基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识

提出了一种基于支持向量机的卫星遥感数据大雾判识方法:首先通过对风云1D卫星大雾区域的各通道辐射值出现频次进行概率统计,利用其阈值来粗判识大雾;然后在粗判识的基础上通过支持向量机的方法进行大雾细判识;最后利用腐蚀和膨胀的图像处理技术对判识后的图像进行优化处理。在对我国2006年9-12月的65条监测到大雾的风云1D轨道的探测数据进行分析之后,发现大雾判识结果与专家标记吻合。检验结果表明,利用1、2、4、6、7、10通道组合进行粗判识的结果最好,5交叉正确率为89.9849%,TS评分为74.04%。利用上述方法对个例的分析检验表明,基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识方法是切实可行的。     

EOS—MODIS卫星资料在北疆大雾监测中的应用分析

根据雾与云、积雪、裸地等地表物在可见光、长波红外和中红外波段的反射及辐射特性差异,利用MODIS卫星多通道多光谱探测数据,采用最佳波段组合法和量化判识指标法,对2006年3月8日到10日北疆大雾天气进行判识检验试验和动态监测分析。结果:发现较利于雾与背景(地物、云、雪)分离的最佳波段是可见光B0.65μm和近红外B0.85μm、短红外B1.64μm、中红外B3.7μm、热红外B11μm,综合判识就可以将云、雾、雪、裸地有效的区分;雾在夜间的有效温度在中红外波段比热红外波段低,可采用中红外和热红外波段的组合方法,根据两通道的亮温差进行雾的监测。     

基于多灰度共生矩阵特征值的黄渤海白天海雾识别算法

本文基于多灰度共生矩阵特征值,即相关性、对比度、同质性和能量,进行联合海雾遥感判识,提出一种高准确率黄渤海白天海雾识别算法。采用第二代静止气象卫星FY-4A可见光、近红外和红外数据,将该算法应用于黄渤海区域白天海雾判识,并利用2019—2020年沿黄渤海气象站点能见度实测数据及CALIPSO卫星数据产品对本算法识别结果进行精度验证。结果表明：海雾识别平均检测率(POD)为92%,误报率(FAR)为27%,临近成功指数(CSI)为69%,可以实现对海雾的动态监测,为海上交通等领域提供较好的数据支持。     

基于FY-4A卫星数据的强对流云团识别与监测

为解决强对流监测问题,克服地区亮温特征对卫星监测的影响,利用FY 4A卫星L1数据,结合滑动窗口方法和多通道动态阈值自动识别法,对典型强对流云团进行识别与监测。结果表明：1）多通道动态阈值自动识别方法结合滑动窗口方法,可避免人为设置阈值的主观性,整合强对流的区域识别结果,实现全国强对流云团监测。2）此方法具有良好的强对流云团识别效果,识别正确率达到89%;3）FY 4A卫星识别结果与雷达反射率高值区基本一致,能够准确监测强对流云团发生发展和移动的过程,具有较高的识别精度。     

三种经典夜间陆地雾遥感反演方法的适用性对比分析

相较于地面站点观测,卫星可以监测更大范围的夜间雾区分布,目前虽然已存在几种经典的夜间陆地雾遥感反演算法,然而其在我国大范围陆上的适用性尚不清楚。基于葵花8号（Himawari-8）静止气象卫星数据,分别利用双通道差值法、温度差值法及归一化大雾指数法反演了我国2016年1月—2018年12月的夜间陆地雾区,并用地面观测资料以鉴定成功评分、准确率、判识率和误判率为指标参数对雾区反演结果进行验证分析,讨论了三种反演方法的适用性。结果显示:1)三种夜间陆地雾反演方法在秋季和冬季反演效果最好,其中温度差值法的鉴定成功评分高、准确率高、误判率低,反演效果最好,双通道差值法的判识率高、误判率高,反演效果次之,归一化大雾指数法效果最差。2)三种方法对夜间陆地雾的反演在秋季和冬季的最佳适用区域略有不同,但都倾向于在平原和盆地达到最佳效果,如华北平原、长江中下游平原和四川盆地。3)两次雾过程的反演结果显示,温度差值法和双通道差值法对平原地区夜间雾的识别能力均较强,在具体雾过程反演中各有优势。     

