土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的影响

以土壤水分适宜做对照(CK),轻度水分胁迫(50%～70%)、中度水分胁迫(小于50%)3种处理在河北固城可控式土壤水分试验场,选择冬小麦灌浆初期的晴朗天气,采用Li-Cor 6400便携式光合作用仪,观测了3种处理的冬小麦旗叶光合作用参数的日变化。试验结果表明:土壤水分适宜时冬小麦旗叶净光合速率的日变化为"单峰型",未出现明显的"午休"现象,水分胁迫的处理都呈"双峰型",中度胁迫反而比轻度胁迫光合"午休"要短2h;3种处理的蒸腾速率日变化都呈"双峰型",气孔导度是反映叶片气体交换的重要指标,蒸腾速率与气孔导度成极显著正相关;土壤水分适宜或土壤干旱时冬小麦旗叶对环境变化的应变性较迟钝;轻度水分胁迫时冬小麦旗叶净光合速率比CK高2.8%～9.0%,蒸腾速率与CK基本相近,水分利用效率(WUE)比CK高10.6%～12.9%,这可能是一定程度的水分胁迫下冬小麦节水增产的生理调节机理。     

华北地区冬小麦叶片光合作用模型在农业干旱预测中的应用研究

在冬小麦抽穗—灌浆期进行了水分胁迫实验,利用美国Licor公司生产的Licor-188B辐射量子照度仪及Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,对水分胁迫引起的冬小麦光合生理生态变化进行了系统观测,系统地给出了冬小麦多种农业气象指标对水分胁迫的响应状况。在大量实测数据基础上,给出了包含辐射强度、温度及土壤水分因子的冬小麦叶片光合作用模式。该模式具有严格的理论推导过程和大量实验数据的支持,改进了传统水分胁迫对叶片光合速率影响的简单阶乘方法,从而为进一步准确推算水分胁迫对大田冬小麦光合作用的可能影响,以及水分胁迫对区域农业干旱的可能影响奠定了前提条件。该研究是冬小麦干旱预测模型的叶片子模型,为冬小麦农业干旱预测模型提供了丰富的基本参数,同时也为建立冬小麦干旱预测模型奠定了基本条件。     

高温胁迫对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨高温对猕猴桃叶片光合机构的影响,建立基于叶绿素荧光反应的高温热害识别指标,利用叶绿素快速荧光诱导动力学分析技术,研究不同温度胁迫下猕猴桃叶片8类叶绿素荧光的变化特征。结果表明：单位面积捕获的光能、单位面积有活性的反应中心数量、300 μs处相对可变荧光强度差值在30℃≤T≤54℃时均受温度胁迫影响,属光系统Ⅱ敏感位点参数,其中单位面积捕获的光能、单位面积有活性的反应中心数量随温度升高呈直线下降趋势,300 μs处相对可变荧光强度差值随温度升高呈指数上升趋势;初始荧光、最大荧光、最大光化学效率、单位面积的热耗散、单位面积用于电子传递的能量在较低温度胁迫下稳定少变,在较高温度胁迫下变化加剧,属光系统Ⅱ次敏感位点参数;多数叶绿素荧光参数在39℃和45℃存在两个突变临界点;叶绿素各荧光参数特征显示,猕猴桃叶片在30℃≤T < 39℃出现轻度温度胁迫,39℃≤T < 45℃出现中度温度胁迫,T≥45℃出现重度温度胁迫。     

不同土壤水分对向日葵光合光响应的影响

以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。     

水分胁迫对扬花期冬小麦光合特性和干物质生产及产量的影响

试验于2016-2017年冬小麦生长季在临沂设施农业气象试验站自动控制遮雨棚内的水分控制场进行,以"齐麦2号"为试材,在水分关键期设计5个梯度水分处理(T1适宜水平,T2、T3、T4、T5分别按照冬小麦水分关键期比常年降水量减少20%、50%、75%、100%一次性补水)和1个雨养对照的水分控制试验,模拟研究不同程度干旱胁迫对扬花期冬小麦光合特性、干物质生产及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,扬花期冬小麦叶片叶绿素a含量、光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r),株高、叶面积、地上部分总干重均呈降低趋势,且干旱胁迫越重,降低幅度越大,T5处理叶绿素a含量、P_n、G_s、T_r、株高、叶面积及地上部分总干重分别较T1处理降低33.6%、67.4%、90.9%、84.6%、43.9%、19.1%和33.3%;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,水分利用效率(WUE)则呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在轻度干旱胁迫时达到最高;干旱胁迫促进植株养分向叶、鞘转移,减少对茎、穗的养分供给,不利于冬小麦产量提高,此外,扬花期干旱胁迫还造成冬小麦灌浆速率降低、不孕穗率升高,理论产量大幅降低。     

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光-光合作用响应曲线和CO2-光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO2浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析.单因子分析表明晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO2浓度升高而上升,当CO2浓度由330×10-6上升至660×10-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7 %;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0 %,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7 %;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1 ℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9 %.多因子综合数值分析表明在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO2变化响应更加敏感.本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础.     

