Strategy,policy, and the formulation of maritime cluster typologies

In recent years, clusters of industry have attracted multilateral attention, from academia and practice, alike. Clusters of industry relate to harbouring regional competitiveness; as such, they have come to be considered as important constructs for strategy and policy, that can be deemed as complementary domains. At the same time, maritime clusters are regarded as dynamic cases from a multitude of viewpoints. The concepts of strategic policy, particularly as they pertain to maritime clusters, require deeper understanding and more thorough analysis. In this context, cluster typologies surface as a useful instrument that can offer valuable insight. While this field instils the eventuality of facilitating policy and strategy within clusters, it remains relatively barren. This instance may present the opportunity to better elaborate on the formulation of models and frameworks that address the intricacies within maritime clusters. The research conducted introduces a three-tier framework for the generation of maritime cluster typologies, that bears the potential to enrich strategic management and its eventual policy implications, towards a more streamlined and informed manifestation.     

Cooperation and the emergence of maritime clusters in the Atlantic: Analysis and implications of innovation and human capital for blue growth

The so-called ‘blue economy’ is gaining emphasis in European policy making due to the expansion of its relevance beyond traditional economic sectors but also to new and developing ones that exhibit rapid growth. Much of the discourse has focused on the emergence and consolidation of maritime clusters. However, there has been less attention on the regional development aspect and this article provides a timely contribution to filling the gap in knowledge by presenting the findings and analysis of a survey applied to blue economy organisations in Portugal, Spain, Ireland and Scotland. Specifically, issues of innovation, human capital and social capital provide the basis of inquiry around the creation and consolidation of maritime clusters. The article uses the survey data to understand the determinants of the variety of cooperation dynamics. A key finding reveals that participation in innovation activities and absorptive capacity are critical factors in increasing cooperation. From the analysis it is clear that there are significant discrepancies in participation between sectors, such as tourism where participation rates are below average. The article concludes by defining the core activities that should feature in a maritime cluster.     

What is a maritime cluster?

The phenomenon of maritime clusters has spawned a rich body of scholarly work in the last fifteen years. Yet, the answer to one important question has remained elusive: what is a maritime cluster? This question is important because maritime clusters have rapidly become the focus of economic competitiveness policies promoted by both firms and policymakers. This study reviews research articles published over a 15-year period that investigate maritime clusters and derives three distinct definitions of a maritime cluster from them: an industrial complex, an agglomeration of interlinked industries, and a community-based network.     

海洋台站自动化观测系统模块化的实现

本文介绍了采用模块化技术实现海洋台站自动化观测系统的研究情况,为满足不同的环境条伯和观测项目的要求,将海洋台站自动化观测系统设计成独立的硬件和软件模块,组装灵活,方便实用。     

基于大数据的复杂海运环境下船舶路径自动生成方法

随着全球经济的快速发展,海上运输由于其运力大、运费低而变得更具实用性。然而,这也意味着在海上航道行驶的船只正变得越来越多,这将导致在复杂的海洋环境中航海船只发生事故的可能性会很高。据相关历史的统计,在海域中航行缺乏高精度导航数据会导致大量事故,这种累积的事故信息可以被用来提高航海的安全性。本文通过将蕴含在AIS (Automatic Identification System) 大数据中的经验导航信息挖掘出来,以辅助实现复杂海事环境下安全可靠的船舶路径的生成。本文提出了一种基于大数据自动生成船舶路径的新方法。该方法首先在大量船舶轨迹上通过DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) 聚类形成不同的轨迹矢量簇。然后,迭代计算轨迹矢量簇的中心线,并从这些中心线之间的节点-弧段拓扑关系来构建航道网络。最后,基于航道网络来实现船舶路径的生成,对于航道网络未覆盖的海域,则通过海洋环境风险栅格的路径规划来实现船舶路径的生成。不同海域不同AIS数据集进行的多次实验结果表明,本文提出的船舶路径生成方法是有效性。     

Measuring the maritime economy: Spain in the European Atlantic Arc

Despite the importance of the socio-economic dimension of the use of marine waters, there has been little research in the field until recently, when interest has grown in the concept of ‘blue growth'. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap with a socio-economic assessment of the main maritime sectors, focused on the Spanish part of the European Atlantic Arc. To this end, it first proposes a theoretical structure for the maritime economy and then collects and classifies comparable and reliable maritime socio-economic indicators. The data obtained allows us to assess the size of the Spanish maritime sector and the position of the Spanish Maritime Cluster in the wider context of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic, as well as discuss the appropriateness of a strategy of forming clusters at the national level vs. a transnational approach. The results indicate differences between regions in the European Atlantic Arc that complicate the development of integrated policies to stimulate blue growth. Extending our knowledge of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic Arc will make it possible to design strategies that address the real issues, increasing the likelihood of these being effective.     

