塔里木盆地巴楚-麦盖提地区志留-泥盆系油气成藏规律

塔里木盆地巴楚-麦盖提地区以寒武-奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩为烃源岩,志留-泥盆系三角洲-- 滨岸砂岩为储层,潮坪环境形成的致密泥岩为盖层,形成了断裂型生储盖组合,具有较好的油气勘探前景。通过对研究区志留-泥盆系沉积相带展布、断层发育特征以及古隆起和古斜坡的综合研究,结合烃源岩排烃及已发现油气特征,认为巴楚-麦盖提地区志留-泥盆系油气成藏规律主要受沉积和构造的共同控制,在二叠纪末,寒武-奥陶系烃源岩排烃期已经形成的单斜构造或斜坡带,被长期活动断层沟通了寒武-奥陶系烃源岩的志留-泥盆系储层分布区易于形成油气藏。区内有利油气成藏区带主要为康2--方1 井之间的断裂带与玉1--BK8--巴5 井之间的斜坡带,可能发育的油气藏类型为岩性油气藏和构造--岩性复合油气藏。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘吐木休克弧形基底卷入斜向滑移构造

石油地震资料揭示塔里木盆地中央巴楚隆起为结晶基底和古生代地层相对隆升区,地表为第四纪陆相碎屑岩不整合覆盖,隐伏隆起大部分区域缺失中、新生界。在隆起南北两侧构造变形比较强烈,均发育基底卷入的逆冲构造和古生界内逆冲构造。根据钻井资料和二维地震测线详细的构造解释,应用断层相关褶皱理论得知：吐木休克基底卷入逆冲断层是在中生界早期形成的基底卷入楔形构造的基础上,在新生界晚期再次活动形成的;新生代晚期中亚地区强烈陆内变形,导致塔里木盆地先期形成的巴楚隆起再次挤压隆升;晚期变形过程中,先存构造与形成新构造挤压方向的偏差导致新构造发育有走滑分量,形成典型的斜向挤压构造——吐木休克旋转弧形构造。平面分布上,弧形构造东西向延伸的中段和北东向延伸的西段,早期为基底卷入楔形构造,晚期发育基底卷入逆冲构造;近北西向延伸的东段,晚期发育基底卷入楔形构造叠加在早期基底卷入楔形构造之上,说明该构造至少经历了两期变形。由于晚期基底卷入逆冲断层具有走滑分量,导致盖层单斜构造发育3类应变带及相应构造：拉伸变形带发育的正断层、剪切变形带发育的走滑断层及挤压应变带即走滑构造分量;西段发育左行逆冲走滑断裂带及伸展变形;东段发育右行逆冲走滑断裂带。弧形构造西部发育的构造样式与2012年Keating等模拟的斜向断层位移形成的构造样式非常相似,说明弧形构造西段吐木休克基底卷入逆冲构造具有走滑分量,从而合理地解释了该区发育的构造样式及正断层形成机制。     

方正断陷中部发育走滑断层的地震证据及有利区带预测

方正断陷是依舒地堑中北部的一级负向构造单元.为了确定盆地的形成机制,明晰其中断层体系的性质,利用新三维地震资料对方正断陷进行了详细的构造解析.剖面上"花状构造"、平面上断层雁行式展布与空间上"海豚效应"等6方面地震地质证据证明方正断陷中部发育走滑断层系.走滑断层发育证明方正断陷在新生代以来发生过右行平移运动.方正断陷是在走滑构造背景下形成的与走滑相关的断陷盆地.综合走滑断层的石油地质特征研究预测,区内德善屯凹陷的中心及坡折处具有很好的油气勘探潜力.     

