滇西北羊拉铜矿床研究中的几个问题

羊拉大型铜矿床位于滇西北德钦县,为金沙江构造带内的代表性矿床,其矿床成因和成矿模式尚未取得统一认识。本文从地层划分、岩浆岩及其构造背景、成矿物质和成矿流体来源、成矿时代与矿床成因等方面分析了研究进展,提出了"热水沉积-岩浆热液成矿-构造热液改造"成矿模式。海西期热水沉积作用提供部分成矿物质,但未形成规模铜矿体;晚印支期岩浆热液成矿作用为最主要成矿期,形成羊拉铜矿的接触交代型主矿体,其残余岩浆浅成就位形成石英斑岩脉及斑岩型矿体;燕山-喜山期构造热液改造成矿作用使不同矿体进一步富集或贫化,并错段矿体形成不同的矿段。     

滇西普朗铜金矿成矿地质条件及找矿潜力初探

普朗铜矿床是格咱岛弧多金属成矿带的印支期代表产物，属产于石英二长斑岩、石英闪长玢岩内接触带的超大型斑岩型铜（金）矿床，受复式斑岩体控制作用显著；但矿区东部大脉状铜矿体、南部金矿（化）体则严格受控于断裂构造，明显具后期成矿作用的叠加。笔者通过对矿区外围北矿段、东矿段和南矿段矿床地质特征、矿体特征、矿石组构特征的深入研究，结合区域成矿地质背景，认为普朗铜（金）矿床是由多期次、多成因、多成矿阶段叠加而成的次火山-热液矿床，与印支期复式斑岩体与断裂构造、节理裂隙与矿床的形成关系密切；北部外围深部具有斑岩型铜矿的良好潜力，而东矿段深部、南矿段深部则分别是寻找大脉状铜矿、金矿的有利找矿靶区。     

湖南城步县金水铜矿地质特征及成因探讨

金水铜矿床受构造控制,热液成矿标志明显。依据成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征、硫同位素和流体包裹体特征等研究认为,成矿物质来源深部,成矿作用具多阶段,成矿流体具热卤水性质;矿床初步确定为岩浆期后热液脉型铜矿床。     

内蒙古翁牛特旗硐子铅锌矿床成矿流体性质与成因

硐子铅锌矿床发育在内蒙古西拉木伦河南侧、翁牛特旗少郎河铅锌多金属成矿带内。矿区出露的岩石主要为角闪石岩、花岗闪长岩等,矿体主要受断裂构造控制。矿化分为早期铜矿化和晚期铅锌矿化两个阶段。流体包裹体研究显示:硐子铅锌矿床主要发育气液两相包裹体,均一温度范围为120℃~180℃,盐度范围为0.4%~7.2%Na Cleqv,成矿压力范围为11.83~24.30 MPa,表明成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度的特点。碳-氧同位素分析结果显示成矿流体具有岩浆水与大气降水混合参与成矿作用的特点;硫同位素分析结果显示其成矿物质具有深源岩浆的特点。综合分析认为,在构造活动期,区域上活化的深源岩浆在上升过程中与下地壳及赋矿围岩发生部分熔融,并与下渗的大气降水发生混合,导致成矿流体在断裂构造有利的位置富集成矿。硐子铅锌矿为受断裂构造控制的中低温热液脉型矿床。     

江西万载县野猫冲铜矿矿床地质特征及成因探析

野猫冲铜矿是小型的铜多金属矿床,储量丰富,所处黄茅地区属钦杭结合带北侧之萍乡乐平坳陷带北缘新元古代早期裂谷区西段。在地表地质调查、钻孔岩心的考察以及岩矿鉴定的基础上,对矿床特征进行了详细研究。研究显示矿床受断裂构造控制,与晋宁早期变海底火山岩关系密切,具有富铜低硫、两期成矿温度,成矿流体具有海底喷流与构造岩浆热液叠加改造双重作用,得出矿床为海相火山喷流沉积与构造岩浆热液改造蚀变岩型铜矿床。     

