Marine governance of European Seas: Introduction

This introduction explains the context and structure of a block of articles developed as part of the governance work packages of the FP7 project: “Options for Delivering Ecosystem-based Marine management” (ODEMM).     

黄海大海洋生态系的浮游动物

本文根据1984年8和11月,1985年2月和5月对渤海、黄海进行的浮游生物调查及1980年8月和11月,1981年2月和5月对江苏海岸带水域进行的浮游生物调查,所获取的大网浮游生物样品,分析、总结浮游动物的生态特性,并针对当前即将开展的黄海大海洋生态系的研究,提出浮游动物拟重点进行的调查研究工作。     

海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量

通过界定海洋生态系统服务的概念和内涵以及分析其组成结构、生态过程及生物多样性等服务的来源,详细描述了海洋生态系统所提供的食品供给、原材料供给、基因资源、气候调节、空气质量调节、水质净化调节、有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制、干扰调节、精神文化服务、知识扩展服务、旅游娱乐服务、初级生产、物质循环、生物多样性和提供生境等15项服务。根据这些服务的相似作用与性质,参照千年生态系统评估的分类体系,进一步归纳为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务以及支持服务这4大基本服务类型。同时,也对各项服务的内容、表现特征和计量特征进行了描述。海洋生态系统服务不仅是海洋管理的核心内容,提高和维持海洋生态系统服务更是海洋管理的最终目标。     

黄海大海洋生态系区域监测体系建设的对策建议

为促进黄海生态环境保护和生态灾害治理工作,文章基于历史资料的收集和整理,分析黄海大海洋生态系的生态环境背景及其存在的问题,并提出区域监测体系建设的对策建议。研究结果表明:黄海大海洋生态系的气候变化和营养盐变化是浮游生物群落的重要影响因素,赤潮、绿潮和水母暴发是黄海大海洋生态系的主要生态灾害;应通过加强各种形式的监测和合作,不断构建黄海大海洋生态系区域监测体系。     

黄海大海洋生态系监测和保护数据资料库

本文提出了黄海大海洋生态监测和保护数据和资料库管理系统建设的一种设想计划,着重叙述了建立黄海大海洋生态系数据资料管理系统的框架、功能及其应用。     

The many faces of ecosystem-based management: Making the process work today in real places

Despite the widely accepted need for ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine systems, many managers struggle with how to put these principles into practice. Commonly voiced concerns include complicated and expensive implementation, prohibitive data requirements, and lack of testing with long-term applications. We address some of these perceived barriers by providing guidance on strategies and approaches that can be used for the steps of one ecosystem-based management process, the integrated ecosystem assessment framework, including scoping, defining indicators, setting thresholds, risk analysis, management strategy evaluation, monitoring and evaluation. Importantly, we demonstrate how an ecosystem-based management approach can be utilized in a variety of contexts which vary widely in data quality and availability, governance structure, and time frame. We then illustrate the suggested steps in the process by exploring two case studies that represent realistic ends of the data/governance/time frame spectrum: Puget Sound, Washington, USA and Raja Ampat, Indonesia. By providing concrete suggestions for how to move forward with key steps in an integrated management process, we show that ecosystem-based management is feasible from a range of starting points and that for any given starting point there are numerous productive paths forward.     

海洋强国战略背景下海洋学科发展现状及建议

社会的需求是科学发展的首要动力,海洋已成为21世纪科学发展和技术开发最重要的领域之一,是我国对外开放的重要窗口,国家战略布局的重要组成部分。海洋与国家主权、安全、发展利益的联系更加紧密,涉及的问题也更加地突出,海洋学科建设也应该与时俱进。文章结合国内海洋学科的研究现状及存在的问题提出了加强“蓝色国土”教育,提升全民海洋意识;统筹安排学科设置及涉海高校个性化发展;涉海各界共同参与政策制定及战略研究;增设海洋相关学科之间的通识认知与交流;加大海洋公共平台建设,加强国际交流合作等建议。     

英国海洋与海岸带管理政策研究

文章概述英国海洋与海岸带管理机构以及相关法律的基本情况,重点介绍1999年以来英国海洋与海岸带管理政策的演进,主要包括《海洋和海岸带准入法案》的颁布、海洋规划的制定、海洋保护区网的建设和生产者组织作用的发挥等,以期为我国海洋与海岸带管理提供借鉴。     

Ecosystem-based management institutional design: Balance between federal,state, and local governments within the Gulf of Mexico Alliance

We present a case study of the organizational framework of the Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA), which was implemented to promote the use of ecosystem-based management (EBM) at a regional level. GOMA is a state-led initiative formed to protect and restore coastal and marine resources of the Gulf of Mexico. Representatives of the US Gulf States, together with their federal partners, clearly defined ecological, social, and economic short- and long-term objectives to be reached through regional collaborations. The aim of this paper is to show how GOMA, and particularly the Ecosystem Integration and Assessment Priority Issue Team, in its attempt to apply ecosystem approaches to manage marine resources, modified the common organizational scheme by implementing partnerships at various governmental (federal, state, local) and nongovernmental levels. We address the following major points considered to be of importance for EBM implementation: (1) multilevel cooperation, (2) stakeholders’ involvement, (3) sharing of information, (4) bridging science and policy, and (5) consensus-based decision making.     

