辽河东部凸起太原组页岩孔隙分形特征

页岩孔隙结构具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数能定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。以辽河东部凸起为例,应用高压压汞方法研究了页岩孔隙结构及其不规则性,计算了页岩孔隙分形维数。研究结果表明,辽河东部凸起太原组页岩孔隙分形无标度区为0.09~60μm,孔隙分维数为2.378~3.007,随着分形维数的增大,页岩的非均质性增强,压汞实验得出的页岩孔径分布特征也证明了页岩的孔隙分形维数可以用来定量描述页岩储层岩石孔隙结构的微观非均质性;数学拟合表明分形维数与有机质含量相关性差,反映页岩中无机孔隙为主体孔隙类型;分形维数与石英含量呈较弱的正相关而与黏土矿物含量呈较强的负相关性,表明黏土矿物含量对页岩孔隙结构影响明显。分形维数与页岩的渗透率和孔隙度均具有很好的负相关性,分形维数越大,岩心的渗透率和孔隙度越小,表明分形维数越大,孔隙结构越趋于复杂,不利于气体的渗流和产出。     

红层软岩遇水作用的孔隙结构多重分形特征

红层软岩内部孔隙具有随机、多样化的分布特点,孔隙结构的变化是影响其宏观力学性能的关键所在。由SEM扫描电镜获取岩样不同饱水时间下的细观结构图像,根据盒维数法计算出孔隙的分形维数,发现随着饱水时间的加长,孔隙的分形维数呈现增大趋势。同时对孔隙的数量、大小进行统计分析,得出不同饱水时间下岩样内部孔隙的分布特征。基于多重分形理论,采用统计矩的方法对孔隙结构进行定量表征。结果表明,孔隙结构的分配函数与q阶次趋于线性关系,验证了该结构的自相似性与无标度性,由广义分形维数D(0)>D(1)>D(2)说明了孔隙具有多重分形特征,由多重分形谱参数分析了孔隙结构的不规则性与复杂程度,更好地表征孔隙大小各异的分布情况。结合孔隙结构的多重分形特征与岩样抗压强度,建立起孔隙结构变化与其力学性能的关联性,对研究红层软岩的损伤过程具有一定的指导意义。     

碳封存砂岩储层的孔隙迂曲度分形特征研究

目前“双碳”减排的背景下,砂岩咸水层是最具潜力的二氧化碳封存介质,其孔隙结构特征决定了流体的运移及封存效率,对其进行研究具有重要的科学意义。分形维数常用于定量表征砂岩孔隙结构在三维空间中的分布规律,但以往对砂岩孔隙迂曲度分形特征进行研究时,多依赖于孔隙率、平均孔隙半径、平均迂曲度等特征值计算分形维数,并不能很好的反映岩石孔隙排列分布及孔隙连接的非均质性。文章将砂岩孔隙结构概化为具有迂曲度的毛细管,首先通过核磁共振成像（MRI）技术获取岩石片层图像,以盒维数法获得孔径分布分形维数;随后以孔径分布分形维数为目标值,结合不同迂曲度下的毛细管数量与孔径的分形标量关系,迭代计算迂曲度分形维数。与传统的分形维数计算方法相比,该研究确定的迂曲度分形维数更能体现岩石内部不同孔隙排列方式引起的迂曲度差异。     

黏性土压缩过程临界孔径现象及固有分形特征

研究土体压缩过程孔隙的分形特性时,常常对试验测量范围内所有孔隙进行整体分析。然而,研究发现大小孔隙分形行为存在较大差别,特别对压缩的响应也显著不同。为阐述黏性土压缩过程大小孔隙的不同响应及分形特征,并对其变化规律进行刻画,以不同干密度武汉黏性土为研究对象,利用压汞法获取土体孔隙分布数据,基于分形理论拟合分析其分维数。研究发现:孔隙孔径-体积分布图中,均存在特殊的临界孔径现象,临界孔径前后的孔隙分布规律及其对压缩变形的响应显著不同,将大于临界孔径的孔隙定义为大孔隙,小于临界孔径的孔隙定义为小孔隙;小孔隙分布具有天然较强的分形特征,且基本不随干密度的变化而变化,称之为固有分形特征;大孔隙分布远离固有分形特征,分形行为较弱;随着干密度的不断增大,大孔隙的分形特征逐渐增强,且不断逼近小孔隙的固有分形特征。因此,小孔隙的固有分形特征可作为黏性土压缩的基准指标,压缩是迫使大孔隙不断调整趋于更强分形分布、且逐步向基准指标靠拢的过程。     

