LOCATING A DIFFRACTOR BELOW PLANE LAYERS OF CONSTANT INTERVAL VELOCITY AND VARYING DIP*

For a two-dimensional situation, a direct solution exists to the problem of locating a point diffractor below plane layers of constant interval velocity and varying dip. The required surface measurements are obtainable from an arbitrary portion of the observed diffraction curve on the stacked section. The method resembles the computing of plane dipping layers of constant interval velocity from common depth point surface measurements.     

COMPUTATION OF THE NORMAL MOVEOUT VELOCITY IN 3D LATERALLY INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA WITH CURVED INTERFACES*

For a 3D velocity model of curved first order interfaces and layer velocities which are arbitrary smooth functions of the space coordinates, the normal moveout (NMO)-velocity can be computed by numerically integrating a system of first order ordinary differential equations for a hypothetical wavefront that originates at the normal incidence point of the normal ray and moves up along the ray to the common mid-point of the common datum point (CDP) profile.     

DEFORMATION OF SEISMIC WAVELETS BY THIN LAYERS AND LAYERED BOUNDARIES*

Using plane wave theory and assuming a given input wavelet the shape of the reflected (or transmitted) wavelet from a layered boundary is derived. Several types of boundaries are considered, among them the weathered layer and a wedge shaped intermediate layer. Different angles of incidence and all internal multiples are taken into account. The examples shown in the figures can be used for a direct comparison between theoretical and observed shapes of reflected (or transmitted) wavelets from special boundaries.     

CDP RAY MODELING IN THE PRESENCE OF 3-D PLANE ISOVELOCITY LAYERS OF VARYING DIP AND STRIKE*

Various Dix-type formulae are derived, which are useful to approximate travel time functions that can be observed while modeling the common depth point (CDP) technique for 3-D isovelocity layers of varying dip and strike. All formulae can be used to compute interval velocities and recover the depth model from surface measurements. They are established by making use of the concept of wavefront curvature. Many similarities with known formulae valid for the 2-D plane isovelocity layer case exist.     

POISSON'S CONSTANT WITH DRY SEDIMENTS AND WITH PACKINGS OF SPHERES*

In order to find a relation between Poisson's constant of dry sediments and the porosity, it is necessary to consider the elastic behavior of the sediment's initial state and the final state during the process of consolidation. Sand and other loose materials of more or less granular substances represent the initial state. As substitute for this zone, elastic constants of simple cubic and hexagonal packing are examined. Supposed is the adhesion for the planes of contact. Besides of Hertz's formula for the contact area of spheres, an elastic function of displacement due to a tangential force for the contact area of the spheres is used. This function has been derived. With the aid of these two. elements, the constants of the mentioned packing are calculated. Poisson's constant will then be calculated from the formula being valid for isotropic solids for three different directions of the sound. The mean value is lying at . With the known equation of Poisson's constant of rock having a small porosity, a third-degree polynomial is formed. This polynomial agrees well with the average values of known measurements, and therefore can serve as a guide for the calculation of Poisson's constant of water-saturated sediments.     

SOME ASPECTS OF HANDLING VELOCITY INVERSION AND HIDDEN LAYER PROBLEMS IN SEISMIC REFRACTION WORK*

There are two types of masked layers in seismic refraction work: the velocity reversal (low-velocity layer) and the hidden layer (insufficient velocity contrast or layer thickness). On the basis of an analytical formulation of the general case of a masked layer under an overburden of plane and parallel multiple refractors the two limiting cases are discussed: the solution resulting from an uncritical interpretation of the measured time-distance curve and the blind zone solution. Between these two limiting cases there is a variety of possible masked layer solutions. These no-blind zone solutions—as well as the blind zone solution itself—are formulated separately for the velocity inversion and the hidden layer case. For the evaluation of some no-blind zone solution a diagram is presented which can be used for any case of multiple refractors in the overburden of the masked layer. However, it is only for the three- and the four-layer case that a blind zone interpretation by use of diagrams is advisable. Such diagrams are presented together with the basic sets of formulae which contain as parameters only ratios of velocities and layer thicknesses. As the velocity of the masked layer is usually unknown the diagrams are principally constructed to show the dependence on the masked layer velocity. This is useful for estimation of the largest possible error.     

CONVERSION POINTS AND TRAVELTIMES OF CONVERTED WAVES IN PARALLEL DIPPING LAYERS1

For converted waves, stacking as well as AVO analysis requires a true common reflection point gather which, in this case, is also a common conversion point (CCP) gather. The coordinates of the conversion points for PS or SP waves, in a single homogeneous layer can be calculated exactly as a function of the offset, the reflector depth and the ratio v_p/v_s. An approximation of the conversion point on a dipping interface as well as for a stack of parallel dipping layers is given. Numerical tests show that the approximation can be used for offsets smaller than the depth of the reflector under consideration. The traveltime of converted waves in horizontal layers can be expanded into a power series. For small offsets a two-term truncation of the series yields a good approximation. This approximation can also be used in the case of dipping reflectors if a correction is applied to the traveltimes. This correction can be calculated from the approximated conversion point coordinates.     