辽河东部凹陷走滑构造及其与火山岩分布的关系

走滑构造可分为压扭和张扭两类,平面上主干走滑断裂都表现为一条贯通性的走滑构造带,剖面上前者表现为正花状构造(向上撒开的逆断层组),后者表现为负花状构造(向上散开的正断层组)。它们的伴生构造在平面上分别表现为与主干走滑断裂共生的雁列褶皱、雁列逆断层(压扭)和雁列正断层(张扭)。在实际剖面中由于构造应力场的变化还常见由正—负花状构造组合的复合花状构造。在平行于走滑构造带方向,有时断层面倾角会变化,直至倾向相反(丝带效应);走滑断裂带各点所受的应力可从挤压(褶皱)—逆断变为伸展—正断(海豚效应)。走滑断裂在火山岩盆地中普遍发育,是构造—火山作用关系研究的重要方面。研究区走滑断裂系统由贯通性主干走滑断裂和伴生构造两部分组成。主干走滑断裂平面上侧向延伸长,其附近多为与之成锐角相交的雁列正断层组;剖面上同时出现负花状构造和正花状构造,断层面陡倾且有时两侧地层厚度不等。根据雁列构造与主干断层间锐角指示方向和断层切割层位可判别,该区于古近纪主要发育右旋走滑断裂系。火山岩分布明显受走滑断裂带控制,火山喷发中心沿主干断裂呈串珠状分布;火山岩厚度于主干断裂附近最大,向两侧减薄,多终止于次级断裂附近;厚度大于1 km的火山岩距主干断裂通常在2 km范围内。     

南美奥连特前陆盆地斜坡带低幅度构造形成物理模拟

奥连特盆地是一个位于南美安第斯山前的弧后前陆盆地,盆地东部斜坡带发育大量低幅度构造,并与油气有密切关系。为明确奥连特盆地东部斜坡带低幅度构造的形成过程及其主控因素,深入分析了低幅度构造的发育特征,针对性地开展了构造物理模拟实验研究。结果表明,奥连特盆地东部斜坡带低幅度构造主要与逆断层、反转断层和走滑断层相伴生,一般位于断层上盘,控制其发育的动力学机制主要是断层的正反转作用和走滑作用,而且先存正断层向深部变缓,有利于断层后期的反转以及低幅度构造的发育。     

塔中中古8井区走滑断裂特征及其对孔洞型油气藏的控制作用

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层内发育大量的走滑断裂,是碳酸盐岩孔洞型储层发育及油气聚集的重要控制因素。走滑断裂在剖面上表现为花状特征,在平面上表现为线状、花状、辫状、马尾状等多种组合样式的特征,其形成的走滑断裂带在横向上具有分区特征,不同区内走滑断裂的组合样式及应力特征也各不相同。这些特征造成了碳酸盐岩孔洞型储层发育的差异性,以及孔洞型油气藏油气富集程度的差异性。通过对研究区内断裂进行精细的解剖,明确了塔中中古8井区走滑断裂的基本特征,以及走滑断裂对孔洞型储层、油气藏的控制作用,对塔中孔洞型油气藏的勘探和开发具有一定的参考意义。     

一种板内小尺度走滑断层平面分段研究方法——以塔里木盆地顺北5号断层中北段为例

近年来在顺北地区1号和5号走滑断层带上获得了重大的油气突破,证明了在塔里木盆地内发育的小尺度走滑断层对断控油气藏具有控藏、控储的特征。该类走滑断层在剖面上贯穿多套古生代地层,纵向结构复杂,在空间上为深层线性走滑叠加浅层雁列正断层的构造样式,钻井揭示在断层带上不同分段的井产能差异明显,表明走滑断层在奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶界面的分段性对油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。本文选取顺北5号断层中北段作为研究对象,针对深层不同层系线性走滑断层分段特征差异明显这一特征,基于不同尺度下断层的断距与分段长度之间的相关性及多断层演化理论,提出了利用沿着走向等间距统计断层的垂向断距变化的方法对深层线性走滑断层开展分段性研究工作,该方法综合了断层的活动强度、演化程度和剖面构造形态来分析断层的分段特征,适用于不同性质的断层分段性特征研究。研究表明5号断层中北段在奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶界面可划分为14段,在寒武系膏盐岩层顶界面可划分为10段,两个层系的断层分段性在空间上具有继承性与差异演化的特点,其中寒武系膏盐岩滑脱构造中的膏盐逃逸对油气的疏导具有破坏作用,奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶断层活动强度、分段叠接样式、断层分段不同位置对断控缝洞型储层发育规模具有重要的控制作用,揭示了断层在平面上的分段特征及纵向结构对断控缝洞型油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起断裂系统特征及其对海相碳酸盐岩油气的控制作用

