湖北省随州城市化进程中人口变动及其对土地利用的影响

采用GIS技术及多种统计分析方法,对湖北省随州市城市化进程中人口变动状况及其对土地利用方式的影响进行了整体分析,初步揭示了城市化的综合发展状态及其所包含的人口及土地两个方面的变化特征,并明确了人口变化的主导作用。分析表明,随州城市化处于中期发展阶段并呈现与工业化同步的发展状态,在此前提下城镇人口迅速增长,空间分布向中心市区集中,但农业就业比重偏高,同时土地利用方式发生相应的变化。     

我国省域人口城镇化特点及其相关因素的分析

本文从人口城镇化的基本原理开始,讨论了建国以来我国省域城镇人口变化的基本特点,并进行了人口城镇化的相关因素分析。     

德国人口地理研究

本文主要探讨了德国统一后的人口地理特征，阐述了德国人口数量的变运及其空间分布，人口构成模式的发展，人口就业和失业的区域差异及其成因，以及德国国内移民和国际移民的时空演变，目的在于揭示德国人口发展的地理问题，以便为我国的人口发展提供经验和教训。     

1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势

城镇人口数据不一致的问题非常严重, 几乎没有系统的省级区域城市化数据。这种情况部分是因为人口普查城镇人口定义的变化,部分是由城镇设置标准的变动引起的。人口普查是全国和各省区城镇人口数据的重要来源。但是由于人口普查的城镇人口定义在不断变化,城镇人口数据很多是前后不一致的,必须进行相应调整。本文首先讨论改革时期新的城市化进程,澄清城镇人口定义的变化,然后概括地说明估计全国和区域城镇人口所用的一个基于双轨城市化概念模式的区域方法。将调整后的1982年和2000年人口普查得到的城镇人口作为计算的基础数据,对1982~2000年中国各省的城市化水平进行估计。在估计结果的基础上,分析1982~2000年中国城市化过程的主要空间特征。揭示了1982~2000中国省级区域城市化发展的主要趋势。本文最后为将来城镇人口的统计提出一些建议。     

基于综合城镇化视角的省际人口迁移格局空间分析

采用第五、第六次全国人口普查数据,基于流出、流入“双向”视角解析人口迁移格局及演变过程;采用空间计量模型,阐释综合城镇化及各城镇化分量值对省际人口迁移影响的空间效应。研究结果表明：① 2000~2010年省际人口迁移量成倍增长,人口迁出区域空间不断扩散,迁入区域空间虽无明显变化,但内部差异性变化明显;② 省际人口迁移存在明显的空间依赖性特征,省际人口净迁入率变化明显受周边地区的正向影响;③ 综合城镇化率变化对省际人口迁入有着重要作用。④ 人口、经济和土地城镇化率变化对人口净迁入率变化具有显著影响,且经济城镇化仍为影响省际人口迁移变化的主导因素;社会城镇化率的影响并不明显。     

Mongolian gerbils and Daurian pikas responded differently to changes in precipitation in the Inner Mongolian grasslands

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and Daurian pikas (Ochotona dauurica) are two key small mammal species in the Inner Mongolian grasslands, China. Mongolian gerbils displayed density-dependent population growth, but the time lag of density dependence was short and within season. The spring–autumn population growth rate was inversely related to population density in Mongolian gerbils of the Erdos desert grasslands. The autumn–spring population growth rate of Mongolian gerbils was inversely related to winter precipitation. Precipitation had stronger effects on the population growth of gerbils during the non-breeding season. The monthly population growth rate of Daurian pikas was positively related to the monthly precipitation and was inversely related to population density in central Inner Mongolia. Daurian pikas select habitats with tall plants. Increased precipitation enhances plant production and increases the height of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. This enhancement of plant height might increase the population growth of Daurian pikas. Mongolian gerbils live in short grasslands. Increased winter precipitation might result in higher winter mortality of Mongolia gerbils, or taller plants might supress gerbil population growth in wet years. Therefore, responses of small mammal species to changes in precipitation depend on the life history of small mammals and changes in vegetation induced by climatic changes.     

基于镇域尺度的江苏省人口分布空间格局演变

基于2000年、2010年人口普查乡镇（街道）数据,运用探索性空间数据分析、半变异函数等方法,分析江苏省人口分布的时空分异特征,并揭示其空间演化机理。结果表明：① 江苏省人口分布呈现较大的空间差异,全省层面上呈现南北人口密度高于中部的“凹”字型结构,城乡层面上呈现街道人口密度高于乡镇的“城乡二元”结构,以及沿江地区明显的“核心边缘”结构;② 研究期内江苏省人口分布的空间不均衡性和集聚性呈增强之势,长江以北镇域的人口密度大多降低而以南普遍增加,苏锡常、南京、徐州三大都市圈的人口集聚能力进一步提升,沿江地区成为全省规模最大的高密度人口连绵区;③ 空间关联作用是引起江苏省人口分布格局变化的空间机理,而政策、区位、经济与自然环境等因素是造成江苏人口格局变化的主要动力。     