太行山断裂带南端的地震纵波速度结构分析

断裂构造的活动是地震的成因之一。断裂构造上的小震速度结构分布为人们准确提供了地下壳质结构模型,为断裂的活动性分析提供了依据。文中结合太行山南端的地震台网监测资料,利用小震P波走时数据,通过震源和速度结构的联合反演,确定了太行山断裂构造南端的三维速度结构模型。结果表明: 太行山山前断裂带的西侧存在NNE向断层,速度结构平面分布显示低速区沿断裂带呈条带状分布,太行山隆起区沉积层厚度由8km左右逐渐减薄为2km左右,同时受西侧作用力的影响地壳厚度逐渐增厚。     

用地脉动研究银川沉积地层的地震波放大特性

根据银川盆地不同厚度覆盖层上的三分向( 东西、南北和垂直) 地脉动测量数据,绘制出水平向振幅谱与垂直向振幅谱的比值曲线.结果表明,谱比曲线上最大峰值处的频率大小显著地反映了覆盖层的薄厚.通过银川市部分房屋自振频率的对比分析认为,该部分房屋在未来地震中将遭受严重破坏.     

SIMULATIONS OF REFLECTIONS AND DIFFRACTIONS FROM TARGETS BURIED IN A MEDIUM WITH LINEAR VARIATION OF VELOCITY WITH DISTANCE*

A combination of ray theory and diffraction theory has been used to simulate reflections of seismic pulses from a full plane and reflections and diffractions from a half plane buried horizontally in earth models with linear increase of velocity with depth. Wave forms of signals reflected from a full plane in this case are modifications of the source pulse, even if the medium is assumed to be perfectly elastic. The extent of pulse modification increases with increase of the velocity gradient. The duration of the reflected pulse is always longer than that of the source pulse. The pulses diffracted from the edge of the half plane in such cases do not lie along hyperbolic curves in the time-offset plane. Diffracted signals can be observed only up to a limited distance from the edge of the half plane equalling half the horizontal range of the ray which is tangential to the half plane and has its end points at the level of the source and the receiver.     

南北地震带北段速度结构与电阻率特性

建立了南北地震带北段下地壳部分熔融几何形状和分布的模型。熔融的几何分布和连通性由以下3个因素决定：①熔融的位置;②熔融所占总体积的比例;③固－固和固－液界面的最小自由能。熔融形状有薄版形、管道形和椭球包体形。用此模型计算出含有部分溶融岩石的体积、剪切弹性模量和电导率的一般表示式。选择参数并计算出南北地震带北段下地壳的Vp、Vs和电阻率ρs值,即在鄂尔多斯地台下地壳的速度为Vp ≈6.71km/s,Vs≈3.96km/s,电阻率为上百至几百欧姆米。而在祁连、秦岭褶皱系下地壳速率Vp约为6．4～6.6km/s,Vs约为3．72～3．89km/s,电阻率为几至几十欧姆米。数值模拟的结果与地球物理反演结果基本相符,并进行了定性的构造解释。用一个模型对下地壳中的速度特征与电性特性进行了联合数值模拟,说明了此模型在解释下地壳中的Vp、Vs和ρs的有效性。     

ON ERRORS OF FIT AND ACCURACY IN MATCHING SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS AND SEISMIC TRACES*

A synthetic seismogram that closely resembles a seismic trace recorded at a well may not be at all reliable for, say, stratigraphic interpretation around the well. The most accurate synthetic seismogram is, in general, not the one that displays the smallest errors of fit to the trace but the one that best estimates the noise on the trace. If the match is confined to a short interval of interest or if the seismic reflection wavelet is allowed to be unduly long, there is considerable danger of forcing a spurious fit that treats the noise on the trace as part of the seismic reflection signal instead of making a genuine match with the signal itself. This paper outlines tests that allow an objective and quantitative evaluation of the accuracy of any match and illustrates their application with practical examples. The accuracy of estimation is summarized by the normalized mean square error (NMSE) in the estimated reflection signal, which is shown to be (/n)(P_N/P_S) where P_S/P_N is the signal-to-noise power ratio and n is the spectral smoothing factor. That is, the accuracy varies directly with the ratio of the power in the signal (taken to be the synthetic) to that in the noise on the seismic trace, and the smoothing acts to improve the accuracy of the predicted signal. The construction of confidence intervals for the NMSE is discussed. Guidelines for the choice of the spectral smoothing factor n are given. The variation of wavelet shape due to different realizations of the noise component is illustrated, and the use of confidence intervals on wavelet phase is recommended. Tests are described for examining the normality and stationarity of the errors of fit and their independence of the estimated reflection signal.     

