Shrimp aquaculture: economic perspectives for policy development

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of shrimp aquaculture from the perspectives of economics. It is offered as a contribution to the on-going policy debate on this globally important industry. The paper is organised into four sections: the benefits of shrimp aquaculture, the problems of shrimp aquaculture, economic development perspectives on shrimp aquaculture, and conclusions. Four main conclusions are drawn: there is a lack of independent analysis of the factors affecting the production strategies of private firms in the shrimp industry; there is a need to overcome polarisation in order to promote sustainable shrimp aquaculture; wider perspectives on shrimp aquaculture will be beneficial to policy formation; and it is in the long-run self-interest of shrimp producers to incorporate the external costs of production into planning decisions. The paper includes a review of the international literature which provides a valuable resource for policy-makers.     

Eliciting stakeholder preferences: An application of qualitative and quantitative methods to shrimp aquaculture in the Indian Sundarbans

The Sundarbans region of West Bengal in India is inhabited by small-scale farmers and traditional rice paddy-cum-prawn cultivators. Recent policy initiatives by the Government of India may facilitate expansion of commercial shrimp aquaculture in the future, setting the stage for potential conflicts between local stakeholders. We used qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse the preferences of local stakeholders for alternative management options related to shrimp aquaculture development in the region. We then derived management recommendations for the development of shrimp aquaculture in the region that would minimize the environmental impacts of shrimp aquaculture, distribute the economic benefits of shrimp aquaculture more equally and develop alternative opportunities for income generation, especially for shrimp Fry Collectors.     

对虾养殖水处理管理理念与策略的思考

针对对虾养殖过程水处理的研究现状和瓶颈问题,文章综述了国际和国内重要的水处理管理理念与策略,主要包括：养殖用水“减法”管理理念、投入品“减法”管理理念、基于微生物的水处理策略和基于不同营养级的生物水处理策略等。较全面地探讨了养殖节水、生态调水、精准投喂、补偿生长、生物饵料、生物过滤器、水动力等对于水处理的重要性。并建议建立基于对虾福利生物学的水处理评价体系,联合生物行为变化、生态生理指标、水体理化指标进行综合评价。该综述期望为对虾产业和水产养殖的可持续发展提供新思路和可行路径。     

我国对虾养殖净收益影响因素分析

海水养殖是海洋经济重要的组成部分。中国是世界上最大的对虾养殖国,对虾养殖净收益直接影响对虾养殖户的生产积极性,进而影响对虾养殖产业持续稳定健康发展。文章以山东省、江苏省和广东省对虾养殖户的调查数据为依据,运用多元线性回归模型,对对虾养殖净收益的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明,影响对虾养殖净收益的3个主要因素是:①每年对虾养殖的造数;②是否参加对虾养殖农业合作社;③对虾出塘的销售价格。对虾养殖者的年龄,受教育程度,是否混养其他品种生物,养殖模式,养殖面积对对虾养殖净收益影响不显著。基于回归结果,笔者提出完善对虾养殖基础设施;发展对虾养殖农业合作社和养殖协会;建立稳定的对虾市场价格调控体系等政策建议。     

Indonesian aquaculture futures: An analysis of fish supply and demand in Indonesia to 2030 and role of aquaculture using the AsiaFish model

This paper explores the seafood sector in Indonesia, using fish supply-demand modeling, with special focus on the growing role of aquaculture in the country's food portfolio. The paper describes six scenarios for future fish supply–demand dynamics and examines the role of aquaculture growth in fish supply in Indonesia. A business as usual scenario (BAU) assumed exogenous variables of our supply-demand model following historical trends. Five alternative scenarios explored the implications of stagnant capture fisheries; export-oriented growth of aquaculture; domestic-oriented aquaculture growth; slow growth of aquaculture sector; and disease outbreaks to key aquaculture species. The BAU scenario projected that fish supply and demand in Indonesia continues to increase over time and strong aquaculture growth is critical to meet increasing demand for fish. Stagnant capture fisheries resulted in increasing fish prices and decreasing fish consumption. Export-oriented aquaculture growth benefitted fish supply and exports, but also helped lower domestic prices and thus increase consumption. An emphasis on domestic aquaculture commodities increased fish supply, providing best domestic consumption outcomes and lower consumer prices. Slow aquaculture growth reduced fish supply and led to undesirable increases in domestic prices and decreasing domestic consumption as a consequence. Disease outbreaks in shrimp and carp aquaculture resulted in a short-term reduction in aquaculture output and increasing fish prices, lowering fish consumption.     

