陕西榆林风沙滩区全新世气候和环境变迁

榆林长城沿线处于环境变化敏感带,其风沙滩区沉积剖面的磁化率和粒度分析结果显示,该区全新世早期11500～10000aBP随着全球气候的逐渐转暖,磁化率、黏粒和粉沙含量逐渐增高;全新世中期的10000～45003BP气候相对比较湿润,植被覆盖度增大,风沙活动减弱,地表沉积物当-中粉沙和黏土成分含量显著增大,风化成壤作用增强,地表发育沙质弱古土壤;全新世中期后段的4500～3000aBP期间,气候以比较温和湿润为主,但在4200～4000aBP出现一个气候干旱事件,风沙活动强烈;近3000a以来,气候显著干旱化,波动频繁,地表风沙沉积物显著变粗,表现出有5次沙漠扩张。该区生态环境演化、人文历史变迁基本上是自然因素与人为活动综合作用的结果,以自然演化为主,近代人为因素对环境变化起着加强和放大作用。     

黑龙江省拜泉地区典型黑土剖面元素地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

地表中元素的地球化学行为与自然环境密切相关,土壤中元素分布的变化记录了其形成时的环境特征.以拜泉地区典型黑土剖面为对象,对其常量、微量元素的分布规律及其蕴含的环境信息进行研究,探讨了研究区土壤剖面风化程度及剖面形成过程中气候演化特征.结果表明,拜泉土壤剖面常量元素含量除SiO₂和Na₂O外,总体上高于东北平原平均值;化学蚀变指数（CIA）平均值为58,硅铝铁率（Saf）值较高,属于弱风化强度.植物生长所必需的微量元素N、P、S、Mn、B、I、Ge、Se和Mo等在温暖气候条件下,在表层和淀积层积累,含量较高,在淋溶层和母质层含量较低;寒冷干燥条件下,在表层积累.金属微量元素与Fe元素具有较强的相关性,说明其垂向组分不仅受气候条件控制,同时受常量元素控制.常量元素迁移规律表明,剖面腐殖层土壤成熟度高,成土过程中以温暖湿润气候为主;淀积层可能处于脱Na、Ca阶段,成土过程中气候相对寒冷干燥.     

江苏省里下河(兴化-泰州)地区浅表沉积物特征及古地理环境演变

里下河地区浅部沉积物多为全新世中、晚期堆积,多数地区缺失全新世早期沉积。沉积物以淤泥质亚粘土、亚粘土、亚砂土,粉砂质淤泥、淤泥质粉砂、淤泥及泥炭为特征。沉积前的古地貌为四周高、中间低的碟形盆地。古气候经历了温湿—暖湿—温湿—温干的变化过程。区内曾有两次海侵,第一次海侵发生在全新世早中期,范围几乎遍及全区;第二次海侵发生在全新世晚期,规模小、范围窄、时间短,为海水沿江河倒灌、回溯形起。该区古环境自全新世以来经历了浅水海湾—古泻湖—湖沼地及平原的演变过程,最终形成现今河湖稠密的低凹平原。     

贵州草海赵家院子晚更新世泥炭层地球化学特征及其环境意义

根据威宁草海赵家院子沉积柱主量元素和微量元素特征以及14C测年分析,探讨了草海地区泥炭沉积速率,晚更新世—全新世古气候演变和沉积物物源环境。元素地球化学测试结果表明,Li、Sc、V、Cr、Ni、Ga、Rb、Sr、Sn、Cs、Ba、Zr、Th、U等14种微量元素在沉积柱上含量变化整体呈现一致性。14C测年显示,赵家院子剖面沉积柱下部泥炭层的年龄大约为33.74±1.79—23.29±0.10kaBP之间,各层的沉积速率自下而上分别是:下部泥炭层148.4mm/ka,上部黑色古土壤层24.3mm/ka,顶部堆积层22.4mm/ka,沉积柱沉积速率由下而上逐渐降低。元素对比值以及多元素之和比值Sr/Ba、Rb/Sr、(CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3、(Fe2O3+Al2O3)/(MgO+CaO)和CaO/MgO等气候指标显示,从42.37±1.27kaBP到15.6±0.1kaBP时间段内,研究区古气候经历了由温暖较湿润→温暖湿润→温凉干燥→温暖较湿润→温凉湿润的演化。沉积物物源经历了较强烈的化学风化,下部泥炭层风化程度小于上部沉积物的风化程度。     

