdown方法)分析,研究其剩余结构的倒塌破坏模式、荷载变形关系,以及初始失效柱位置的不同和钢框架层数对结构抗连续倒塌性能的影响。结果表明:剩余结构的倒塌破坏模式带有典型的延性变形特征,且在倒塌过程中出现位移和应力分布不连续现象;除边柱失效后剩余结构的倒塌过程仅经历了梁机制外,其余剩余结构的倒塌过程均经历了梁机制、压拱机制和悬链线机制;剩余结构的竖向承载力与初始失效柱高度呈负相关,与钢框架层数呈正相关;为剩余结构提供足够的侧向约束作用以及提高结构冗余度和备用荷载路径数量,可以有效提高剩余结构的抗连续倒塌能力。     

抗震设防烈度对钢框架连续性倒塌的影响

建筑结构在爆炸荷载作用下的连续倒塌问题近些年被很多学者所关注。从本质上讲,结构的抗倒塌和抗震都是动荷载作用下的结构响应问题,因此,结构抗震设计的很多理念对结构的抗连续倒塌设计同样适用。本文采用数值模拟的方法,分别对按抗震设防烈度Ⅵ度、Ⅶ度和Ⅷ度的钢框架结构进行了40kg炸药爆炸作用下的连续倒塌分析,探讨了抗震设防烈度对钢框架连续性倒塌的影响。计算结果表明,抗震设防烈度高的钢框架结构其抵抗连续倒塌的能力较强。其中,按Ⅵ度设防的结构发生了连续倒塌;按Ⅶ度设防的结构没有发生连续性倒塌,只发生了一定程度的变形和破坏;而相比之下,按Ⅷ度设防的结构变形和破坏最为轻微。     

多维地震作用下钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗连续倒塌仿真分析

为了提高钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗震性能,分析多维地震作用下钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗连续倒塌能力,结合钢筋混凝土建筑结构特性、节点构造特点以及其在多维地震作用下的破坏机理,采用离散单元法建立结构连续倒塌的理论模型,对建筑结构连续倒塌过程进行数值模拟。基于数值模拟化结果,通过备用荷载路径法,实现建筑结构的抗连续倒塌分析。仿真实验结果得出,所提方法能实现对建筑结构抗连续倒塌的准确分析,且在多维地震作用下建筑结构扭转的幅度明显变大,结构顶层位移发散状态显著,不同楼层会产生不同的层间位移以及薄弱部位,建筑结构的抗连续倒塌性能随着失效构件位置的提升而增强。     

考虑结构构件退化特性评估大震下RC框架抗整体性倒塌能力

基于大震和特大震下倒塌率目标的抗震分析与设计是结构抗震领域的主要发展方向,而大震及特大震作用下结构抗整体性倒塌能力的准确评估是其中的关键科学问题。首先对国内外结构抗整体性倒塌能力的研究工作进行了总结,重点介绍了多种微观和宏观本构模型特性及大震作用下考虑结构构件退化特性对抗整体性倒塌能力的影响。在此基础上,详细阐述了通过增量动力分析获得结构抗倒塌能力易损性曲线及确定结构抗倒塌能力极限状态的方法。最后以一个RC单层单跨平面框架结构分析模型为例,利用OpenSees分析软件,研究了钢筋后期强度退化对结构抗整体性倒塌能力评估结果的影响,结果表明不考虑钢筋后期强度退化会明显高估结构的抗倒塌能力。     

地震作用下空间网格结构倒塌模式分析

以显式动力分析方法为基础,模拟了强震作用下3种跨度网格结构的倒塌全过程,通过数值分析发现:水平地震作用下网格的倒塌形式以强度破坏为主,竖向地震作用下以动力失稳破坏为主,三向地震作用下为水平与竖向地震作用倒塌形式的耦合。对比分析了3种跨度网格结构倒塌形式和倒塌时地震波幅值,结果表明:平板网格结构倒塌形式与跨度关系不大,但易倒塌程度与跨度直接相关。得到了网格结构的倒塌形式和倒塌时构件首先失效的位置,可为实际工程结构的倒塌预防与控制提供一定的参考。     