黏性土压缩过程临界孔径现象及固有分形特征

研究土体压缩过程孔隙的分形特性时,常常对试验测量范围内所有孔隙进行整体分析。然而,研究发现大小孔隙分形行为存在较大差别,特别对压缩的响应也显著不同。为阐述黏性土压缩过程大小孔隙的不同响应及分形特征,并对其变化规律进行刻画,以不同干密度武汉黏性土为研究对象,利用压汞法获取土体孔隙分布数据,基于分形理论拟合分析其分维数。研究发现:孔隙孔径-体积分布图中,均存在特殊的临界孔径现象,临界孔径前后的孔隙分布规律及其对压缩变形的响应显著不同,将大于临界孔径的孔隙定义为大孔隙,小于临界孔径的孔隙定义为小孔隙;小孔隙分布具有天然较强的分形特征,且基本不随干密度的变化而变化,称之为固有分形特征;大孔隙分布远离固有分形特征,分形行为较弱;随着干密度的不断增大,大孔隙的分形特征逐渐增强,且不断逼近小孔隙的固有分形特征。因此,小孔隙的固有分形特征可作为黏性土压缩的基准指标,压缩是迫使大孔隙不断调整趋于更强分形分布、且逐步向基准指标靠拢的过程。     

基于孔隙分形维数的土壤大孔隙流水力特征参数研究

根据数字图像制备分析技术得到大孔隙数目、大小和形状等特征数据,用分形理论计算孔隙分形维数,并对两类不同质地土壤的孔隙分形维数进行分析比较,应用基于孔隙分形维数的大孔隙分形模型,建立了土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率的预测模型。结果表明,孔隙分形维数D_v可定量描述不同质地土壤结构,其模型预测精度优于颗粒大小分布估计的分形模型,可用于实际问题的研究。     

土壤大孔隙流研究中分形几何的应用进展

土壤中普遍存在的大孔隙使水及溶质快速穿过土壤，污染地下水，确定土壤大孔隙流性质需要大量的野外和室内实验。本文在对分形几何概念进行简要阐述的基础上，介绍了分形几何在土壤大孔隙流研究中所取得的成果，结果表明应用分形几何确定土壤大孔隙流性质是一种省时、省力和具有广泛代表性的方法，最后对分形几何在土壤在大孔隙流研究中应用前景作了展望。     

基于核磁共振和分形理论的含铀泥砂岩渗透率预测方法——以新疆阿克苏地区为例

渗透率是影响溶浸采铀过程中含矿层铀浸出率的关键因素,准确评判含矿层渗透性对原地浸出采铀过程中井场参数的优化设计具有重要意义。文章采用核磁共振技术结合分形理论,分析了新疆阿克苏地区含铀泥砂岩孔隙结构分形特征,并研究了分形维数与渗透率之间的相关关系,建立了渗透率预测的多重分形模型。结果表明,该含铀泥砂岩以微孔和小孔为主,较大孔隙对渗透率具有显著影响;孔隙结构具有双重分形特征,较小孔隙分形维数介于0.727～1.711之间,较大孔隙分形维数介于2.961～2.989之间。核磁共振T₂谱分形拐点可以作为确定T₂截止值的依据,该方法比离心法更加高效便捷;根据T₂截止值计算可移动孔隙度,并结合分形维数建立多重分形渗透率预测模型。相比于传统渗透率预测模型SDR和Coates模型,该预测模型准确度更高且方便快捷。     

五大连池玄武岩三维孔隙组构的多重分形特征

通过CT扫描,获得了黑龙江省五大连池火山群中第4层玄武岩样本的1 423张高精度图像,利用数字图像分析方法识别出了玄武岩三维孔隙组构,基于二维切片序列重构了三维孔隙柱体,计算了孔隙的基本统计参数。结合分形与多重分形技术,利用多重分形分析矩方法对三维孔隙结构作了定量研究分析。分析可知,所取玄武岩样品几何结构复杂,非均质性强。多重分形维数谱函数f(α)呈连续分布,f(α)均为不对称的上凸曲线,表明岩石孔隙分布不均匀,具有明显的多重分形特征。三维孔隙结构的多重分形分析及三维重构技术可望进一步为岩心孔隙结构的定量化研究提供微观尺度上的证据。     

韩城矿区构造煤纳米级孔隙结构的分形特征

构造变形可以引起煤纳米级孔隙结构的变化,变形机制的不同对孔隙结构的影响程度也不同。煤的孔隙非均质性极强,传统实验方法难以准确地描述孔隙结构的复杂性,而分形理论提供了描述这一复杂性的量化方法。基于渭北煤田韩城矿区不同类型构造煤的低温氮吸附实验,采用分形FHH方法,定量表征了构造变形对煤纳米级孔隙结构的影响程度。结果表明:韧性变形煤比脆性变形煤的孔隙分形维数高,孔隙结构复杂,非均质性增强,导致毛细凝聚效应增强,吸附滞后突出;构造煤分形维数随着平均孔径的降低和中孔含量的升高而增大,说明构造变形程度越大,平均孔径越小,孔隙结构越复杂。研究认为,分形维数定量反映了煤构造变形的强弱,可以指示煤中纳米级孔隙结构的变形程度。      