西藏纳木错扎弄淌剖面10000年以来的沉积间断和环境变化记录

通过对西藏纳木错全新统扎弄淌组(Q₄lz)地层剖面的沉积特征观察,易溶盐、磁化率、粒度、碳酸盐、孢粉分析和14C年代测定等综合研究表明,扎弄淌组湖相地层沉积物记录了约自10000aBP以来的沉积间断和环境变化信息。资料显示该区自9010~8560aBP以来,气候从偏冷干到偏湿再转变为轻湿;在4870~2350aBP期间,气候从暖湿到温暖湿润,又从全新世气候适宜期转变为较湿润期。表明自全新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上,经历了两次大的气候变化旋回,有过多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。      

山西芮城桃花涧剖面中全新世晚期的孢粉分析及环境变化

通过对山西芮城桃花涧剖面孢粉分析,结合沉积物的粒度特征和沉积物AMS ¹⁴C测年数据,探讨了中全新世晚期该区的古文化年代及古环境变化,为恢复其古环境面貌提供了可靠的定量数据。分析结果表明,该遗址文化层的年代为庙底沟文化时期。根据孢粉组合特征,可将剖面划分为3个孢粉带：5 250~5 000 aBP期间气候温和湿润,呈现出稀树草原的植被面貌;5 000~4 800 aBP期间气候温凉偏干,呈现出荒漠草原的植被景观;4 800 aBP之后气候温凉湿润,呈现出稀树草原的植被面貌;气候变化与邻区同期相吻合。     

青藏高原东部全新世泥炭灰分的粒度特征及其古气候意义

通过将红原泥炭地泥炭灰分的粒度特征与典型风成沉积物、湖泊沉积物、河流沉积物的粒度特征进行比较,发现泥炭灰分的粒度特征与典型风成沉积（如黄土、古土壤）相似,而与湖泊沉积以及河流沉积有较大差异。环境判别参数也显示泥炭灰分来源为风成的。据此,作者认为该地区泥炭沉积中的灰分物质是风成堆积,进而提出该地区泥炭灰分含量可以指示冬季风强度的变化。      

以开庄遗址为例论苏北全新世海退成陆的时间

在AMS ~(14)C测年基础上,通过苏北开庄遗址地层的碎屑粒度和氧化-还原敏感元素测试分析,研究了该地区全新世成陆过程。结果表明,在开庄遗址下部的自然沉积地层中,V/(V+Ni)比值所代表的还原程度和碎屑粒度所代表的沉积动力随着钻井深度的减小而呈现先减小后增大的变化,代表该地区经历了海退成陆的环境演变过程,成陆时间为5200aBP前后。其中,第4层(青灰色砂土层10 300~5200aBP)海水呈分层不强烈的厌氧环境,随着剖面深度的减小还原程度减低,沉积物中粗组分减少,沉积动力减弱,且动力组成变得复杂,可能代表水体深度逐渐降低的浅海环境;而第3层(黑色砂土层,5200~3800aBP)还原程度迅速增大并保持稳定,沉积动力增强沉积物中粗组分增加,且动力组成变得更为复杂,代表了海退之后富含有机质而缺氧的沼泽环境。     

红原泥炭6000a以来元素异常及其可能反映甘青地区人类活动信息的初步研究

通过对红原泥炭沉积剖面Pb,Zn,Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni,Ti,V,Al等10种元素和灰分的测试,发现多数元素在该剖面的变化与灰分变化较为一致,但Cu,Pb和Zn元素的变化在剖面300cm以上出现较大异常:这3种元素的变化与其他元素变化呈相反的规律,而且Pb和Zn两种元素的含量较之剖面下部出现数量级的增大。通过对比,发现元素含量的异常与位于剖面上风区的甘青地区新石器时代晚期-青铜时代文化在发生时间上较为吻合,认为这可能是人类活动环境效应的记录。用600~300cm段的元素变化作为背景值,用与Pb,Zn元素相关较好的4种元素分别计算出二者变化的自然背景值,从而分离出了人类活动强度信息与自然环境背景值,分离结果与著名的青海柳湾墓地出土人口规模对比较好。     

