夏季青藏高原雷暴天气及其天气学特征的统计分析

利用常规探空和地面观测资料,分析了2000-2009年夏季(6-8月)青藏高原(下称高原)地区雷暴的时空分布特征以及雷暴天气各要素的垂直廓线特征,在此基础上,修正了K指数,并对修正后的K指数(KM)进行了检验。结果表明,高原雷暴中心主要发生在高原西南侧的日喀则、高原中部腹地那曲、拉萨一带以及高原东部地区,夏季高原中部雷暴中心区随月份向西南转移,其东侧的雷暴中心区随月份向南偏移,雷暴中心位置向南偏移且雷暴的月平均频数减少,高原上由南向北雷暴发生的时段不同,高原中部和北部的那曲、沱沱河雷暴峰值的出现时段比南部的拉萨早3～6h;高原南部的定日和拉萨雷暴日大气低层存在逆湿现象。高原地区雷暴日500～400hPa之间为不稳定层,400hPa以上为稳定层,400hPa处假相当位温为最小值,雷暴日平均风向为西南风;对KM指数检验表明,大多数雷暴日KM>10℃,占总雷暴日的92.7%;当KM<0℃时几乎无雷暴发生,KM指数对雷暴具有一定的指示意义。     

清远地区前汛期雷雨大风和冰雹天气的物理量指标

选取清远地区7个国家气象观测站2006—2015年前汛期的地面观测记录资料和清远、梧州探空站的t-logp探空资料,统计分析沙氏指数SI等8个物理量对雷雨大风及冰雹天气预报的指示作用。结果表明:(1)清远探空站数据中,整层比湿积分IQ、沙氏指数SI、瑞士雷暴1(SWISS00)对雷雨大风天气预报的指示性较好;整层比湿积分IQ、瑞士雷暴1(SWISS00)和0℃层高度对冰雹天气预报的指示性较好。(2)梧州探空站数据中,整层比湿积分IQ、抬升指数LI和沙氏指数SI对雷雨大风天气预报的指示性较好;整层比湿积分IQ、0和-20℃层高度、潜在下冲气流指数(MDPI)和强天气威胁指数SWEAT对冰雹天气预报的指示性较好。合理利用物理量指标对清远地区前汛期雷雨大风和冰雹天气的潜势预报具有一定的可行性。     

山西岢岚地区雷暴气候统计特征及其严重年大气环流背景

利用1970—2014年山西省岢岚地区地面雷暴观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,统计分析岢岚地区雷暴的气候特征,并研究雷暴严重年6—8月平均大气环流和对流稳定性特征。结果表明:(1)1970—2014年山西岢岚地区雷暴活动具有很强的季节性、时间性特征,主要集中在6—8月(占总数的74.08%)、13:00—21:00(占总数的66.46%);年雷暴日数呈增多趋势,每10 a约增加1.8 d,雷暴初日最早出现于3月25日,终日最晚出现在11月3日,且初、终日的年际差异较大;(2)小波分析结果显示,近45 a岢岚地区年雷暴日数具有明显的2.457 a和4.1322 a周期变化特征;(3)多雷暴年,岢岚地区位于500 h Pa平均位势高度及距平场槽底,而少雷暴年则位于槽后脊前;(4)多雷暴年的CAPE值为229.70 J·kg-1,是少雷暴年的2.0191倍,多雷暴年的K指数值达31.6℃,比少雷暴年大2.83℃,表明多雷暴年大气的不稳定性程度更高。     

华北地区雷暴大风的时空分布及物理量统计特征分析

利用2011—2015年4—9月华北地区主要区域(北京、天津、河北、山西)的重要天气报和雷暴观测资料,统计分析了该地区雷暴大风的时空分布等特征。结果表明,华北地区雷暴大风出现最多的月份为6—7月,最多的时次为下午到前半夜,大范围雷暴大风天气过程起始时间多为13:00(北京时,下同)-15:00,持续时间为4~8 h,高海拔地区出现雷暴大风的频次大于低海拔地区。在将华北地区站点分为高海拔站点和低海拔站点的基础上,使用2011—2013年4—9月的NCEP物理量分析场对雷暴大风过程的指示性进行统计分析,结果表明:多数常用的热力指标需考虑季节因素;下沉对流有效位能阈值基本不随季节变化,并对高海拔和低海拔区域的雷暴大风的出现及其范围均有一定的指示性;对流抑制能量、0~3 km垂直风切变、低层散度、500 hPa风场、整层可降水量、500 hPa相对湿度08:00—14:00变化等物理量在一些具体方面对于雷暴大风的出现及范围有一定的指示性。主要发生在高海拔地区的雷暴大风天气过程,850 hPa的相对湿度均在50%以下;主要发生在低海拔地区的雷暴大风天气过程,850 hPa的相对湿度基本在50%以上;850 hPa相对湿度较大的大范围雷暴大风天气过程,850 hPa和500 hPa的温差在24~28℃,850 hPa相对湿度较小的大范围雷暴大风天气过程,850 hPa和500 hPa的温差则常常达到30℃或以上。     