Evaluating conditions for transboundary Marine Spatial Planning: Challenges and opportunities on the island of Ireland

Transboundary cooperation is viewed as an essential element of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). While much of the MSP literature focuses on the need for, and benefits of, transboundary MSP, this paper explores the political and institutional factors that may facilitate the effective transition to such an approach. Drawing on transboundary planning theory and practice, key contextual factors that are likely to expedite the transition to transboundary MSP are reviewed. These include: policy convergence in neighbouring jurisdictions; prior experience of transboundary planning; and good working relations amongst key actors. Based on this review, an assessment of the conditions for transboundary MSP in the adjoining waters of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is undertaken. A number of recommendations are then advanced for transboundary MSP on the island of Ireland, including, the need to address the role of formal transboundary institutions and the lack of an agreed legal maritime boundary. The paper concludes with some commentary on the political realities of implementing transboundary MSP.     

莱州湾西部海域海洋生态系统健康评价的结构功能指标法

海洋生态系统健康属于一个新的领域，目前尚没有十分明确的定义。生态系统健康评价需要基于生态系统的结构、功能过程来确定指标。本文采用结构功能指标评价分析方法，以莱州湾西部海域为研究对象，利用层次分析法确定了评价因子的层次关系和重要度，建立了海洋生态系统健康综合评价指数模型。评价结果显示，莱州湾西部海域生态系统健康程度总体属一般，部分海域已达较差状态。经过屿实际情况在空间以及时间上的对比，说明评价结果基本是合理的，证明了所采用的方法具有一定的应用价值。     

The Adaptive Marine Policy (AMP) toolbox: Supporting policy-makers developing adaptive policies in the Mediterranean and Black Sea

Adaptive management is essential to the practical application of the Ecosystem-Based Approach (EBA). Despite there are frequent assertions that adaptive management is being used, evidence on its success is still limited. Indeed, it is difficult to bring the different elements of adaptive management together in a robust way and to choose the appropriate tools to do it. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a practical framework for adaptive policy action, consistent with the EBA. Accordingly, to operationalize the design and implementation of adaptive policies on the basis of the EBA, the Adaptive Marine Policy toolbox has been developed. The objective of the toolbox is to provide policy-makers a practical framework to design and implement adaptive policies. To show the functionality of the toolbox, the guidelines and resources provided within the toolbox have been applied to the marine litter issue in the Mediterranean and Black Sea as an example. The example application has shown that the toolbox is a useful and operational framework to build a science-policy interface according to the EBA. Despite some resources could be missing from the toolbox, they provide a practical and useful starting point to support the application of the different steps and key activities.     

海洋生态系统服务价值的知识图谱 ——基于CiteSpace的计量分析

近年来,“海洋生态系统服务价值”广受学术界关注,相关研究成果大量涌现,现已成为一个不断发展演进的重要知识领域。文章以“Web of ScienceTM”核心合集为数据源,运用文献计量法梳理了海洋生态系统服务价值研究论文的发文量年代分布,运用CiteSpace软件绘制科学知识图谱,分析了该领域主要国家/研究机构的合作情况、文献共被引、研究热点及研究前沿。结果显示,海洋生态系统服务价值的研究历经15年增速缓慢的酝酿期后,自2007年发文量持续高速增长;美国和加拿大两国在该领域的研究处于领先地位,且形成了以“加拿大—英国—澳大利亚—法国—美国”为中心的核心研究群体;以Barbier、Costanza为代表的生态学家为该领域研究奠定了服务价值的方法论基础和理论框架,随后出现了由理论探讨向理论与实践探索结合转变;该领域研究热点集中于海洋生态系统服务价值理论、评估方法、案例分析、影响因素和修复管理5个方面;当前研究前沿则主要聚焦于自然资源评估和生态系统保护等方面在海洋生态系统服务价值的重要应用。本研究对深入认识海洋生态系统服务价值研究领域的知识结构及其演化关系具有一定价值,同时也能为国内海洋生态系统服务价值研究与实践提供参考。     

Regulating wave and tidal energy: An industry perspective on the Scottish marine governance framework

The emerging ocean energy industry, which seeks to utilise waves and tides to generate electricity, is developing in many jurisdictions. The UK, and Scotland in particular, is strongly interested in these technologies, and has made considerable efforts to reform its marine governance processes to better meet the needs of innovative new marine industries. This paper provides an industry perspective on this regulatory framework, reporting on the experiences of ocean energy project and technology developers. Semi-structured interviews with companies with practical experience with Scotland's regulatory framework provide evidence of a number of legal and regulatory challenges, as well as interesting insights into how developers are interacting with new marine governance systems. The paper details the findings of these interviews and offers some suggested directions for future research.     