透岩浆流体成矿体系

根据透岩浆流体成矿理论,熔浆体系与含矿流体体系可以看作是两个相互独立的地质体系,它们因相互需要而耦合在一起形成一个复杂的混合体系。当熔浆与流体发生解耦时,可以在不同的边界条件下发生不同类型的成矿作用。因此,可以将透岩浆流体成矿体系进一步划分成正岩浆成矿体系、接触带成矿体系、远程热液成矿体系和火山热液成矿体系。如果熔浆具有很强的流体圈闭能力,所有的含矿流体都将被封存在岩浆体内,并随着岩浆的固结而析出成矿物质,形成正岩浆矿床。当岩浆具有较高的渗透率且含矿流体逸出岩浆体时,如果岩浆的直接围岩具有较强的捕获成矿物质的能力,即发生接触带成矿作用。否则,含矿流体将在岩浆热驱动下远离岩浆体,形成远程热液矿床。如果有利的流体通道直达岩浆体,含矿流体甚至可以喷出地表或其附近,形成火山热液矿床或水底喷流沉积矿床。这种理论分析似乎与许多成矿事实相吻合,可以有效地指导区域成矿预测和矿床勘探。     

火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展

火山成因块状硫化物（VMS）矿床可形成于太古宙至现代各个地质时期.现代海底热液成矿作用是赋存于海相火山岩系中的古代VMS矿床成矿作用的再现.VMS矿床可形成于多种构造环境,但均与拉张背景有关.按照构造环境和容矿岩系将VMS矿床分为黑矿型、塞浦路斯型、别子型和沙利文型.VMS矿床的热液蚀变由下盘蚀变带和上盘蚀变带两个结构单元组成.下盘蚀变一般有两种类型：（1）不整合的蚀变岩筒,直接产在块状硫化物带的下方;（2）半整合或层控的上盘蚀变带,并可以在区域范围内展布.与下盘蚀变类似,上盘蚀变也具有蚀变岩筒和半整合的蚀变带两种类型.成矿金属主要有两种可能的来源：（1）在岩浆侵入体和浅位岩浆房之上被加热的循环海水对含矿火山岩系及下伏基底物质的淋滤;（2）深部岩浆房挥发分通过释气作用直接释放.下渗的海水是成矿流体的主要来源,同时流体包裹体和稳定同位素资料显示岩浆流体对成矿流体系统亦有较大贡献.VMS矿床具有明显的金属分带现象,其金属序列组合从下至上依次为Fe→Fe-Cu→Cu-Pb-Zn→Pb-Zn-Ba,这种金属分带的演化反应了流体的演化和块状硫化物丘的生长机制.根据成矿流体温度变化而不断演化的4阶段成矿模式可以很好的解释经典丘堆式矿床的形成过程.     

铜镍硫化物矿床研究进展

从赋矿岩体、控矿因素、成矿作用和矿体类型等方面综述了铜镍硫化物矿床的最新研究进展和成果。认为赋矿岩体由镁铁质—超镁铁质的不同岩石组成,其锶同位素组成显示深源的特点;岩浆的深部熔离作用使岩体的出露大小与矿床规模没有正相关性;成矿界面主要有岩性组合界面、构造界面、构造物理—化学界面和构造流体界面等,它们严格控制成矿物质的最终定位;除岩浆熔离和结晶分异成矿作用外,成矿作用强调厂硫化作用、热液成矿作用和接触交代成矿作用,相应的形成了热液型矿体和矽卡岩型矿体。     

岩浆热液成矿理论的失败:原因和出路

流行的岩浆热液成矿理论假定含矿流体由岩浆分异作用、特别是分离结晶作用产生。由于大型、超大型矿床往往与小岩体有关,而小体积岩浆不能满足质量平衡的要求,其支持者进一步假定含矿岩体的深部存在一个大岩浆体。这种解释与矿区观察到的地质现象和理论推导结果相悖:(1)含矿斑岩中常见暗色微粒包体和大量具有较高密度的矿物,表明岩浆没有发生分离结晶作用;(2)流体的活动性远大于硅酸盐熔浆,没有证据表明岩浆分异产生的流体要在熔浆固结之后才开始活动;(3)矿区普遍见有同成矿的宽谱系岩墙群,暗示成矿期不存在大的深部岩浆房。因此,岩浆热液成矿理论遭遇的困境不仅仅是质量平衡问题,有必要重新思考岩浆相关矿床的形成机制。岩浆热液成矿理论失败的深层原因则是它将成矿作用看作是理想系统中的平衡线性过程,而成矿系统实际上是一种复杂性动力系统,成矿作用是一种非平衡、非线性过程;换句话说,在流行的岩浆热液成矿理论中,对成矿系统和成矿作用的基本属性缺乏正确的理解。在当今科学发展水平上,其失败是必然的,因而有必要构筑新的成矿理论。依据复杂性科学的基本原理,罗照华等(2007,2009)将熔浆和含矿流体看作是成矿系统中2个独立的子系统,认为它们的强相互作用及其环境约束主导了成矿系统的戏剧性变化;进而构筑了一个新的框架性模型,称为透岩浆流体成矿理论。该理论不仅可以解释比流行岩浆热液成矿理论更多的地质现象,还可以推导潜在的具体找矿标志,可能成为岩浆相关矿床成因研究的新起点。     