虾类营养免疫学研究进展

对虾广泛发病和大量死亡是全球虾类养殖业所面临的共同问题。近年来由于疾病的困扰,使我国乃至世界范围的对虾养殖受到严重制约,造成极大的经济损失。所以通过营养免疫学的手段控制虾病成为全球研究热点。正因为如此,世界范围内对虾类的营养免疫学研究空前高涨,也取得了显著的成绩。本文从免疫指标和抗病力两个方面综述了近年来国内外虾类营养免疫学的研究成果,提出了虾类营养免疫学今后的研究方向。     

Trade and export orientation of fisheries in Southeast Asia: Under-priced export at the expense of domestic food security and local economies

Much of Southeast Asia's economic success is based on the under-priced export of valuable natural resources. Nowhere is this more evident than in fisheries—an important commodity in Southeast Asia, with significant export volumes contributing to the foreign exchange earnings of these countries.Existing fisheries and aquaculture policy development have lead to increased export earnings over the last decade, but have also resulted in increased extraction rates and incurred huge costs in terms of decreased local economic productivity and destruction of natural coastal resources. What is worrying is that Southeast Asian governments intend to further stimulate the export of fishery products, in particular shrimp from aquaculture, thereby increasingly threatening both domestic food security and the economic opportunities of local communities.This paper argues that: (1) current fisheries management and development policies are not contributing to domestic food security, are not profitable to the Southeast Asian macro-economy, and are doing much damage to coastal ecosystems and rural poor communities; (2) development of shrimp aquaculture has a negative impact and further expansion of the industry should be halted; (3) the considerable fisheries resources of the region should be used and managed to ensure domestic food security and economic development of the presently marginalized sectors of the population.Five recommendations that will help ensure sustainable use of coastal resources and deliver profits to the countries and communities that depend on these resources are made at the end of the paper.     

用臭氧处理海水对鱼虾的急性毒性效应研究

本实验检测了不同浓度臭氧残留对中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)、牙鲆（Paralichthys oilvaceus）存活率的影响。结果表明，对虾的耐受力要比牙鲆鱼强，中国对虾在臭氧浓度≥1.0mg/L时，可存活至少48h，而芽鲆在此浓度下3h后，即出现鳃部充血肿胀、呼吸频率加快等不适应现象，48h LC50为0.13mg/L。如果能正确控制臭氧的残留量，利用臭氧净化养殖用水是一个不容质疑的水质净化的好方法。     

A desert in the delta: Participatory assessment of changing livelihoods induced by commercial shrimp farming in Southwest Bangladesh

In recent years, shrimp aquaculture, which is undertaken largely in the tropical countries, has experienced spectacular growth in response to expanding global demand and higher economic return. Shrimp exports bring substantial foreign exchange to the producing countries and also generate employment for various stakeholders related to this industry. Despite a number positive aspects (e.g., foreign exchange, employment and food) of shrimp farming, the industry has serious negative environmental impacts. Because of the degradation of natural resources, commercial shrimp farming imposes socio-economic costs on rural resource-reliant communities as their traditional means of food production and livelihoods are displaced. Bangladesh produces 2.5 percent of the global production of shrimp. The country earned about 400 million dollars (U.S.) from shrimp exports during 2004-2005, up from only US$3.17 million in 1971-72. Bangladesh is suffering because of unplanned expansion of this aquaculture and increasingly called as “a desert in the delta”. The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of commercial saltwater shrimp farming on rural livelihood patterns in southwest Bangladesh using different Participatory Research methods. The authors suggest that vulnerabilities in livelihoods of the rural communities increased due to narrowing down agricultural production, income sources and natural supply of food. Other socio-economic impacts (e.g., landuse patterns, homestead and family structure, daily movement pattern and activities, drinking water, and law and order) also followed as a reaction to the changing ecological conditions. It is also found that economic benefits from shrimp cultivation to the communities was minimal or even negative due to the polarization and outflow of profits, which is augmenting the threat of poverty.     