江苏北部全新世海侵事件和气候变化

:江苏北部全新世古环境和古气候变化的研究 ,以建湖庆丰剖面最具代表性。以庆丰剖面已获研究成果为基础 ,结合邻区地层和古生物资料 ,探讨江苏北部全新世二次海侵事件和气候变化。所研究地区除建湖以外 ,尚有阜宁和淮安两地。结果表明 ,在 70 0 0aBP左右 ,建湖—阜宁一带发生全新世第一次海侵 ,此时该地区已处于潮间带位置。至 65 0 0aBP～ 4 5 0 0aBP最大海侵期 ,这一地区已位于潮间带下部或潮下带上部。同时 ,海水已向西入侵至淮安流均地区 ,当时此处已变为近岸沼泽地带。此时也正值全新世高温期 ( 80 0 0aBP～ 3 70 0aBP)的时段之内。最高年均气温高于今日 1 7℃。至 2 2 0 0aBP～ 10 0 0aBP期间 ,建湖地区又发生全新世第二次海侵 ,但其规律远小于第一次。     

全新世晚期南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛的海平面变化

在考察南极菲尔德斯半岛自然地理特征的基础上 ,分析了半岛东侧阿德雷岛西部海拔18 0 0m的海岸阶地上苔藓泥炭层 (0～ 44cm)之沉积特征 ,分别测量了 5 5～ 8cm ,18～ 2 0cm ,36～38cm三个层段泥炭样品的14 C年龄为 :现代、(6 71± 2 0 )aBP、(32 6 5± 12 0 )aBP ,据此推算该苔藓泥炭底层形成的时间大约在 430 0aBP。分析了半岛西北部地质湾海滩沉积层中同种浅海底栖褐藻 (Ha lymeniasp )的14 C年龄 ,即 15～ 17cm和 92～ 95cm层中褐藻的14 C年龄分别为 (885± 70 )aBP、(144 0±75 )aBP ,现代褐藻14 C年龄为 (6 95± 70 )aBP。用不同时段褐藻14 C年龄内差法消除南极海源有机碳的14 C年龄老化问题 ;还分析了地质湾海拔 6 84m海岸阶地古湖相硅藻沉积层的14 C年龄为 (2 430±75 )aBP。从而建立了全新世晚期南极菲尔德斯半岛的海平面变化序列 :在 430 0～ 2 430aBP期间 ,区域海平面快速下降 ,其平均下降速率为 - 0 6 0cm·a-1;在 2 430～ 80 0aBP期间 ,区域海平面继续下降 ,其平均下降速率为 - 0 31cm·a-1;在 80 0～ 2 30aBP期间区域海平面开始缓慢上升 ,其平均上升速率为 0 14cm·a-1;近 2 30a来海平面上升进一步趋缓 ,其平均上升速率为 0 0 7cm·a-1。     

Holocene environmental change in two polygonal peatlands, south-central Nunavut, Canada

Holocene histories of two polygonal peatlands in the low arctic of south-central Nunavut, Canada, are reconstructed using plant macrofossil and pollen stratigraphies of four cores. Peat accumulation began in both basins between 7600 and 8000 cal. yr BP, within less than 1000 years after deglaciation. Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation changes recorded in the peat cores may be related to permafrost aggradation, associated with a regional cooling trend inferred from a nearby lake sediment record. However, differences in the timing of changes among the peatland coring sites indicate that local autogenic processes have also played an important role. Peat accumulation rates have decreased considerably in the past 3000 to 5000 years compared to the early Holocene. Our results illustrate the complexity of peatland development and peat accumulation dynamics in areas of permafrost, resulting from the important influences of both internal autogenic factors and external environmental forces such as climatic change.     