透岩浆流体成矿作用——理论分析与野外证据

文中介绍并发展了科尔任斯基等有关透岩浆流体成矿作用的基本概念,结合当今地质学领域的一些基本事实,以及混沌边界成矿理论和小岩体成大矿的原因分析,力图完整地阐述透岩浆流体成矿理论,并从地球动力学的视角来讨论成矿作用的基本问题。大多数矿区的岩石遭受过强烈蚀变,暗示成矿作用伴随着大规模流体活动。然而,地质观察和实验研究表明岩浆中流体的含量有限、小岩体常常与大型矿床有关、围岩中的流体由于高温岩浆的热压力而不能进入岩浆体中,表明成矿流体主要来自深部的独立流体系统。前人的实验还表明,流体中成矿元素的溶解度随压力快速增加。因此,成矿作用的前提条件是:(1)存在大量的深部流体和流体中高的金属浓度;(2)岩浆系统和成矿流体系统是两个独立的地质系统,它们具有类似的起源;(3)巨量金属堆积有赖于深部含矿流体的快速上升,岩浆体是含矿流体上升的有利通道,流体是岩浆快速上升侵位的驱动力之一。因此,岩浆系统和成矿流体系统往往具有同时活动的特点,这两个地质系统常常叠合在一起,形成我们现在观察到的火成岩及与其密切相关的成矿现象。根据这个理论,成矿作用的规模和位置取决于:(1)岩浆系统与流体系统的体积比,(2)含矿流体的上升速度,(3)金属堆积的边界条件,(4)岩浆系统与流体系统分离的程度。因此,快速上升侵位的岩浆有利于形成斑岩型矿床,较慢速侵位的岩浆可以形成夕卡岩型甚至远程低温热液型矿床,多数情况下是这三类矿床的复杂组合。冈底斯带曲水岩体中含铜暗色微粒包体的野外观察有助于理解成矿物质的来源、迁移和集聚成矿,是透岩浆流体成矿作用的一个缩影。将暗色微粒包体展现的成矿现象与藏东玉龙等斑岩铜矿相比,发现二者具有很好的类比性。可见,透岩浆流体成矿作用理论是一种非常重要的成矿理论,可以解释许多内生成矿作用之谜。     

Multi-isotope approach for the identification of metal and fluid sources of the Arroyo Rojo VMS deposit,Tierra del Fuego,Argentina

The Arroyo Rojo deposit, located in Tierra del Fuego, is the most important polymetallic, volcanic-hosted massive sulphide in the rhyolitic belt of the Fuegian Andes. The best intercepts in drill holes indicate a true thickness of 18.6 m and concentrations of 2.2% Cu, 3.9% Pb, 14.5% Zn, 140 g/t Ag, 1.1 g/t Au). This deposit, located near the town of Ushuaia, is hosted in a Middle Jurassic volcanic and volcanoclastic sequence. Massive and semimassive bodies display stacked lenticular morphologies with disseminated mineralization in both the footwall and hanging wall. The associated hydrothermal alteration system is partially conformable with the layering of the volcanic rocks. The ores and host rocks display a penetrative tectonic foliation and were metamorphosed to greenschist facies.Previous studies have not resulted in a consensus regarding the nature and the source of ore-forming fluids and the style of deposition of the sulphides at Arroyo Rojo. In this study, both stable and radiogenic isotopes were used develop a better understanding of these aspects of the deposit.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that an evolved seawater mixed with significant contributions from other fluid reservoirs such as magmatic and/or metamorphic waters was the most likely source of the ore-forming fluids. These fluids underwent significant interaction with the underlying volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which promoted partial (Sr isotopes) or full (Pb isotopes) homogenization of radiogenic isotopes. δ³⁴S_CDT values suggest that the sulphur was derived from several sources: biogenic reduction of seawater sulphate (BSR) in a restricted to closed basin was mixed with a heavier component derived from inorganic reduction of seawater sulphate (TRS) and possibly from sulphur leached from igneous footwall rocks and/or direct contribution from magmatic fluids.Lateral infiltration of hydrothermal fluids resulted in the formation of a halo of semimassive to disseminated ore due to the replacement of porous, reactive glassy and breccia tuffs.As a result of the hydrothermal circulation, two styles of mineralization are observed in the Arroyo Rojo deposit: a stringer zone and a halo of semimassive to disseminated ore corresponding to sub-seafloor replacement, and syn-sedimentary mineralization consisting of massive sulphides.This model is consistent with the geodynamic context of the study area: a narrow, deep-marine volcano-tectonic rift parallel to the Andean side of South America and related to the initial break-up of Gondwana (ca. 145 Ma).     