底商多层砌体房屋地震倒塌机理及加固方法研究

<正>我国地震多发且震害严重,震害的主要表现是人员伤亡,而导致人员伤亡的最重要因素是房屋倒塌。汶川地震显示,在我国中小城镇,地震破坏严重的建筑结构类型主要有底商多层砌体结构、多层RC框架结构、多层砖混结构,其中极震区底商多层砌体结构倒塌比率达85%。分析这类房屋倒塌机理,提出相应的抗倒塌设计方法及对既有建筑抗倒塌加固方法十分必要。本文通过对汶川地震极震区中底商多层砌体结构好、坏两种典型代表进行深入剖析,通     

ISO-834标准火灾作用后方钢管混凝土构件滞回性能试验研究

研究火灾后钢管混凝土结构的抗震性能，对于合理进行该类结构火灾后的修复具有重要意义。本文通过对6个ISO-834标准火灾作用后方钢管混凝土构件进行往复荷载作用下的荷载-变形滞回性能试验，探讨火灾作用后方钢管混凝土荷载-变形滞回曲线的特点以及刚度退化规律，并对火灾作用后方钢管混凝土压弯构件极限承载力和抗弯刚度计算方法进行了讨论。     

黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义

在综合了炭屑筛选法和炭屑花粉流程分析法的基础上,设计了一套从黄土、古土壤和古文化层中提取不同粒径炭屑的新途径——黄土炭屑分级统计方法,对不同粒级的炭屑进行分析和统计．筛选法提取、统计粒径在125μm 以上的炭屑颗粒,作为地方性火活动的替代指标;而用炭屑花粉流程分析方法获取粒径在125μm 以下的炭屑颗粒,作为区域性火活动的替代指标．黄土炭屑分级统计方法提高了炭屑研究的精度,丰富了黄土火演化研究的内容,是建立黄土高原火演化历史,研究植被演替和生态特征的重要途径,在认识黄土高原气候变化,探讨人类活动及其环境效应等方面具有重要意义．     

Influences of vegetation disturbance on hydrogeomorphic response following wildfire

Quantifying the linkages between vegetation disturbance by fire and the changes in hydrologic processes leading to post‐fire erosional response remains a challenge. We measured the influence of fire severity, defined as vegetation disturbance (using a satellite‐derived vegetation disturbance index, VDI), landscape features that organize hydrologic flow pathways (relief and elongation ratios), and pre‐fire vegetation type on the probability of the occurrence of post‐fire gully rejuvenation (GR). We combined field surveys across 270 burned low‐order catchments (112 occurrences of GR) and geospatial analysis to generate a probabilistic model through logistic regression. VDI alone discriminated well between catchments where GR did and did not occur (area under the curve = 0.78, model accuracy = 0.72). The strong effect of vegetation disturbance on GR suggests that vegetation exerts a primary influence on the occurrence of infiltration excess run‐off and post‐fire erosion and that major gully erosion will not occur until fire consumes aboveground biomass. Other topographic and local factors also influenced GR response, including catchment elongation, per cent pre‐fire shrub, mid‐slope riparian vegetation, armoured headwaters, firehose effects, and concentration of severe burn in source areas. These factors highlight the need to consider vegetation effects in concert with local topography and site conditions to understand the propensity for flow accumulation leading to GR. We present a process‐based conceptual hydrologic model where vegetation loss from fire decreases rainfall attenuation and surface roughness, leading to accelerated flow accumulation and erosion; these effects are also influenced by interactions between fire severity and landscape structure. The VDI metric provides a continuous measure of vegetation disturbance and, when placed in a hydrologic context, may improve quantitative analysis of burned‐area susceptibility to erosive rainfall, hazard prediction, ecological effects of fire, landform evolution, and sensitivity to climate change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Simple Model for the Movement of Fire Smoke in a Confined Tunnel