Tephra Discovered in High Resolution Peat Sediment and Its Indication to Climatic Event

Floating tephra was deposited together with ice core,snow layer,abyssal sediment,lake sediments,and other geological records.It is of great significance to interpret the impact on the climate change of volcanic eruptions from these geological records.It is the first time that volcanic glass was discovered from the peat of Jinchuan(金川)Maar,Jilin(吉林)Province,China.And it is in situ sediments from a near-source explosive eruption according to particle size analysis and identification results.The tephra were neither from Tianchi(天池)volcano eruptions,Changbai(长白)Mountain,nor from Jinlongdingzi(金龙顶子)volcano about 1 600 aBP eruption,but maybe from an unknown eruption of Longgang(龙岗)volcano group according to their geochemistry and distribution.Geochemical characters of the tephra are similar to those of Jingiongdingzi,which are poor in s.Jica,deficient in alkali,Na20 content is more than K20 content,and are similar to distribution patterns of REE and incompatible elements,which helps to speculate that they originated from the same mantle magma with rare condemnation,and from basaltic explosive eruption of Longgang volcano group.The tephra,from peat with age proved that the eruption possibly happened in 15 BC-26 AD,is one of Longgang volcano group eruption that was not recorded and is earlier than that of Jinglongdingzi about 1 600 aBP eruption.And the sedimentary time of tephra is during the period of low temperature alteration.which may be the influence of eruption toward the local climate according to the correlativity of eruption to local temperature curve of peat cellulose oxygen isotope.     

Human‐affected disturbances in vegetation cover and peatland development in the late Holocene recorded in shallow mountain peatlands (Central Sudetes,SW Poland)

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on peatland formation in the Central Sudetes (central Europe) during the late Holocene. The research methodology adopted allowed us to determine whether vegetation development and shallow peatland formation were affected by human activity. Knowledge of past changes might be useful in evaluating recent and future changes, and to avoid pitfalls in the present management of peatland ecosystems. A palaeoecological research study of four peatlands was conducted in the Sto?owe Mountains (Central Sudetes, SW Poland). The results showed that these shallow peatlands originated in the middle to late Holocene (from 3301 BC to AD 1137). Palaeoecological records reflect continuous human impact on vegetation development and peat accumulation from the Middle Ages to the present (late Holocene). The strongest agrarian settler activity is observed in the High Middle Ages (AD 1200–1500). The human‐induced or wildfires observed in the late Holocene were an integral component of peatland ecosystems in the Central Sudetes. Moreover, palaeoecological analysis (sphagnum spores decline) and radiocarbon dating (AD 1870) confirmed drainage of the study area in the 19th century, which greatly affected the vegetation communities.     

中国西部地区全新世自然环境演变序列与特征

根据湖泊、山地冰川、黄土与古土壤序列、泥炭及沙漠演变等多种地质记录的综合对比分析，重建和恢复了我国酉部地区全新世以来的自然环境演变序列及特征。全新世期间我国西部地区环境演变存在着以水热配置关系不同为突出特征的两种不同的演变模式：即以新疆北部地区为代表的西风型和以青海湖及青藏高原为代表的季风型模式。其成因同区域性特征及大气环流形势密切相关。并划分出我国西部地区全新世自然环境演变过程中的几个重要时间界线，即距今１２ｋａ或１０ｋａ、９ｋａ、３ｋａ和０．５ｋａ。众多地质记录间良好的对比关系对于深入理解我国西部全新世气候环境的演变过程，预测其变化趋向具有十分重要的意义。     

