X波段移动天气雷达产品在人工增雨中的应用

2020年5月19日四川省绵阳地区实施了一次人工增雨作业,利用X波段移动天气雷达产品,对作业前后雷达回波和地面降水资料进行了对比分析。结果表明：反射率因子大于20dBz、垂直累计液态水含量(VIL)达到 0.3kg/m² 以上时,云层具备较好的降水条件,有利于实施人工增雨作业;增雨作业后,反射率因子最大强度、平均强度和降水回波面积都明显增大,回波中心 VIL 显著上升;利用对比区和影响区降水资料分析得到相对增雨率为 18.9%,绝对增雨量达 6.2mm,作业催化取得较好效果。     

X波段移动天气雷达产品在人工增雨中的应用

2020年5月19日四川省绵阳地区实施了一次人工增雨作业,利用X波段移动天气雷达产品,对作业前后雷达回波和地面降水资料进行了对比分析。结果表明：反射率因子大于20dBz、垂直累计液态水含量（VIL）达到 0.3kg/m² 以上时,云层具备较好的降水条件,有利于实施人工增雨作业;增雨作业后,反射率因子最大强度、平均强度和降水回波面积都明显增大,回波中心 VIL 显著上升;利用对比区和影响区降水资料分析得到相对增雨率为 18.9%,绝对增雨量达 6.2mm,作业催化取得较好效果。     

一次火箭人工增雨作业雷达回波响应探讨

2014年9月28日山东地面人工增雨试验区使用WR-98火箭成功进行一次增雨作业。采用新一代多普勒雷达、探空和自动站10min雨量资料,利用选取对比云和雷达跟踪目标云的方法,探讨了这次人工增雨作业后的雷达响应和地面雨量的关系。结果表明:火箭催化13min后目标云顶开始升高,19min后目标云回波增强了3dBz,25min后目标云VIL从2.5kg/m~2增加到3kg/m~2。目标云所经过的3个雨量站10min雨量具有同样的增大趋势,从时间和地理位置分析这些变化与火箭人工增雨有关。     

武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业的综合观测分析

为了收集整理对流云人工增雨效果的相关证据,利用雨滴谱、GPS/MET水汽、多普勒雷达和地面分钟雨量观测资料,对2014年9月28~29日武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业过程进行效果分析检验。结果表明:(1)对流层中低层上干下湿结构有利于对流发生,作业前水汽向武汉附近集中,雷达回波顶高为10 km左右,且作业目标云处于新生或发展阶段,具有较好的作业条件;(2)通过催化目标云与对比云的对比分析发现,催化后对流单体的最大反射率因子、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量和强回波面积等物理参量均出现不同程度增长,整个生命史延长30 min以上,其中F1对流单体经催化后在00:33~00:51经过武汉观测站,形成的降水粒子在1.85 mm粒径处出现峰值,且粒径和数浓度快速增长至最大;(3)3个目标云此次催化后的增雨率均超过36%。     

对流云人工增雨雷达效果分析软件的应用

根据雷达回波参量自动选取对比云并进行效果分析的方法,研制了对流云人工增雨雷达效果分析软件.在此基础上,对2008年湖北省12次对流云增雨试验进行了效果检验:发现其中10个个例催化效果良好,具体表现为增雨作业催化后,目标云的物理参数发生了比较明显的变化,回波强度、回波顶高、液态含水量、强回波面积等均增大,约半小时内达到峰值,而相应的对比云回波参量增长幅度比目标云小,或者没有继续发展,大部分对比云的生命史比目标云短.最后,通过综合分析,提出基层作业站点适宜开展人工增雨的催化指标,在实际应用中取得了良好的效果.     

火箭增雨效果雷达回波分析

利用2004年6月12日甘肃省永登县雷达观测对流云的加密资料,选取了2次相似对流云过程分别作为目标云和对比云,探讨了目标云作业前后较对比云雷达回波有关参数的显著变化,并结合地面雨量点观测资料对地面人工增雨作业效果进行了初步分析,结果表明:目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化方面,表现出作业前后较对比云存在明显差异,目标云作业40 m in后地面产生0.6 mm降水,而对比云则从新生发展到减弱消散阶段经历较短的时间(30 m in),地面并无降水产生,从而推断本次人工增雨达到了一定的预计效果。     

火箭人工增雨作业的个例分析

2005年6月27日甘肃永昌实施了火箭人工增雨作业,XDR数字化天气雷达对这次增雨过程进行了跟踪探测。通过分析这次人工增雨前后天气学背景和雷达回波演变情况,证明在有利的天气形势下,通过火箭人工增雨作业后,雷达回波强度增强、回波范围和地面降水频率增大,作业后24 h地面雨量的分布情况也佐证了这一结果。     

西安新一代天气雷达产品在一次人工增雨中的应用分析

在常规天气形势分析的基础上,应用西安新一代天气雷达(C INRAD/CB)产品,结合地面降水,对渭南今年初夏一次人工增雨作业,以及雷达回波图上目标云系作业前后反射率因子、垂直累计液水含量、回波顶高等进行对比分析,表明增雨效果明显。因此,用新一代天气雷达产品指挥人工增雨作业是有效的,回波要素变化为人工增雨效果评估提供了直接物理证据。     

夏季对流云人工增雨效果评价方法初探

由于对流云尺度小、生消快,降水时空分布不均匀等特点,对其进行人工增雨效果评价是十分困难的事.本文利用2003年在"江淮地区对流云人工增雨外场试验"试验区获取的对流云人工增雨监测资料,采用成对对流云试验方案,开展对对流云人工增雨效果进行评估.通过对催化云催化前后雷达特征量和地面雨量变化分析,以及催化云与非催化云自身对比分析和双比分析,初步得出:人工催化后10～20 min增雨效果不明显,人工催化30 min后才能产生明显的增雨效果,其效果在100%以上.     

多普勒雷达数据在海南省人工增雨效果评估中的应用

采用地面降水资料、多普勒雷达数据、探空资料等,利用自主开发的系统软件对实测资料进行增雨效果统计检验,通过目标区作业前后雷达参量的演变或目标区与对比区的回波参量的差异,来完整的分析2010年8月11日海南西部多点作业情况的催化效果。物理统计分析结果显示,催化一般在作业后半小时内起到效果并达到最强,目标区的最大强度、强回波区面积、液态水含量、回波顶高的增大率大于对比区的值,催化作业确实延长了目标云的寿命。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.