武川县某风电场雷暴潜势预报方法分析

文章以武川县某风电场为分析区,选取对流有效位能、K指数、抬升指数、700h Pa假相当位温、垂直速度等5个对雷暴具有较好指示意义的预报因子,利用2010—2011年5—9月武川站雷暴日资料和NCEP/NCAR逐6h的1o×1o再分析资料建立雷暴潜势预报方程,为风电场安全运行提供依据。对2012年雷暴预报效果检验表明,该方程对雷暴天气具有一定的预警能力,预报方程的命中率为80.6%,虚假报警率为67%,能够成功预报出该风电场两次较为严重的雷击事故,可用于支撑该风电场的雷暴预警服务。     

浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴天气过程对比分析

利用多种观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴过程中的各种环境条件,结果表明:以对流有效位能CAPE表达的深厚湿对流潜势条件夏季个例的比冬季的好,二者分别为1148 J·kg~(-1)和490 J·kg~(-1)。冬季个例的动力抬升条件更好:低层到地面受冷锋影响;700、850 h Pa因急流风向风速的不连续而产生较强的辐合;500 h Pa处于长波槽前的上升气流中,最大的垂直速度达1.1 Pa·s~(-1)。两次过程的共同特点是强回波分布与地面θ_(se)高值区和切变线叠加区对应关系比较好,为雷暴系统的临近预报提供了重要线索。地面有冷锋影响时,要考虑冷锋入海后风力加大,地面辐合加强,使对流发展。由海陆不同比热属性造成的海陆之间白天和夜间的不同温差,对白天和夜晚系统入海后的强度变化有不一样的影响。10个浙东冬季雷暴个例天气形势分析结果表明,冬季雷暴的共同特点是都有冷暖空气在浙东强烈交汇,华南到华东中低层有很强的西南急流,850 h Pa最大风速达到20 m·s~(-1)以上。两季雷暴各种对流参数对比分析结果显示,冬季雷暴比较好的预报指标是总指数和垂直风切变,重点关注西南急流的强度、冷锋和850-500 h Pa的对流稳定性及动力抬升条件。     

我国华南江南春季雷暴气候特征分析

基于我国华南江南地区274个基本地面气象观测站数据、全国闪电定位数据以及欧洲中心的全球大气再分析数据(ERA-Interim),对1981—2017年华南江南地区的春季雷暴日采用经验正交函数分解方法(EOF),并与气象要素场做回归分析。得出以下主要结论:(1)我国华南江南地区春季雷暴活动高发区主要在广西东部至广东西部;其高峰期在下午18:00和凌晨4:00左右,且大多数雷暴活动持续时间不超过3 h;山区雷暴活动主要在傍晚至夜间;平原雷暴活动主要在白天,高峰在17:00及06:00前后;(2)华南江南地区的雷暴活动存在着3~5年的短周期和16年左右的长周期变化;(3)雷暴日距平EOF分析的前3个主成分累计方差贡献达到72.3%。按其向量场的方差贡献分型,Ⅰ型表现为华南江南雷暴活跃特征呈现较统一的变化规律。深厚西南低涡槽前、上干下湿的水汽层结、上冷下暖的温度层结为华南江南地区发生大范围雷暴天气提供良好的动力、水汽和位势不稳定条件,是华南江南雷暴活跃异常的主要模态;Ⅱ型表现为从华南南部到江西与浙江南部有一条西南-东北向、下宽上窄的雷暴活跃正距平异常区,而两侧为负距平异常区。其环流特征表现为温度整层偏冷,水汽整层偏湿,而西南槽前动力抬升有利于水汽抬升凝结触发对流形成雷暴;Ⅲ型表现为华南和江南地区雷暴活跃特征呈南北反位相异常,其分界线在26 °N附近。其环流特征表现为较强的干冷空气南下与南方暖湿空气在南岭山区对峙形成异常的垂直环流圈。在其上升支,低层干冷空气被卷入中高层使得中高层暖湿空气凝结释放潜热形成对流,造成华南地区多雷暴发生,而江南地区处于垂直环流的下沉支,整层湿度偏干,造成江南地区雷暴相对偏少。      