凤凰山铜矿床两类成矿岩体的厘定及其成因分析

本文从地质、地球化学以及矿化蚀变特征等方面对凤凰山矿田内两类不同成矿岩体的特征进行了对比,指出凤凰山复式岩体由早期的花岗闪长岩和晚期的石英二长闪长斑岩所组成,与花岗闪长岩有关的成矿作用主要为矽卡岩型成矿作用,与石英二长闪长斑岩有关的成矿作用主要为斑岩型成矿作用.并对新发现的斑岩型矿化的大地构造背景、围岩、蚀变特征、控矿构造以及矿石类型进行了阐述.最后,在综合分析成矿物质来源、物理化学条件、成矿流体和成矿作用的基础上,对凤凰山铜矿床的成因进行了探讨,认为矿床的形成主要与中酸性岩浆活动有关,经历了多种成矿作用,形成了多种矿化型式,矿床成因属以岩浆热液为主的复合型热液矿床.     

安徽庐枞沙溪斑岩铜矿蚀变及矿化特征研究

沙溪斑岩铜矿是长江中下游成矿带中部庐枞火山岩盆地外围的一个大型铜矿床.本文在前人工作基础上,基于详细的野外观察和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作,详细研究了矿床的蚀变特征及分带.结果表明,矿床的蚀变类型有钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化、长石分解蚀变和高岭土化,从深到浅依次发育有钾硅酸盐化、长石分解蚀变叠加钾硅酸盐化、长石分解蚀变和高岭土化等蚀变.确定了矿化特征、矿物生成顺序并划分了成矿阶段,即:钾硅酸盐阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段,其中,石英硫化物阶段又可进一步分为石英硫化物亚阶段和绿帘石-绿泥石亚阶段.基于蚀变及矿化特征认为,沙溪铜矿床的矿化始于钾硅酸盐阶段的晚期,石英硫化物亚阶段是黄铜矿主要的沉淀阶段,石英碳酸盐阶段也对成矿贡献了部分铜质.与世界上不同构造环境的典型斑岩铜矿床对比认为,沙溪矿床总体上与这些矿床的蚀变、矿化特征类似;与陆缘弧、岛弧、陆内碰撞造山后伸展环境矿床在矿体产出位置、蚀变分带方面相似;而由于围岩性质的差异,与板内环境的德兴矿床在矿体位置、蚀变分带方面存在差异,但是二者在脉体类型特别是与矿化关系密切的脉体特征上较为一致.因此,对于斑岩型矿床而言,构造背景可能控制了其岩浆的形成、演化以及含矿性,而岩浆岩最终定位的深度、围岩等条件则控制了其蚀变、矿化特征.     

The petrographical and isotope geochemical tracers for deep ore-forming fluids from the Laowangzhai gold depoist in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains

Based on the petrological studies of wall rocks, mineralized rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that with the development of silification, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultracrystalline material runs through the space between grains and amphibole cleavages, which is the product of fast condensing consolidation with magma mantle fluids turning into hydrothermal crustal fluids in the process of mineralization and alteration. It is thought that the water in ore-forming fluids mainly derived from magmatic water through research on H-O isotopes, and C as well as S isotopic compositions, has clear mantle-derived characteristics, and rock (mine) stones contain high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios, low 143Nd/144 Nd ratios and high 206Pb/204 Pb ratios, which also reflects the ore-forming fluids were derived from the metasomatically enriched mantle. In combination with the features of H-O-C-S isotopes and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes described above, the ore-forming fluids of the Laowangzhai gold deposit in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains were derived mainly from the deep interior of the mantle, and their properties were transformed from magma fluids to hydrothermal fluids in the course of metasomatism and alteration, which initiated crust-mantle contamination simultaneously to be in favor of mineralization.     