珠江口红树林基围养殖生态开发模式评述

起源于珠江三角洲的红树林基围(land-based enclosure)养殖传统模式是红树林可持续利用和生态开发范例之一。本文介绍了珠江口红树林基围养殖生态开发模式的3个个例: 仅存香港米埔红树林自然保护区的传统基围养殖运作历史和演变, 及其候鸟生境、养殖、观鸟、环境教育综合功能的实现; 珠海淇澳岛大围湾红树林传统和粗放式基围养殖试验和围内水位盐度等环境条件变化对红树林生长影响的研究; 伶仃洋东岸海上田园红树林海水种植-集约式养殖系统试验和红树林净化水质研究。在珠江口红树林保护管理及海域污染防治过程中建议重视红树林可持续利用模式的研究和推广, 建立新的基围养殖示范区, 大力推广红树林基围养殖的生态开发模式, 探索毁林养殖区红树林友好式整治模式, 改善红树林基围养殖技术提高养殖产量, 加强红树林基围养殖系统相关科学研究。     

Technical, economics and environmental analysis of semi-intensive shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming in Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit states, at the east coast of the Gulf of California, México

In Mexico shrimp pond aquaculture is the main activity and contributes with 45.9% of the total fisheries volume and 74.3% of gross profit generated by the national products, being Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit in the east coast of the Gulf of California the states generating around 70% of region gross profit. The main species cultivated is the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and for this reason academic and government sector devoted much attention in this species, however, still researching on economic feasibility is scarce and needed. In this paper, the technical, economics, production and environment parameters of 80 semi-intensive commercial in these states are analyzed and discussed. The results showed the main external constraints affecting short and long run farm performance. The overall observations pointed out that there is an increase on yield and income when shrimp farms invest in higher quality inputs such as equipment and technology for more efficiency in using water, use of certified post-larvae and better design of farm facility. Nevertheless, further research is needed to adjust shrimp production strategies to specific farm requirement by investing in premium quality inputs. Furthermore, the most serious threat from shrimp aquaculture is the potential effect on water quality and the infrastructure associated, that having more serious effects on the environment, particularly in the coastal wetlands. The economic and the environment care must be driven to lead a more sustainable scenario.     

基于三代测序技术的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高通量候选基因关联分析方法的建立

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)是世界也是我国的主导对虾养殖品种,产业的发展离不开良种的支撑,分子育种被认为是加快良种选育的最有效途径,而目标性状相关分子标记的开发是发展分子育种的基础。研究主要目的是建立一种适用于凡纳滨对虾等水产经济物种的高通量候选基因关联分析方法,并在抗弧菌相关标记筛选中进行应用。首次将三代靶向测序技术用于对虾候选基因的基因分型,在抗弧菌性状候选基因LvPI3K的全长序列上发掘到91个SNP位点,通过关联分析鉴定到21个与抗弧菌性状显著相关的SNP标记(P0.05),利用Sanger测序证实了三代靶向测序技术分型结果准确可靠。所建立的基于三代测序的靶向分型方法为凡纳滨对虾等水产动物提供了一种高效、低成本的基因分型方法,所发掘的抗弧菌性状相关位点对开展凡纳滨对虾抗弧菌性状分子育种具有一定指导意义。     