重庆丰都玉溪剖面的沉积学和气候意义

重庆丰都玉溪剖面AMS14C测年（校正为日历年）配合考古器物断代,证实约8 500～4 800 aBP间该剖面地层基本连续。玉溪剖面下部洪水淤砂—坡积物互层（31～10层）与上部坡积层（9～3层）形成鲜明对比,反映沉积物源和沉积环境曾发生过显著变化。研究认为,Rb、Sr等代用指标曲线的变化特征与剖面沉积结构变化相吻合,揭示了剖面上、下沉积结构的差异主要与不同气候背景有关;剖面下部堆积较厚、持续时间较短及沉积速率较快的洪水淤砂—坡积物互层,是研究区气候不稳定条件下水文异常变化的结果。进一步分析认为,该剖面沉积物的微观隐性代用指标与宏观显性结构的对应性特点还反映,研究区全新世大暖期气候存在阶段性的变化,约8 500～7 200 aBP为大暖期中的气候不稳定阶段;而约7 200～4 800 aBP则体现了大暖期鼎盛阶段暖湿稳定的气候特点,其转折点发生在7 200 aBP前后。     

句容宝华山麓距今5700年前后的地层与古气候

结合长江下游沿江地区埋藏古树和泥炭形成时间,以及南京浦口林峰桥中晚全新世地层的沉积相特征和地球环境化学分析,江苏南部句容宝华山麓距今5700年前后洪—坡积相地层特征、剖面沉积物中孢粉—气候转换曲线反映:距今5700年前后本区曾经发生过降温干燥事件,宝华山地区当时最低年均温为12.56℃,最低年均降水量为716.40mm。林峰桥剖面对应层位淤泥质沉积物中黏土含量及铁离子含量的异常变化验证了该事件的存在。同时研究也表明,此冷干事件不仅是区域古气候异常变化的反映,还具有全球气候变化的响应特征。     

关于江苏建湖庆丰剖面全新世沉积环境与海面变化关系的讨论

应用有孔虫、介形虫、软体动物和现代沉积环境等方面的研究成果,对江苏建湖庆丰剖面所显示的全新世沉积环境和海面变化进行讨论。认为在露头上大量原地埋藏的软体动物壳体指示环境的作用比有孔虫埋藏群更有意义。庆丰剖面所揭示的情况是 6 0 0 0～ 12 70aBP该地区一直处于潮间带-河口湾环境。 6 0 0 0aBP以前海面是上升的,6 0 0 0aBP达到了与现今海面相当的位置,其后海面是稳定的,看不出海面波动现象。     

The influence of climate,hydrology and permafrost on Holocene peat accumulation at 3500 m on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Peatland of the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau lies at the convergence of the East Asian and Indian monsoon systems in eastern Asia. To understand the evolution of this peatland and its potential to provide new insights into the Holocene evolution of the East Asian monsoon a 6 m peat core was collected from the undisturbed central part of a peat deposit near Hongyuan. The age-depth profile was determined using 16 ¹⁴C-AMS age dates, the peat analysed for a range of environmental variables including carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen concentration, bulk density, δ¹³C and the associated spring water analysed for hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The age-depth profile of the recovered peat sequence covers the period from 9.6 to 0.3 kyr BP and is linear indicating that the conditions governing productivity and decay varied little over the Holocene. Using changes in carbon density, organic carbon content and its δ¹³C, cold dry periods of permafrost characterised by low density and impeded surface drainage were identified. The low δ¹⁸O and δD values of the spring water emanating around the peat deposit, down to ?13.8 and ?102‰ (VSMOW), respectively, with an inverse relationship between electrical conductivity and isotopic composition indicate precipitation under colder and drier conditions relative to the present day. In view of the current annual mean air temperature of 1 °C this suggests conditions in the past have been conducive to permafrost. Inferred periods of permafrost correspond to independently recognised cold periods in other Holocene records from across China at 8.6, 8.2–7.8, 5.6–4.2, 3.1 and 1.8–1.5 kyr BP. The transition to a cold dry climate appears to be more rapid than the subsequent recovery and cold dry periods at Hongyuan are of longer duration than equivalent cold dry periods over central and eastern China. Light–dark banding peat on a scale of 15–30 years from 9.6 to 5.5 kyr BP may indicate a strong influence of decadal oscillations possibly the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and a potential link between near simultaneous climatic changes in the northwest Pacific, ENSO, movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the East Asian Monsoon.