陕西省山阳县池沟地区斑岩成矿特征、成矿规律及找矿预测

池沟地区小斑岩体广泛发育,岩体多呈北东向展布的申珠状小岩株或岩枝产出,属燕山期高钾钙碱性系列Ⅰ型花岗岩,具(似)斑状特征.区内出现有与燕山期岩浆活动有关的斑岩型铜矿、斑岩型钼矿、矽卡岩型铜矿、构造蚀变岩型金矿等4种类型金属矿化.蚀变、化探异常及矿化均围绕斑岩体呈(环)带状分布,由岩体往外依次出现钼、铜、金矿化的分带性,...     

新疆东准噶尔松喀尔苏铜金矿区斑岩型矿床成因研究

松喀尔苏铜金矿区位于卡拉麦里石炭纪陆相火山岩带。文章通过矿床地质、围岩蚀变、含矿斑岩、流体包裹体和同位素研究,探讨了矿床成因类型。研究表明,松喀尔苏矿床具斑岩型矿床的特征,铜金矿化体产于岩体接触带,围岩蚀变具有分带性,从岩体向围岩依次发育绢英岩化带、高岭石化带和青磐岩化带,绢英岩化带与成矿相关。含矿斑岩复式岩体系同期陆相火山活动产物,成矿作用在时间、空间和成因上与复式岩体中晚期花岗斑岩有关。花岗斑岩具有富水、富挥发性组分和岩浆爆破作用的氧化性岩浆特点,具有后碰撞花岗岩类的地球化学亲缘性,其岩浆起源于后碰撞挤压-伸展转换期的壳-幔岩浆过渡带。幔源岩浆注入、软流圈地幔底侵作用和壳-幔岩浆混合作用是形成含矿斑岩岩浆的主导因素。流体包裹体包括液相包裹体、气相包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,激光拉曼探针分析表明,气相成分以CO₂和CH₄为主。成矿流体具有从高温、高盐度岩浆体系向低温、低盐度与大气降水混合的演化过程,流体沸腾或不混溶作用及温度、盐度降低是导致流体中成矿物质沉淀的主要因素。氢、氧同位素组成表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,在成矿晚期混有大气降水。硫同位素具幔源硫的特征。铅同位素组成显示成矿作用起源于下地壳-上地幔过渡带的岩浆作用。综上所述,该矿床属于与陆相火山-侵入岩有关的斑岩型铜金矿床。     

印度尼西亚巴都希贾乌斑岩型铜——金矿床成矿特征

巴都希贾乌铜金矿是坐落在印度尼西亚松巴岛西南部的世界级的斑岩型铜金矿床,产于岛弧环境。从容矿岩石、矿化、蚀变、成矿流体等方面分析总结了该矿床的基本特征。矿床在岩浆组合、空间形态和矿化及围岩蚀变特征上均体现出了明确的斑岩型矿床的特征;矿区围岩蚀变可划分为四个阶段,与成矿关系最为密切的是第一阶段的黑云母化;成矿流体为相对低温高盐度的流体,且具有由深到浅石盐溶解温度升高的趋势。     

Mineralization of the Liwu large-scale stratiform copper deposits in Sichuan Province,China: Constraints from fluid inclusions

The Liwu stratiform copper deposit is located in the northwestern Jianglang dome, western China. Current studies mainly focus on the genetic type and mineralization of this deposit. Detailed fluid inclusion characteristics of metallogenic period quartz veins were studied to reveal the ore-forming fluid features. Laser Raman analysis indicates that the ore-forming fluids is a H₂O-NaCl-CH₄ (-CO₂) system. Fluid inclusions microthermometry shows a homogenization temperature of 181–375°C and a salinity of 5.26%–16.99% for the disseminated-banded Cu-Zn mineralization; but a homogenization temperature of 142–343°C and a salinity of 5.41%–21.19% for the massive-veined Cu-Zn mineralization. These features suggest a medium-high temperature and a medium salinity for the ore-forming fluids. H-O isotopic data indicates that the ore-forming fluids were mainly from the metamorphic and magmatic water, plus minor formation water. And sulfur isotopic data indicates that sulfur was mainly derived from the formation and magmatic rocks. Metallogenesis of the disseminated-banded mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid mixing and water-rock reaction; whereas that of the massive-veined mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid boiling. The genetic type of the deposit is a medium-high temperature hydrothermal deposit related to magmatism and controlled by shear zones. This study is beneficial to understand the stratiform copper deposit.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