Using input–output methods to assess the effects of fishing and aquaculture on a regional economy: The case of Galicia,Spain

This paper uses an input–output model to quantify the socioeconomic impact of fishing and aquaculture on Galicia, one of Spain's most important maritime regions. Results indicate that the carryover effects of these production activities are important for Galicia's economy because they contribute not only to job creation but also to possibilities for obtaining income in other economic sectors. These sectors’ combined production in 2013 was almost a million euros, and that production was estimated to account for nearly 2% of the regional economy's value added and for more than 17,000 full-time jobs. Together these contributions amounted to some €1.7 billion in production and €975 million in value added to other Galician economic activities. At the same time, fishing and aquaculture were responsible for creating the equivalent of more than 14,000 full-time jobs in other economic activities.     

论海水养殖的养殖容量

养殖容量应是一个包含环境、生态和经济等诸多因素的综合概念。养殖容量可定义为：单位水体内在保护环境、节约资源和保证应有效益等各个方面都符合可持续发展要求的最大养殖量。合理地利用养殖容量就是要形成一个结构优化和功能高效的养殖生态系统,使所投入的物质得到反复循环、初级生产力得到多途径利用,从而提高生产效益和养殖效益,避免物质的浪费及自身和环境的污染。从养殖生态系统运转的驱动因素来分析,主要靠太阳辐射直接提供能源的系统,如海带养殖系统、扇贝筏式养殖系统等,可称为自养型或自然营养型养殖系统;主要靠人工投饲来提供能源的系统,如对虾池塘养殖系统、吃食性鱼类网箱养殖系统等,可称为异养型或人工营养型养殖系统。这两类养殖系统在生态学上有很多互补性,它们的复合可提高养殖水体的养殖容量。     

脊尾白虾白斑综合征病毒耐受群体重要免疫相关酶的活性分析

白斑综合征(white spot syndrome,WSS)的爆发已给虾类养殖业造成了严重经济损失,寻找能够指示虾类群体抗白斑病能力的指标对虾类养殖业具有重要意义。本研究以脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis)为实验材料,以人工注射白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)攻毒后稳定存活的脊尾白虾作为WSSV耐受群体(命名为Rm),以注射PBS的虾作为对照群体(命名为Vm),分析比较了Rm群体和Vm群体的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性差异以探讨筛选对虾抗病免疫指标的可行性。Rm群体的ACP和AKP活性均显著低于Vm群体(P0.05),而两群体在SOD活性上无显著差异。为进一步检验WSSV耐受群体是否比未经历过病毒感染的虾具有更高的抗WSSV的能力,作者以实验室养殖过程中经过WSSV自然感染后存活的脊尾白虾作为抗性群体(命名为Rn),以未经历过WSSV感染的脊尾白虾作为普通群体(Vn),进行WSSV人工注射攻毒,观察它们在WSSV感染后的存活率,结果显示Rn群体攻毒后存活率为33.2%,显著高于Vn群体的存活率15.1%(P0.05),说明ACP和AKP有可能作为虾类抗WSSV能力的评价指标。     

海水垂向入侵问题研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,风暴潮在沿海地区的频率和强度均可能增长,由此引发的海水垂向入侵可能会造成大面积的含水层淡水咸化。同时,由人类活动引起的沿海虾塘咸水养殖规模日益增长,由此引发的咸水垂向入侵可能会导致沿海地区地下水水质及生态环境的恶化。虽然已有一部分学者在海水(咸水)垂向入侵的研究中取得了成果,但由于海水(咸水)垂向入侵过程复杂,其对地下水咸化及恢复规律依然有待深入研究。文章阐述了海水垂向入侵的危害及前人的研究办法,总结了他们的研究成果并得出了海水垂向入侵的影响因子,指出了洪水和养殖活动对沿海地区含水层的威胁。得出的结果如下:研究海水垂向入侵常用的方法包括室内试验和数值模拟;海水垂向入侵主要与地形地貌、含水层性质和水文气象条件有关;虾塘养殖等人类活动可能会成为垂向咸水入侵的潜在来源。建议未来在海水垂向入侵研究中将多种现场观测实验方法结合起来。数值模拟应注重与现场观测实验数据相互验证,模型简化的方式有必要仔细考虑。虾塘养殖等人类活动可能造成的垂向咸水入侵问题应更多地受到关注。     