基于数字岩心分形特征的渗透率预测方法

基于数字岩心技术,对岩心CT扫描图像进行处理,结合分形理论求取数字岩心的分形特征参数并通过构建数字岩心的等效分形介质模型对岩心渗透率进行预测。首先对两块砂岩岩心进行了微米CT扫描,提取岩心孔隙网络模型,分析岩心孔隙结构特征,结果表明岩心的孔喉半径分布与孔喉配位数分布对岩心渗透率有一定影响;其次利用MATLAB、Image J等软件对CT扫描得到的数字岩心及帝国理工学院网站公开的数字岩心进行处理,基于分形理论求取数字岩心分形维数、迂曲度、迂曲度分形维数和最大孔隙直径等参数;最后基于分形渗透率模型对岩心渗透率进行预测。结果表明：预测渗透率与岩心渗透率具有良好的相关性,相关系数大于0.97。因此,基于数字岩心技术,通过构建数字岩心等效分形介质模型,可以有效预测岩心渗透率。     

The fractal dimension of pores in sedimentary rocks and its influence on permeability

Perimeter-area power-law relationship of pores in five sedimentary rocks are estimated from scanning electron micrographs of thin sections. These relationships for the pores of four sandstones were found to lie between 1.43 and 1.49, while that of an Indiana limestone was found to be 1.67. We show how the perimeter-area power-law relationship of pores, along with a pore-size distribution, can be used to estimate the hydraulic permeability. A discussion is given of how the fractal dimension of the pore perimeter derived by Mandelbrot for islands whose boundaries are fractal: P = ε^DA^D/2, where ε is some constant that depends on the length of the measuring grid size and D is the fractal dimension of the pore perimeter, influences permeability.     

Fractal models for the fragmentation of rocks and soils: a review

Fragmentation, the process of breaking apart into fragments, is caused by the propagation of multiple fractures at different length scales. Such fractures can be induced by dynamic crack growth during compressive/tensile loading or by stress waves during impact loading. Fragmentation of rocks occurs in resoonse to tectonic activity, percussive drilling, grinding and blasting. Soil fragmentation is the result of tillage and planting operations. Fractal theory, which deals with the scaling of hierarchical and irregur systems, offers new opportunities for modeling the fragmentation process. This paper reviews the literature on fractal models for the fragmentation of heterogeneous brittle earth materials. Fractal models are available for the fragmentation of: (1) classical aggregate; (2) aggregates with fractal pore space; and (3) aggregates with fractal surfaces. In each case, the aggregates are composed of building blocks of finite size. Structural failure is hierarchical in nature and takes place by multiple fracturing of the aggregated building blocks. The resulting number-size distribution of fragments depends on the probability of failure, P(1/bⁱ) at each level in the hierarchy. Models for both scale-invariant and scale-dependent are reviewed. In the case of scale-invariant P(1/bⁱ)< 1, theory predict: D_f = 3 + log [P(1/bⁱ)]/log[b] for classical aggregates; D_f=D_m+log[P(1/bⁱ)]/log[b] for aggregates with fractal pore space; and D_f=D_s for aggregates with fractal surfaces. where b is a scaling factor and D_f, D_m and D_s are the fragmentation, mass and surface fractal dimensions, respectively. The physical significance of these parameters is discussed, methods of estimating them are reviewed, and topics needing further research are identified.     

Delineation and explanation of geochemical anomalies using fractal models in the Heqing area,Yunnan Province,China

The Heqing area, located in the Sanjiang ore belt, China, consists of the Beiya gold orefield related to the alkaline porphyry, the Emeishan volcanic mafic rocks and a series of sedimentary rocks. Thirty-nine elements of stream sediment samples taken in the 1:200,000 geochemical survey in the Heqing area can be classified into four groups using principal component analysis. Two fractal models, i.e., the concentration–area model and the number–size model, are applied in determination of the thresholds for the representative elements in the four groups. The thresholds obtained from the two models are similar. According to the thresholds, the element concentration distribution can be divided into 3 segments, each of them is mainly correlated to one type of rocks, including the alkaline porphyry related to gold-mineralized rocks, mafic rocks and sedimentary rocks. This paper reveals that the various geological events can be characterized by the different fractal models of element distribution.     