基于PHC3.0数据集的北冰洋水团分析

基于PHC3.0极地科学中心水文气候数据集(简称PHC3.0数据集)的温度和盐度资料,使用聚类分析和Bayes判别分析的方法,对北纬70°以北海域的水团结构进行了分析,在北冰洋区域划分出4个水团:北冰洋表层水(ASW)、大西洋中层水(AIW)、太平洋水(PW)和北冰洋深层水(ADW)。北冰洋表层水(ASW)遍布于欧亚海盆和加拿大海盆,以低温低盐为特征。大西洋中层水(AIW)位于约200～900m深度,在北冰洋环极边界流的作用下,其影响可达到加拿大海盆。太平洋水(PW)受经白令海峡进入北冰洋的海水影响,相对高温低盐,夏季时影响显著。北冰洋深层水(ADW)在海盆中相当均匀,几乎没有季节变化,盐度约在34.95psu,温度在加拿大海盆约为-0.3℃,欧亚海盆约为-0.7℃。     

全球海洋治理视域下海洋资源资产负债表探析

全球海洋治理背景下,以国家为主体的海洋资源资产负债表能够宣示国家海洋主权,服务海洋开发决策,监管人类海洋行为。海洋资源资产负债表按照海洋资源类型进行核算,海洋资源负债按性质分为政府负债和使用权人负债。在计量上要审慎乐观,采用实物计量和货币计量,不宜低估海洋资源资产,也不宜高估海洋资源负债。海洋资源资产负债表体系以海洋资源资产负债表为主表,海洋资源资产和负债变动表为副表,各类海洋资源明细表为子表。国家应协调好海洋资源与陆地资源核算的范围,近海资源由沿海基层政府核算上报,其他海洋资源由自然资源部统一核算,最终汇总为国家海洋资源资产负债表。     

Quantitative analysis for maritime delimitation: Reassessing the Bay of Bengal delimitation between Bangladesh and Myanmar

This article examines technical aspects of the maritime boundary dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar (the ‘Bay of Bengal case’). This dispute was the first maritime delimitation determined by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). The 2012 decision was also the first time that a maritime boundary for the seabed and subsoil of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf (ECS) was determined by international adjudication. This was also therefore the first time that detailed technical quantification of seabed areas within the EEZ and ECS was needed for achieving an equitable division of these maritime zones in an international forum. Following review of the principles of maritime delimitation on which the ITLOS reached its determination, this article analyzes the legal status and delimitation effect of St. Martin's Island. Concerning the question of whether the legal regimes of the EEZ and continental shelf should be treated differently in a single delimitation line, although the ITLOS determined that the legal regimes should not be distinguished in the present case, a different approach is proposed for future cases. The article identifies how quantitative modelling can be used to achieve an equitable boundary and proposes a model to adjust provisional equidistance lines in accordance with the complex geophysical rules prescribed for the outer limits of the ECS in Article 76 of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).     

一个基于MOM的全球海洋数值同化预报系统

随着国家战略利益的拓展,国家对全球海洋环境预报保障的需求日益凸显。近年来,国家海洋环境预报中心研发并建立我国首个涵盖全球大洋的"全球海洋数值预报系统",该预报系统由MOM4全球海洋环流模式及三维变分同化系统组成。该系统的建立,实现了全球范围海洋环流预报业务全覆盖,为我国探索深海大洋环境的迫切需求提供有力保障,明显提升了我国海洋环境预报能力,体现了我国海洋数值预报技术的发展和进步。该系统的历史回报试验和业务化试运行结果表明其对全球海洋环境要素具有较好的预报能力,其预测结果已经在实际业务中得到了应用,在"雪龙号"极地遇险脱困、马航MH370失联飞机搜救等重大事件的预报保障任务中发挥了重要作用,为我国实施海洋强国战略,推进实施"21世纪海上丝绸之路"的战略构想,应对海上突发事件、维护国家海洋权益等各个方面提供有力的科技支撑和保障,并成为我国全球海洋预报业务的重要参考依据。     

我国海洋环境科学与海洋监测技术的发展问题

阐述了海洋环境科学和海洋监测技术的国家需求和技术特点,介绍了"九五"海洋监测技术的发展和产业化的起步情况.     