安徽铜陵桂花冲斑岩铜矿围岩蚀变与矿化作用

桂花冲铜矿为安徽铜陵地区新发现的斑岩型铜矿,斑岩体为准铝质高钾钙碱性的花岗闪长斑岩。围岩蚀变与矿化作用是斑岩型矿床成矿过程研究的一项重要内容,对蚀变带岩石开展元素地球化学成分的迁移研究,是分析热液交代蚀变过程的基础。桂花冲铜矿区内围岩蚀变作用比较强烈,蚀变类型主要有钾化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。蚀变分带比较明显,由内向外依次为钾化带、绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带,矿体主要产于绢英岩化带内。矿化蚀变自早至晚划分为钾长石、石英-绢云母、石英多金属硫化物和碳酸盐4个阶段。蚀变带物质组分迁移结果表明,在蚀变过程中,岩石的主量元素除TiO₂、MnO、MgO外,其他元素迁移量发生了明显改变;微量元素除Sr和Cu外,迁移量变化较小,稀土元素在矿化强的部位亏损,在矿化弱的地带富集。岩体及蚀变带岩石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式一致,说明岩体与蚀变岩石经历了相同来源流体的交代蚀变,是岩浆流体连续作用的结果。     

Geology and ore genesis of the late Paleozoic Heijianshan Fe oxide–Cu (–Au) deposit in the Eastern Tianshan,NW China

The Heijianshan Fe–Cu (–Au) deposit, located in the Aqishan-Yamansu belt of the Eastern Tianshan (NW China), is hosted in the mafic–intermediate volcanic and mafic–felsic volcaniclastic rocks of the Upper Carboniferous Matoutan Formation. Based on the pervasive alteration, mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of veins, six magmatic–hydrothermal stages have been established, including epidote alteration (Stage I), magnetite mineralization (Stage II), pyrite alteration (Stage III), Cu (–Au) mineralization (Stage IV), late veins (Stage V) and supergene alteration (Stage VI). The Stage I epidote–calcite–tourmaline–sericite alteration assemblage indicates a pre-mineralization Ca–Mg alteration event. Stage II Fe and Stage IV Cu (–Au) mineralization stages at Heijianshan can be clearly distinguished from alteration, mineral assemblages, and nature and sources of ore-forming fluids.Homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite from Stage I (189–370 °C), II (301–536 °C), III (119–262 °C) and V (46–198 °C) suggest that fluid incursion and mixing probably occurred during Stage I to II and Stage V, respectively. The Stage II magmatic–hydrothermal-derived Fe mineralization fluids were characterized by high temperature (>300 °C), medium–high salinity (21.2–56.0 wt% NaCl equiv.) and being Na–Ca–Mg–Fe-dominated. These fluids were overprinted by the external low temperature (<300 °C), medium–high salinity (19.0–34.7 wt% NaCl equiv.) and Ca–Mg-dominated basinal brines that were responsible for the subsequent pyrite alteration and Cu (–Au) mineralization, as supported by quartz CL images and H–O isotopes. Furthermore, in-situ sulfur isotopes also indicate that the sulfur sources vary in different stages, viz., Stage II (magmatic–hydrothermal), III (basinal brine-related) and IV (magmatic–hydrothermal). Stage II disseminated pyrite has δ³⁴S_fluid values of 1.7–4.3‰, comparable with sulfur from magmatic reservoirs. δ³⁴S_fluid values (24.3–29.3‰) of Stage III Type A pyrite (coexists with hematite) probably indicate external basinal brine involvement, consistent with the analytical results of fluid inclusions. With the basinal brines further interacting with volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks of the Carboniferous Matoutan Formation, Stage III Type B pyrite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite assemblage (with low δ³⁴S_fluid values of 4.6–10.0‰) may have formed at low fO₂ and temperature (119–262 °C). The continuous basinal brine–volcanic/volcaniclastic rock interactions during the basin inversion (∼325–300 Ma) may have leached sulfur and copper from the rocks, yielding magmatic-like δ³⁴S_fluid values (1.5–4.1‰). Such fluids may have altered pyrite and precipitated chalcopyrite with minor Au in Stage IV. Eventually, the Stage V low temperature (∼160 °C) and low salinity meteoric water may have percolated into the ore-forming fluid system and formed late-hydrothermal veins.The similar alteration and mineralization paragenetic sequences, ore-forming fluid sources and evolution, and tectonic settings of the Heijianshan deposit to the Mesozoic Central Andean IOCG deposits indicate that the former is probably the first identified Paleozoic IOCG-like deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.