Can co-management emerge spontaneously? Collaborative management in Sri Lankan shrimp aquaculture

Shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka shows co-management like features. To understand the reasons behind co-management and to identify the mechanisms by which co-management is carried out, the paper examines shrimp aquaculture operations in three coastal communities using a case study approach. Water from an interconnected lagoon system is the key input for shrimp ponds, but it is also the potential source of shrimp disease outbreaks that threaten all shrimp farms. Farmers try to prevent the spread of disease by co-operating to adjust the timing of water intake and wastewater release. This is done through a zonal crop calendar system which is developed and implemented by a vertically integrated institutional structure with three levels: sub-zonal/community, zonal, and national. Partnerships, overall sharing of power and authority, and learning-by-doing are key features of this collaborative management system. The case shows that adaptive co-management can develop through collaborative problem-solving over time, even in the absence of legal arrangements.     

中国水产养殖产业演化影响因素研究

水产养殖业在我国渔业产业结构中占据重要地位,在促进我国渔业经济发展中发挥着重要作用。当前渔业正处于由要素驱动向创新驱动转型的新旧动能转换时期,这也对水产养殖业的转型升级提出了更高要求。文章根据产业演化路径及其运行机理,从资源、技术、市场、制度4个方面构建指标体系,采用1998—2019年的指标数据,通过灰色关联分析和岭回归分析,探索影响产业演化的因素,探讨不同影响因素对水产养殖业演化发展的影响程度,以期为促进中国水产养殖产业的发展,增强水产养殖业的竞争力提供理论支撑。结果表明,城镇居民人均水产品消费量对中国水产养殖产业演化影响程度最大,GDP及单位面积产量的影响显著,水产技术推广经费支出影响最小。基于此,为促进我国水产养殖业的转型升级提出做好水产品消费需求引领与管理、拓展国内国际消费市场;增加科技投入,发展养殖技术;加大资源保护力度,推进绿色发展;着力解决养殖水产品质量安全问题等相应对策建议。     

Cadastralizing or coordinating the clam commons: Can competing community and government visions of wild and farmed fisheries be reconciled?

This paper considers socio-political, ecological, and economic dimensions of local efforts to negotiate local control over state-sponsored development of clam aquaculture in one region of British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture is conceptualized as a type of cadastralization, following James Scott's characterization of state efforts to make the productivity of landscapes more measurable for purposes of rent generation and taxation. The discussion invites a rethinking of community resistance to development as less about the notion of development itself than about the terms under which it occurs, since the community engages in its own form of cadastralization as a negotiating strategy. The concept of cadastralization enriches common property theory approaches to ownership and management by highlighting the key role of technological innovations in allowing global market forces to more easily penetrate local property relationships. At the same time it enables new forms of resistance and assertion of local visions of development.     

几种虾蛄生物学特性和繁殖生物学研究进展

虾蛄(Squillidae)是重要的水产增养殖品种。目前针对虾蛄类的研究主要集中在其基础生物学和繁殖生物学方面,其中在虾蛄的纳精结构、性腺发育和幼体发育等研究方面还存在诸多分歧。作者综述了几种虾蛄类,如口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、黑斑口虾蛄(O. kempi)、猛虾蛄(Harpiosquilla harpax)和棘突猛虾蛄(H. raphidea)的资源分布、生活习性、亲本、性腺和幼体发育等研究成果,以期为虾蛄繁殖生物学和人工育苗的深入研究提供参考。