Fires in tunnels are unfortunately frequent occurrences often with tragic outcomes. A recent example is the fire on the funicular train at the ski resort in Kaprun (Austria), which caused nearly 160 deaths. Design engineers and risk analysts require knowledge of the fluid dynamics of the fire and smoke movement to answer questions such as how much oxygen can access and feed the fire, and what concentration of smoke will the people be exposed to. As an example in the Austrian accident the geometry was a long tunnel with fire doors closed at one end, and with a fire initiated near the closed (lower) end. The hot smoke from the fire is a source of buoyancy; the smoke reaches the ceiling of the tunnel, and then develops along the ceiling as a wall-bounded plume. The motion of the smoke is driven by a buoyancy force, but at the same time, mechanisms of turbulent heat and mass transfer act as a brake to this motion. In this paper we present how a generic model describing a semi-enclosed buoyancy-driven flow can be interpreted and used in the modelling of fire smoke movement in a confined tunnel. A consideration of the net pollutant volume flux through the tunnel leads to predictions for the variation of concentrations along the tunnel. The smoke concentrations near the fire smoke source scale linearly with the length of the tunnel, with higher concentrations at the lower section of the tunnel, as could be expected. Similarly the concentration of oxygen making its way through to the fire source decreases linearly with the length of the tunnel. A lower bound estimate of the smoke residence time can be obtained based on smoke concentration predictions from the model.     

机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘防烟特性的实验研究

采用全尺寸模拟实验,通过测量机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘背火面壁面的平均温升、卷帘缝隙处的烟气流动等,对无机防烟卷帘在机械排烟作用下的防烟特性展开研究。结果表明：无机防烟卷帘在发生火灾时自动下降至地面,在机械排烟作用下,在20 min的实验时间内,基本上能将烟气阻挡在模拟着火房间内,只有极少量烟气进入模拟中庭,卷帘背火面壁面温度接近环境温度;该无机防烟卷帘具有良好的挡烟耐热性能,火灾时可以保证非着火区域人员的安全疏散。本文研究可为该种新型无机防烟卷帘在复杂中庭防火设计中的应用提供实验支持。     

The relations between modulus of elasticity and temperature in the context of the experimental simulation of rock weathering by fire

Fires occur frequently in many biomes and generate high temperatures on the ground surface. There are many field examples of fire causing rock disintegration. The simulation of fire in the laboratory (using a furnace) and the monitoring of changes in rock modulus of elasticity (with a Grindosonic apparatus), reveal that different rocks respond differently to heating. Significant decreases in elasticity occur at temperatures as low as 200°C and granites display particularly marked reductions. Extended periods of heating are not required for significant reductions to occur. It is postulated that the degree of change in elasticity as a result of simulated fire is such that rock outcrops subjected to real fires are likely to be sufficiently modified as to increase their susceptibility to erosion and weathering processes.     

Sandstone response to salt weathering following simulated fire damage: a comparison of the effects of furnace heating and fire

Fire has long been recognized as an agent of rock weathering. Our understanding of the impact of fire on stone comes either from early anecdotal evidence, or from more recent laboratory simulation studies, using furnaces to simulate the effects of fire. This paper suggests that knowledge derived from simulated heating experiments is based on the pre‐conceptions of the experiment designer – when using a furnace to simulate fire, the operator decides on the maximum temperature and the duration of the experiment. These are key factors in determining the response of the stone to fire, and if these are removed from real‐world observations then knowledge based on these simulations must be questioned. To explore the differences between heating sandstone in a furnace and a real fire, sample blocks of Peakmoor Sandstone were subjected to different stress histories in combination (lime rendering and removal, furnace heating or fire, frost and salt weathering). Block response to furnace heating and fire is discussed, with emphasis placed on the non‐uniformity of the fire and of block response to fire in contrast to the uniform response to surface heating in a furnace. Subsequent response to salt weathering (by a 10% solution of sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate) was then monitored by weight loss. Blocks that had experienced fire showed a more unpredictable response to salt weathering than those that had undergone furnace heating – spalling of corners and rapid catastrophic weight loss were evidenced in blocks that had been subjected to fire, after periods of relative quiescence. An important physical side‐effect of the fire was soot accumulation, which created a waxy, relatively impermeable layer on some blocks. This layer repelled water and hindered salt ingress, but eventually detached when salt, able to enter the substrate through more permeable areas, concentrated and crystallized behind it, resulting in rapid weight loss and accelerated decay. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火烧对洞庭湖湿地荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和苔草(Carex brevicuspis)群落土壤性质的影响