结合新三维地震与区域地质资料研究,塔里木克拉通中部的塔中隆起挤压断裂与走滑断裂发育,张性断裂欠发育,断裂系统具有构造样式的多样性、形成演化的多期性、构造发育的继承性及平面展布的区段性。新资料表明挤压断裂缺少基底卷入型,多在中寒武统盐膏层滑脱,主要发育4种断裂样式,形成于早奥陶世末,多具有扭压作用与分段性。塔中隆起北斜坡新发现一系列北东向左旋走滑断裂带,剖面上以负花状构造、直立型构造、正花状构造为主,平面上发育向西南方向收敛的雁列构造、羽状构造、帚状构造等;塔中地区经历志留纪晚期、中泥盆世、晚二叠世等三期走滑断裂作用,东南方向强烈斜向挤压作用是走滑断裂形成的动力机制。塔中隆起断裂主要分布在下古生界,三类、三级、四组方向断裂控制了塔中隆起纵向分层、南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。塔中隆起经历新元古代强伸展-弱挤压的断裂发育阶段、寒武纪-奥陶纪局部弱伸展-强挤压逆冲断裂发育阶段、志留纪-中泥盆世走滑断裂发育阶段、石炭纪-早三叠世局部断裂继承性发育阶段等4阶段9期的差异发育演化史。塔中隆起断裂对下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气分布控制作用明显,断裂控制了油气的纵向复式聚集,断裂带储层发育、油气富集;不同时期、不同类型断裂控油作用有差异性,断裂带横向上的变化造成油气分布的区段性;油气源断裂与储层组成的运聚体系内具有流体分布的有序性。     

渤海南部地区潜山构造差异与成因机制

目前,针对渤海南部潜山地层结构、构造演化的研究较少.应用三维地震资料、钻井资料,系统分析了该区潜山断裂类型、地层构造类型、成因演化和动力学背景.研究表明,近南北向郯庐走滑断裂和近东西向反转断裂共同控制了研究区潜山地层分布,进而造成了研究区潜山地层的结构、构造差异.近南北向郯庐走滑断裂为调节东西两侧挤压强度差异的同印支造山期断层.郯庐走滑断裂西支以西挤压变形强度相对较弱,普遍发育古生界薄底或秃底构造,以"中生界+古生界+前寒武系"三层结构为主;以东挤压变形作用则相对较强,表现为强烈隆升,古生界剥蚀殆尽,为"中生界+前寒武系"双层结构,花状走滑构造发育.近东西向反转断层为印支期逆冲断层,燕山期伸展反转,现今断裂上升盘残存古生界,下降盘古生界剥蚀殆尽.横向挤压收缩差异是导致研究区潜山地层结构、构造差异的主要原因.      

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田断裂特征与油气运移

通过断裂分析及构造演化,并结合油气地化指标,综合研究认为,哈得逊油气的总体运移特征为“多期充注,晚期成藏”,即有垂向又有横向。海西末期-喜山期主干断层继承性活动,形成断穿石炭系底部的复活断层及伴生断层,沟通寒武系、奥陶系油源。晚加里东期、晚海西期来自寒武-奥陶系的油气沿羊屋2 井区深大断裂纵向运移,哈得逊石炭系整体南倾,未发育有效圈闭,两期油气均未有效成藏。晚喜山期受南北向造山运动影响,石炭系地层发生翘倾作用,形成有效圈闭。同时,古生界的深大油源断裂复活,聚集在奥陶系古油藏中的油气沿断裂垂向调整至石炭系东河砂岩,并在北倾斜坡的背景下,油气自北向南短距离侧向运移,聚集于哈得逊石炭系圈闭中,形成现今哈得逊油藏。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the