海洋灾害应急管理体系研究——以连江海洋减灾综合示范区为例

应急管理是海洋灾害风险管理和防灾减灾工作的重要内容。应急管理是一个综合复杂的系统,需要各组成部门的协调一致。文章以连江海洋减灾综合示范区为例,详细分析了海洋灾害应急管理体系的总体构成以及完善海洋综合防灾减灾应急预案体系的重要作用。通过连江海域海洋减灾综合示范区建设,进一步规范风暴潮和海浪灾害以及赤潮灾害应急处置流程,提升各级海洋综合减灾能力,为其他沿海地区开展海洋灾害综合示范区建设和海洋综合灾害应急管理体系的构建提供经验和参考。     

Marine governance in an industrialised ocean: A case study of the emerging marine renewable energy industry

The world׳s oceans are currently undergoing an unprecedented period of industrialisation, made possible by advances in technology and driven by our growing need for food, energy and resources. This is placing the oceans are under intense pressure, and the ability of existing marine governance frameworks to sustainably manage the marine environment is increasingly being called into question. Emerging industries are challenging all aspects of these frameworks, raising questions regarding ownership and rights of the sea and its resources, management of environmental impacts, and management of ocean space. This paper uses the emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, particularly in the United Kingdom (UK), as a case study to introduce and explore some of the key challenges. The paper concludes that the challenges are likely to be extensive and argues for development of a comprehensive legal research agenda to advance both MRE technologies and marine governance frameworks.     

胜利原油和Corexit 9527分散剂对海洋围隔实验生态系中浮游动物的影响

本文分析了Corexit 9527分散剂和中国胜利原油对海洋实验生态系中浮游动物群落的影响,得出的主要结论是:1.单独的Corexit 9527对草食性桡足类的生长发育稍有抑制作用,但种群可得恢复和发展,对肉食性桡足类及其他各类浮游动物没有影响;2.Corexit 9527和原油的混合物对所有类别浮游动物均有极大的抑制作用,它导致种群的迅速缩小且无法得以恢复。     

Marine ecosystem approaches to management: challenges and lessons in the United States

This study examined how the United States’ largest marine resource management agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has begun to change its management strategy away from traditional marine resource management approaches towards an Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). Surveys were conducted with 57 NOAA scientists and resource managers in nine NOAA programs in 8 different geographic regions across the United States in 2005. A qualitative analysis examined the attitudes and experiences of participants with respect to implementing EAM and identified four major challenges to enhancing cooperation and understanding of EAM. We conclude with recommendations for concrete initiatives that future efforts in EAM that any management agency can undertake to facilitate further ecosystem management opportunities.     

Small-scale fisheries and food security strategies in countries in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) region: Angola,Namibia and South Africa

This paper provides an overview of the small-scale fisheries sector in countries within the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME), one of the most productive large marine ecosystems in the world. The study revealed that Angola, Namibia and South Africa have very different legal and policy frameworks, show different levels of compliance with international and regional agreements to protect the livelihoods and food security of small-scale fishers, as well as of integration of fisheries into food security objectives. Angolan law recognises and protects small-scale fishers through legal and institutional mechanisms. In Namibia, this sector of fishers is not legally recognised, while in South Africa traditional fishers have been largely excluded from the new fisheries management framework. Trends in national and regional fish consumption and in the extent of export orientation in fisheries are explored, as well as the potential threats to small-scale producers and food security in the region posed by ongoing drives to incorporate fisheries in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements.     

我国海洋倾倒区使用现状与管理对策研究

海洋倾废是海洋空间资源环境效益的重要体现,对其进行科学有效的管理,是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。文章对我国海洋倾倒区分布及使用现状进行了分析,对目前海洋倾倒区使用与监管中存在的海洋空间资源利用不合理、倾倒区空间布局与已有区划冲突、部分省、市倾倒需求得不到满足、倾废记录仪利用效率不高、倾倒执法监察与监管效率低下等问题进行了研究,并在此基础上提出海洋倾倒管理应加强法制化管理;科学合理地规划、设置和使用海洋倾倒区;加强对海洋倾倒区审批后的监视监控;加快构建海洋倾废综合管理信息平台等对策建议。