火烧作为调控因子,对植物群落结构和生态系统功能具有重要影响,但在湖泊湿地中研究较少.通过野外调查取样与实验室分析,探讨火烧对洞庭湖湿地主要群落类型——荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和苔草(Carex brevicuspis)土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:火烧后,苔草群落土壤硝态氮含量显著减少64.6%,有机质含量增加26.3%;而荻群落土壤与之相反,硝态氮含量增加186.9%,有机质含量减少22.9%.火烧后,苔草群落的全氮、铵态氮、全碳和全磷含量均显著增加,分别增加了75.4%、36.3%、102.7%和76.9%,而荻群落土壤与对照组间无显著差异.总体上,火烧对荻群落土壤养分影响不大,可作为芦苇场的一种管理方式,但火烧促进苔草群落土壤养分释放,有助于苔草群落提前萌芽和生长,并引起牲畜牧食增加.     

A simulation of probabilistic wildfire risk components for the continental United States

This simulation research was conducted in order to develop a large-fire risk assessment system for the contiguous land area of the United States. The modeling system was applied to each of 134 Fire Planning Units (FPUs) to estimate burn probabilities and fire size distributions. To obtain stable estimates of these quantities, fire ignition and growth was simulated for 10,000 to 50,000 “years” of artificial weather. The fire growth simulations, when run repeatedly with different weather and ignition locations, produce burn probabilities and fire behavior distributions at each landscape location (e.g., number of times a “cell” burns at a given intensity divided by the total years). The artificial weather was generated for each land unit using (1) a fire danger rating index known as the Energy Release Component (ERC) which is a proxy for fuel moisture contents, (2) a time-series analysis of ERC to represent daily and seasonal variability, and (3) distributions of wind speed and direction from weather records. Large fire occurrence was stochastically modeled based on historical relationships to ERC. The simulations also required spatial data on fuel structure and topography which were acquired from the LANDFIRE project (). Fire suppression effects were represented by a statistical model that yields a probability of fire containment based on independent predictors of fire growth rates and fuel type. The simulated burn probabilities were comparable to observed patterns across the U.S. over the range of four orders of magnitude, generally falling within a factor of 3 or 4 of historical estimates. Close agreement between simulated and historical fire size distributions suggest that fire sizes are determined by the joint distributions of spatial opportunities for fire growth (dependent on fuels and ignition location) and the temporal opportunities produced by conducive weather sequences. The research demonstrates a practical approach to using fire simulations at very broad scales for purposes of operational planning and perhaps ecological research.     

Modelling the effects of fire and rainfall regimes on extreme erosion events in forested landscapes

Existing models of post-fire erosion have focused primarily on using empirical or deterministic approaches to predict the magnitude of response from catchments given some initial rainfall and burn conditions. These models are concerned with reducing uncertainties associated with hydro-geomorphic transfer processes and typically operate at event timescales. There have been relatively few attempts at modelling the stochastic interplay between fire disturbance and rainfall as factors which determine the frequency and severity with which catchments are conditioned (or primed) for a hazardous event. This process is sensitive to non-stationarity in fire and rainfall regime parameters and therefore suitable for evaluating the effects of climate change and strategic fire management on hydro-geomorphic hazards from burnt areas. In this paper we ask the question, “What is the first-order effect of climate change on the interaction between fire disturbance and storms?” The aim is to isolate the effects of fire and rainfall regimes on the frequency of extreme erosion events. Fire disturbance and storms are represented as independent stochastic processes with properties of spatial extent, temporal duration, and frequency of occurrence, and used in a germ–grain model to quantify the annual area affected by extreme erosion events due to the intersection of fire disturbance and storms. The model indicates that the frequency of extreme erosion events will increase as a result of climate change, although regions with frequent storms were most sensitive.