全球变化与海岸海洋科学发展

研究海陆过渡带的表层系统作用过程、环境资源特性及发展变化规律,与人类生存发展关系密切。全球气候与海平面自然变化、全球性频繁的地震、火山构造活动研究及国际海洋权益之重新组合,促进海岸海洋科学的新发展。     

中国Argo计划:Argo观测和资料应用进展

文章回顾了中国Argo计划已经取得的成果,主要包括中国Argo观测网的建设、浮标技术、数据质量控制及共享等。同时,讨论了Argo数据产品的开发以及数据在海洋、气象和大气研究中的应用,特别是在热带气旋（台风）、海洋环流、中尺度涡、湍流、海水热盐储量与输送、大洋水团,以及海洋、天气/气候业务化预测预报中的应用。最后,文章阐述了中国Argo海洋观测网长期维护和持续发展所面临的挑战和机遇,我们应在印度洋增加浮标数量,同时建立南海Argo区域海洋观测网,促进Argo资料在东南亚和印度洋沿岸国家的应用。     

Nautical education in a changing world: the case of the Netherlands

This paper is a contribution to the strategic question: How can the continuity of the current education infrastructure for the maritime industry be secured? The analysis in the paper is based on concepts from institutional economics, in particular governance of institutional structures. The analysis is applied to the Netherlands. The Dutch maritime sector is described in terms of the institutions that are related to knowledge and education. This analysis shows that these institutions, most of which take the form of explicit organisations, are all very rigid and leave little room for change and renewal. Furthermore, the social and legal structure embedded in the institutional structure strengthens, rather than thwarts, the institutional inertia. The theory on governance and organising capacity offers some short-term solutions. Long-term solutions only emerge if changes are made in the institutional structure of the knowledge infrastructure. As policy priorities, one could select the development of a research agenda for the sector, with wider possibility to fund non-technical maritime research, improvements in information concerning supply and demand of maritime training courses, and maintaining and extending teaching activities as much as possible. The ultimate goal should be to create greater knowledge awareness in the whole maritime sector, where this currently exists only in parts of that sector.     

现场波浪观测技术发展和应用

介绍与海洋工程有关的应用于水下、水面、水上和太空不同空间位置的现场波浪观测技术。根据不同仪器量测的基本原理,分析其对工程应用的适合性和局限性;并讨论了现场波浪观测的发展趋势以及我国应采取的对策。     

Fatalities among the world’s merchant seafarers (1990–1994)

This paper presents the findings of a study into fatalities among seafarers serving on board merchant vessels worldwide. Statistics obtained from official maritime authorities are used to provide a comparison of mortality rates among seafarers in 19 different national fleets, and to estimate the number of seafaring lives lost at sea worldwide. This study has the advantage of distinguishing between five different causes of death at sea: deaths through maritime disasters, occupational accidents, illnesses, crewing personnel missing at sea and suicides, homicides and unexplained causes. The findings are compared with those of previous studies and with published statistical information on casualties worldwide. It is evident that statistics released by respected maritime sources grossly under-report casualties arising from disasters involving merchant vessels, and fail to address mortality through all other causes of death at sea.     

我国海洋产业结构分析及产业优化对策

利用海洋统计数据分析我国海洋产业结构的现状与变化趋势,采用相关分析、灰色相关分析等计量经济学方法,确定影响海洋产业发展的相关因素,根据《海洋经济发展规划纲要》的要求,应用产业经济理论、产业关联理论、区域经济和海陆经济一体化理论系统分析目前我国海洋产业结构中存在的问题并提出海洋产业的优化对策。     

提升国家海洋技术总体实力推进我国海洋强国建设

本文讨论了成立国家海洋技术中心对我国海洋技术发展的影响。分析了目前我国海洋技术总体实力存在的主要问题。为提升国家海洋技术总体实力，推进我国海洋强国建设，本文提出了相应的建议。     

区块链技术在海洋领域的应用与展望

通过文献收集调研了区块链技术在国内外的发展现状,简述了区块链技术在渔业交易、航运物流和智慧海洋建设等海洋领域的应用成果,重点分析了我国海洋领域在区块链技术应用中普遍存在的缺乏顶层设计、应用场景有待明确、底层核心技术亟需突破的问题,并提出了建立健全区块链制度标准体系、提高政策支撑力度、提升区块链核心技术自主研发能力的具体...     

无人船现状及发展趋势综述

无人船是海洋技术发展的产物,作为一种新型技术手段目前已在海洋调测和防务领域广泛应用.本文从无人船系统的组成、应用领域和发展现状出发,归纳总结无人船的关键技术,并研究其发展趋势.作为一种水面机动载体,无人船关键技术包括特型平台设计技术、运动控制技术和通信技术3个方面,其核心是围绕任务内容、载荷原理、使用环境特点,以应用设计、功能开发为主体的系统集成和应用.现阶段无人船主要作为传统海上工作方法的补充,在遵守、参照现有各种法规、技术标准要求的前提下,搭载已成型的船用任务载荷,按照载人船舶的作业模式、施工惯例投入各种应用.未来随着材料技术、人工智能、通信技术的发展,以及相关政策、法规的建立、健全,无人船将逐步成为一种独立的技术手段,形成一系列新的作业模式和技术方法.