湘中锑矿床空间分布的分形特征

本文运用分形理论对湘中锑矿床（点）的空间分布特征进行了研究,结果表明,锑矿床的空间分布可以认为具有统计自相似性,分形几何学可以描述矿田分布规律。应用计盒维数法计算了锑矿床空间分布的分维值,对不同区块的分维特征进行了比较,探讨了分维值的地质意义。实际资料计算结果显示,盒子数目与尺度有很好的相关性,其相关系数均达０．９９以上     

分形统计模型的理论研究及其在地质学中的应用

本文提出了一般分形模型和一般分维数的概念,认为许多地质模型是一般分形模型的特例,指出幂函数分布和帕累托分布是分形统计模型的数学基础,论证了幂函数分布在高端截尾条件下具有尺度不变的分形性质,根据非线性回归模型参数估计的方法,提出了求分维数的新方法,该方法具有许多优点。通过在计算机上产生随机数对分形统计模型进行模拟研究,以及通过实例说明分形统计模型应用的方法及步骤,并解释了分维数的实际意义。     

Cumulative Benioff strain-release, modified Omori's law and transient behaviour of rocks

Irreversible thermodynamic theories with internal state variables can be used to derive a general constitutive law for both transient and steady-state behaviours of rocks. This constitutive law can represent the concepts of damage and damage evolution in either the fibre-bundle model or continuum damage mechanics. We have previously proposed an empirically based constitutive law for both the transient and steady-state behaviours of rocks ultimately derived from laboratory experimental data. We show here that this law is concordant with the general constitutive law derived from irreversible thermodynamic theories, and that the relaxation modulus has a temporal power–law that depends on a structural fractal property of rocks. Our constitutive law predicts forms for the cumulative Benioff strain-release for precursory seismic activations and the modified Omori's laws of aftershocks, both aspects of the temporal fractal properties of seismicity. These seismic properties can also be derived by the fibre-bundle model or continuum damage mechanics. Our model suggests that these time-scale invariant processes of seismicity may be regulated by the fractal structures of crustal rocks.     

中国断层系分维及其灰色预测研究

应用分形理论和灰色系统理论方法,对中国断层系分维及其灰色预测问题进行了探讨。首先,计算并分析了中国断层系分维及其空间变化特征;其次,在计算中国大陆和南岭地区不同地质历史时期断层系分维、揭示断层系具有的跨尺度分形特征的基础上,对分维变化进行了灰色预测,其结果表明：分形理论与灰色理论结合是研究断层系时空间特征的有力工具,中国大陆下一期断层系分维预测值为1.5995,预示中国大陆下一期断层系空间结构的复杂程度将有所增加。     

Investigation of the effect of aggregate shape and surface roughness on the slake durability index using the fractal dimension approach

Argillaceous rocks cover about one thirds of the earth's surface. The major engineering problems encountered with weak- to medium-strength argillaceous rocks could be slaking, erosion, slope stability, settlement, and reduction in strength. One of the key properties for classifying and determining the behavior of such rocks is the slake durability. The concept of slake durability index (SDI) has been the subject of numerous researches in which a number of factors affecting the numerical value of SDI were investigated. In this regard, this paper approaches the matter by evaluating the effects of overall shape and surface roughness of the testing material on the outcome of slake durability indices.

For the purpose, different types of rocks (marl, clayey limestone, tuff, sandstone, weathered granite) were broken into chunks and were intentionally shaped as angular, subangular, and rounded and tested for slake durability. Before testing the aggregate pieces of each rock type, their surface roughness was determined by using the fractal dimension. Despite the variation of final values of SDI test results (values of I_d), the rounded aggregate groups plot relatively in a narrow range, but a greater scatter was obtained for the angular and subangular aggregate groups. The best results can be obtained when using the well rounded samples having the lowest fractal values. An attempt was made to analytically link the surface roughness with the I_d parameter and an empirical relationship was proposed. A chart for various fractal values of surface roughness to use as a guide for slake durability tests is also proposed. The method proposed herein becomes efficient when well rounded aggregates are not available. In such condition, the approximate fractal value for the surface roughness profile of the testing aggregates could be obtained from the proposed chart and be plugged into the empirical relation to obtain the corrected I_d value. The results presented herein represent the particular rock types used in this study and care should be taken when applying these methods to different type of rocks.     

分形渗透模型在饱和冻土中的应用

冻土中的渗透系数对于评估冻土工程中的水,热和溶质迁移至关重要。以往研究表明,渗透系数主要依赖孔隙结构,经常被描述为孔径大小和孔隙率,但是这两个参数并不能充分地表征孔隙结构。为加强对孔隙结构的描述,引用分形理论研究了冻土中的渗透系数。基于非均匀毛细管束模型和分形理论,提出了饱和冻土中渗透系数的分形模型,并提出通过土体冻结特征曲线获取冻土中孔径分布的理论方法。为了验证分形模型的有效性,对已有实验数据进行分析。分析表明,分形渗透系数模型是毛细管分维、最大孔径、黏度和迂曲度的函数,孔径分布变化是导致冻土渗透系数变化的根本原因。通过对比,计算值与实测值吻合较好。结果表明分形模型可以较好的预测冻土中的渗透系数,研究结果可为冻土渗透机理研究提供参考。