京津冀“7·5”强对流天气形成的环境条件及中尺度特征

2021年7月5日下午至夜间,京津冀中部地区陆续出现短时强降水、雷暴大风、小冰雹等混合型强对流天气,基于地面区域自动气象站、多普勒雷达、FY-2G气象卫星、微波辐射计以及欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）第五代大气再分析资料ERA5等多源资料,重点对此次短时强降水形成的大气环境条件和中尺度特征进行探讨分析。结果表明：此次短时强降水、雷暴大风和局地小冰雹的混合型强对流天气发生前即显现出良好的水汽条件,低层和中层的水汽通量强辐合早于降水1～2 h出现,整层大气可降水量在强抬升作用下不断累积;垂直假相当位温（θse）能量锋区的形成,“上干下湿”不稳定层结的维持,0～6 km强垂直风切变以及对流有效位能（convective available potential energy,CAPE）、K指数、SI增强等条件的建立,为强对流的爆发创造了热力、动力和不稳定环境;高空槽东移携带干冷空气南下与低空暖舌共同形成的不稳定层结,为强对流天气的出现提供了天气尺度上升运动;下午时段出现的强对流较夜间能量释...     

山东省雷暴大风天气学分型与物理诊断量统计特征

使用MICAPS地面气象观测资料和探空资料,对山东省2009—2016年4—9月产生的雷暴大风以500 hPa天气系统为主进行分型,并以低层(850 hPa)中尺度天气系统和地面天气系统为辅对各型雷暴大风进行分类。然后,采用百分位数法统计分析各型雷暴大风发生时的物理诊断量,并给出各物理诊断量的临界值。结果表明:(1)基于500 hPa天气影响系统配置,山东省雷暴大风分为槽前型、槽后型和副高边缘型,再根据雷暴大风落区与850 hPa天气系统的位置关系,又分为切变线辐合类、偏南气流辐合类和偏北气流辐合类3种类型,而根据海平面气压场中天气系统与雷暴大风的位置关系,则将产生雷暴大风的地面天气系统主要归纳为6种类型。(2)将山东省划分为内陆地区和半岛地区,4—6月内陆地区雷暴大风的适用物理诊断量为850 hPa与500 hPa温差(DT_(850-500))、500 hPa与850 hPa风速差(DV_(500-850))、风暴强度指数(SSI)和大风指数(WI),半岛地区代表大气热力和动力综合特征的物理诊断量SSI和WI对雷暴大风的指示性较好。(3) 7—8月山东全省,代表大气热力不稳定的物理诊断量即对流有效位能(CAPE)、K指数、抬升指数(LI)、700 hPa与850 hPa假相当位温差(Dθ_(se700-850))、强天气威胁指数(SWEAT),对雷暴大风有较好的指示性。(4) 9月山东省雷暴大风主要发生在半岛地区,Dθ_(se700-850)、SSI、SWEAT和DV_(500-850)对雷暴大风具有较好的指示性。     

四川盆地不同强度短时强降水物理量特征对比分析

利用2007—2017年5—9月四川盆地84个国家自动站逐小时观测资料和时间间隔6 h的ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了四川盆地不同强度短时强降水发生发展所需的热力、水汽和垂直风切变等条件,并对不同强度短时强降水的环境物理量特征进行了对比。结果表明,极端短时强降水的抬升凝结高度、自由对流高度和平衡高度(EL)均高于普通短时强降水,EL可以较好地区分极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水,约75%的极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水分别发生在EL高于258.6和658.2 hPa的环境下。极端短时强降水的对流有效位能(CAPE)和对流抑制能量值同样高于普通短时强降水,约50%的极端短时强降水和普通短时强降水的CAPE值分别高于792.5和451.9 J·kg~(-1)。不同强度短时强降水的850和500 hPa假相当位温差(θ_(se850)-θ_(se500))差异显著,极端短时强降水的θ_(se850)-θ_(se500)数值明显高于普通短时强降水,10℃可做为区分二者的参考阈值。约50%的短时强降水大气整层可降水量(PW)超过58 mm,不同强度短时强降水的PW差异不明显,但极端短时强降水具有较为明显的上干下湿垂直分布特征。垂直风切变和上升运动对四川盆地不同强度短时强降水的区分没有明确的指示意义。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.