基于MODIS遥感资料监测南海白天雾

根据现有雾遥感监测理论,采用多通道阈值判识法,基于MODIS资料进行南海白天雾监测。该方法利用MODIS的1、2、18、20、31通道数据,分离云、雾、海表的相关信息。满足RB1<20%、RB2<20%、RB1>RB2的象元判识为海表;满足RB1>55%、RB2>55%、TB31<273 K的象元判识为中高云;海雾和低云的分离指标IFC>20的象元判识为海雾。利用2011年1—4月广东沿海海雾实地观测结果对该方法进行验证,在13个样本数据中,有9个样本的卫星监测结果与地面观测结果一致,有3个样本地面观测有雾但卫星监测为低云,1个样本地面观测有雾但卫星监测为晴空洋面。主要是因为MODIS资料本身对云雾不具备穿透性,算法设计时只能假设单一视场中只有一层云雾,对于无云覆盖的雾区较易识别,但对于被云覆盖的雾区则只能将其判识为云区,但总体来说,该监测模型是有效的、可行的。      

基于FY-2C红外资料进行夜间云检测的方法研究

应用2007年4月30日20时至5月1日03时的FY-2C红外亮温资料、地面云观测资料以及地理海拔高度资料,详细分析了无云条件下红外亮温与地理海拔高度之间的关系特征。通过建立夜间无云条件下红外亮温与地理海拔高度之间对应关系的标准数据库,以此为判据实现了有云区和无云区的分离,云检测个例结果表明正确率可达88%;将无云区误判为有云区的百分比为4%,同时将有云区误判为晴空区的百分比是8%。在云区的云检测正确率为82%;在无云区的云检测正确率达到92%。在业务化应用和适用性分析中,以5月1日00时资料建立的判据,分别对5月2日至5日00时整个区域进行云检测试验,分析结果表明其总体准确率与5月1日00时的基本接近但稍高,达到92%。在云区的判识正确率提高到93%,从而导致总体准确率稍微提高;而在无云区的判识效果与5月1日00时的一致为92%。     

基于FY-3/MERSI卫星资料的霾判识方法研究

受高人为排放和不利天气条件共同作用,中国秋、冬季霾事件频发,具有影响范围大、程度重、持续时间长的特点。为对离散的地面站观测形成有效补充,本研究充分利用卫星大范围监测优势,依据云、冰雪、霾、亮/暗地表散射及发射特性不同波长的依赖性,建立了基于多通道信息组合的霾区快速判识方法。通过引入空气分子散射订正,有效消除此前霾判识工作中大角度条件下的误判,极大缩小了阈值的变化范围,为霾区的自动识别奠定了基础。将该判识方法应用于中国风云三号D星（FY-3D）搭载的中分辨率光谱成像仪（MEdium-Resolution Spectral Imager,MERSI）,实现了霾区自动判识。通过与2020年10月—2021年2月秋、冬季地面气象站天气现象记录为霾以及地面环境监测站点中PM_2.5小时平均浓度大于75 μg/m³的数据进行对比,结果表明：FY-3D的霾判识结果与天气现象记录结果的一致率为91.1%,与PM_2.5表征结果的一致率为85.6%。气象观测中霾识别依靠的是大气消光能力,卫星霾判识也是通过气溶胶的消光特性来实现,因此两者特征更为一致。     

白天和夜间通用的卫星遥感沙尘判识算法构建与验证分析

Himawari-8是日本发射的新一代静止气象卫星,与前一代的MTSAT-2相比,在时间、空间分辨率上都有了很大提升,特别是红外通道数量从4个增至10个,为红外遥感沙尘提供了新的观测数据。本研究利用Himawari-8的红外观测数据,发展了仅用红外通道的沙尘全天候判识算法,可以实现对白天和夜间的连续监测。算法在前人基础上去除了可见光通道,同时引入更多红外通道来进行云检测和沙尘判识。由于一日之中,地表温度发生变化,因此针对白天和夜间设置了两套不同的判别阈值,来保证算法的全天适用性。最后通过两次沙尘事件对沙尘判别结果的分析和检验表明,遥感判识结果与地面气象站和PM_(10)观测较为一致,说明了只用红外通道全天候判识沙尘的可行性。     

FY-4A卫星夜间大雾识别及其在高速公路服务应用中的潜力分析

利用2018年3月至2020年2月FY-4A卫星AGRI高时空分辨率多通道数据与同期湖北省夜间大雾天气个例,先确定夜间大雾在AGRI长波红外波段(10.8μm)和中波红外波段(3.72μm)的识别阈值,再使用地面气象观测站点资料对卫星识别结果进行检验;最后,结合高速公路交通管制信息,分析夜间大雾识别方法在湖北省高速公路...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.