华北地区壳内低速层与地壳流变的关系及其对强震孕育的影响

京津唐张地区普遍存在壳内低速层 ,鄂尔多斯块体内部没有发现低速层 ,壳内低速层的这种分布受新生代裂陷伸展的控制。华北地区中地壳下部和下地壳低速层是岩石塑性流变的结果 ,中地壳上部低速层是地壳裂陷伸展时形成的水平拆离带和韧性剪切带 ,岩石各向异性和流体作用可能是引起低速的原因。壳内软弱层 (低速和塑性流变层 )增强了块体层间的解耦作用 ,对地震孕育起着重要作用     

IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY IN SEDIMENTS WITH HIGHER-MODE RAYLEIGH WAVES*

A seismic survey was carried out on a tidal flat in the SW-Netherlands in order to determine shear-wave velocities in sediments by means of higher-mode Rayleigh waves. The dispersion properties of these Rayleigh waves were measured in the 2-D amplitude spectrum–or f, k-spectrum–and resulted in phase velocities for six different modes as a function of frequency (5–30 Hz). These observed phase velocities were inverted for a nine-layer model for the shear-wave velocity to a depth of 50 m.     

波速异常的进一步研究和问题讨论(一)

本文首先清理了近年来我国一些中强地震前后波速比异常概况。在21个震例中,有7次震前提出过不同程度的预报意见,12次是震后总结发现异常的,2次震后总结未发现异常。其次,讨论了利用天然地震资料探索地震波速度异常的几个问题:(1)现有较密的区域电信传输台网需提高观测精度,使得较大的前兆异常量不致于被误差所掩盖;(2)使用多台和达法探索波速比异常时必须注意其方向性效应,而且,若能把单台波速比法与多台波速比法平行对照使用,效果可能更好些;(3)要注意远台与近台出现异常的早晚与反应的程度;(4)高值点反映地震前兆的信息较小,而低值却可能携带某些前兆信息;(5)不会有固定不变的异常区,应该考虑到异常区的变迁。     

水饱和土层中骨架波速的获取与分析

本文较详细地研究了水饱和状态下土体的波速性质，提出了由饱水土体波速值计算土体骨架波速值的方法。用本文的方法可以解决在工程地质工作中波速测试方面存在的一些问题。     

北京地区的波速比变化

用和达法处理了从1967年至1976年十年内发生在北京区域台网内的千余次地震, 求得各次地震的 V_p/V_s.结果表明:(1)在上述时期内发生在台网内的13次M_{L相似文献}   

CONTINUATION OF TOTAL INTENSITY ANOMALY ON AEROMAGNETIC PROFILES WITH CONSTANT ELEVATION CHANGE*

A new scheme for continuing aeromagnetic data along a profile with constantly changing elevation to a horizontal level is presented in this paper. It only requires some modifications of the conventional methods which are designed to continue potential field data from one horizontal level to another level. The new scheme procedes in the following steps: (1) digitization of anomaly along flight level, thus giving distance and elevation to the desired horizontal level at each station. (2) upward continuation at each digitized point from the corresponding elevation to a desired horizontal level. The validity and usefulness of the scheme is shown with theoretical and real data.     

GEOELECTRICAL MODELS INVOLVING LAYERS WITH A LINEAR CHANGE IN RESISTIVITY AND THEIR USE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CLAY DEPOSITS*

A model has been set up for the interpretation of geoelectrical sounding data for certain kinds of clay deposits containing gradually varying amounts of sand. The model assumes that in the so-called gradient layer, resistivity varies linearly with depth. Model calculations show how such a layer can be replaced by two homogeneous layers. An inversion procedure using the Marquardt algorithm has been developed for the interpretation of sounding data obtained with the Schlumberger array; it assumes a gradient layer beneath several covering layers. The procedure is demonstrated on two clay deposits. A comparison is made between the newly developed interpretation, the traditional approach using model curves, and computerized inversion for a homogeneous layer model.     

THE CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH FORMATIONS IN THE SOUTH-WEST OF SCOTLAND *

In seismic studies being carried out to elucidate the structure at depth of the Midland Valley rift and the Tertiary igneous province in the West of Scotland, a lack of deep boreholes makes the collection of velocity data imperative for identification of seismic events and for determinations of depth. Three methods are used to investigate the correlation of seismic velocities and geological formations. The results show as strong a dependence of velocity on method of measurement as on lithology and the wide spread of values within a given formation makes the attribution of discrete velocity ranges to specific formations impossible. Changes of velocity are more significant than absolute values. The variations in both are discussed.