阶段性干旱胁迫对小麦光合生理特性及产量结构的影响

在人工遮雨的条件下,采用盆栽的种植方式探究"皖麦68"营养生长期(返青期—开花期)及生殖生长期(开花期—成熟期)轻度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量为55%±5%)及复水(土壤相对含水量为70%±5%)对其光合生理特性及产量结构的影响。结果表明:返青期至成熟期充分供水(CK)的小麦旗叶光合参数和产量最高。开花至成熟期复水(DN)的小麦叶片在复水后光合能力迅速恢复,表现出了超补偿效应:光合速率(16.43μmol/(m~2·s))甚至超过了CK(15.01μmol/(m~2·s));采用非直角双曲线模型拟合小麦旗叶的光响应曲线,其中DN的曲角θ最大;DN产量较CK略有降低但千粒重为34.51 g,高于CK(34.44 g)。开花至成熟期轻度干旱(ND)及全生育期轻度干旱(DD)的小麦光合特征参数与产量均显著降低。DD产量最低、品质最差,但其收获指数I_H高于CK、仅次于DN。在小麦返青期—开花期进行水分管理适量减少灌溉,开花期—成熟期复水能够提升籽粒的干物质积累量,获得较高的产量及品质。     

水分关键期干旱胁迫对冬小麦矿质元素积累、产量和品质的影响

干旱是制约我国粮食产量和品质提升的主要农业气象灾害之一。土壤水分与矿质元素交互作用，共同影响冬小麦的生长发育及产量、品质，探究水分关键期冬小麦叶片矿质元素积累、产量和籽粒品质对不同程度干旱胁迫的响应，对科学施肥和干旱灾害防御具有现实意义。本文以冬小麦品种“齐麦2号”为试材，在水分关键期(拔节—扬花期)设计5个梯度的水分控制试验(T1处理为适宜水平，T2、T3、T4处理分别按照基准补水量75.0 mm的80%、50%、25%一次性补水，T5处理不补水)，模拟研究水分关键期干旱胁迫对冬小麦叶片氮、磷、钾矿质元素积累和光合色素、光合参数以及产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明：水分控制期间至复水后，T1处理下冬小麦叶片全氮、全磷、光合色素含量及最大净光合速率(Maximum Net Photosynthetic Rate,P_nmax)、表观量子效率(Apparent Quantum Efficiency,AQE)、光饱和点(Light Saturation Point,LSP)均最高，受干旱胁迫影响，T2、T3、T4和T5处理下上述要素均显著降低，且干旱胁迫程度越重降低幅度越...     

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光—光合作用响应曲线和CO₂—光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO₂浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析。单因子分析表明:晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而上升,当CO₂浓度由330×10^-6上升至660×10^-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7%;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0%,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7%;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9%。多因子综合数值分析表明:在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO₂变化响应更加敏感。本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础。     

干旱环境下夏玉米各生育时期光响应特征

2011年6—9月在中国气象局河北固城生态试验站借助大型电动式防雨棚及人工灌溉, 开展水分影响夏玉米生长发育的田间试验。首先进行夏玉米叶片光合作用日变化和光合作用光响应曲线的观测,然后利用不同模型拟合光响应曲线确定最适模型并提取光合特征参数,探讨土壤水分条件对不同生育时期夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响规律。结果表明:土壤水份适宜时,玉米抽雄期的光合能力最强,重度干旱时,抽雄期的光合能力降低幅度也最大,其次为乳熟期、拔节期;直角双曲线修正模型最适合描述干旱环境下的玉米光合能力光响应过程,轻度干旱使各生育时期光饱和点及最大净光合速率下降,而对光补偿点量子效率和光补偿点的影响不明显; 重度干旱下各生育时期光饱和点、最大净光合速率较轻度干旱又进一步下降,同时各生育时期光补偿点量子效率也有明显下降,而光补偿点明显上升,表明玉米叶片的强光利用能力对干旱敏感,而它的弱光利用能力对干旱响应较迟钝。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;