基于GIS的大连城市人口空间分布变动及模拟研究

利用GIS手段对四普、五普数据进行处理,深入剖析了20世纪90年代大连城市人口空间分布变动形式。1990年代,大连人口分布变动模式为集聚中有扩散,以集聚为主,仍处于城市化阶段。1990-2000年,中心城区、近郊区人口绝对数量增多、密度增大,远郊区人口绝对数量减少,密度下降：人口正在向中心城区的“中间地带”集聚;人口重心向西南方向移动,位移较大;从人口集中指数来看．大连市分布很均匀：通过对1990年和2000年大连市中心城区人口密度进行模拟,二次函数Quadrafte：T=b0＋b1r＋b2r2为最优模型,该模型较好地反应了大连市中心城区人口密度分布趋势。     

Population dynamics in the Ukrainian SSR (1959-1984)

Changes in the spatial distribution of the population of the Ukraine between 1959 and 1984 are analyzed. Attention is given to changes in the rural and urban population composition over time as well as to regional variations in population dynamics.     

Livestock Dynamic Responses to Climate Change in Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau: Forage Consumption and Time-lag Effects

Climate change and forage-intake are important components of livestock population systems, but our knowledge about the effects of changes in these properties on livestock is limited, particularly on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Based on corresponding independent models (CASA and TEM), a human-induced NPP (NPP_H) value and forage-intake threshold were obtained to determine their influences on livestock population fluctuation and regrowth on the plateau. The intake threshold value provided compatible results with livestock population performance. If the forage-intake was greater than the critical value of 1.9 (kg DM d^-1 sheep^-1), the livestock population increased; otherwise, the livestock population decreased. It takes four years to transfer a disturbance in primary productivity to the next trophic level. The relationships between livestock population and NPP_H value determined population dynamics via the forage-intake value threshold. Improved knowledge on lag effects will advance our understanding of drivers of climatic changes on livestock population dynamics.     

Population Change in U.S. Cities: Estimating and Explaining the Extent of Decline and Level of Resurgence

The revalorization of the U.S. metropolis and restructuring of the U.S. economy are leading to increasingly complex patterns of population growth and decline. In this article we provide an empirical context for understanding the embodied nature of these changes by analyzing the long-term, demographic changes for the 100 largest cities. In terms of population change we identify four model urban types: steady decline, continuous increase, growth interrupted, and slowly resurgent. We consider, in detail, cities where population decline has halted and others where there are indications of population resurgence. The article focuses on these resurgent cities, provides some causal explanations, discusses the role of gentrification, and explores policy implications.     

胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化

胡焕庸线作为人地关系的重要地理大发现之一,揭示了中国人口分布东密西疏的重要特征,是人文与经济地理学对社会的重要贡献之一。本文采用地理探测器等定量方法,以人口普查数据为基础,对胡焕庸线两侧人口分布的分异性特征进行了深入讨论,并尝试解释中国人口分布特征变化的原因及其机制。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线作为中国最重要的人口分界线仍基本保持稳定,但从空间统计学分异特征来看该分界线仍可进一步优化调整;② 胡焕庸线两侧内部人口集聚模式发生着明显变化,东南半壁人口分布由改革开放之前和初期的相对均衡状态,转变为以长三角、珠三角等少数区域为中心的集聚模式;而西北半壁人口分布的集聚程度则趋于下降;③ 从人口空间分布的影响因素看,尽管总体上,经济发展类因素对于人口空间分布影响不断增强,但三大阶梯等自然地理本底条件依然对中国人口分布有着重要影响。     

八十年代广州市区人口分布的变动

本文分析了广州市区人口分布变动特点、变动类型，探讨其影响人口分布变动因素及人口分布变动趋势。     

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN AN ETHNO-IDEOLOGICALLY DIVIDED CITY: THE CASE OF JERUSALEM

Jerusalem is an extreme case of ethnic segregation or an ethno-ideologically divided city. Studying such a city can help determine what are the effects of segregation on urban development. This paper examines the distribution of population within the city of Jerusalem and changes in its population density between 1972 and 1983, by estimating a polycentric exponential population density function and testing various hypotheses that represent alternative urban structures, while implementing various improvements of the standard statistical techniques. The Jewish and Arab sectors differ markedly in their socioeconomic characteristics. The population density gradients in the two sectors are different, though a polycentric or segregated structure is rejected. The changes that have occurred in the density gradients of the Jewish and Arab sectors between I972 and 1983 are those predicted for a developed and a developing country city, respectively, but are not statistically significant. Additionally the map of regression residuals is discussed. The monocentric population distribution is centered on the Damascus Gate implying that infrastructure and housing vintage factors may be most important in determining the macro-scale distribution of population in the city.     

2000—2020年中国人口分布格局演变及影响因素

基于第五、六、七次全国人口普查数据,本文分析了2000—2020年中国人口分布的空间格局、集散态势和影响因素。结果表明,中国人口分布依然保持东密西疏的基本格局,胡焕庸线两侧的自然地理环境差异性决定了这一格局的长期稳定性;人口空间集中化趋势在21世纪初的10年内主要发生在东南半壁,但在2010—2020年间成为各区域的共同特征。省会城市的人口集聚能力持续增强,2010—2020年的优势更加凸显,但这种行政力量主导的首位度提升效应将随着全省发展阶段的演进而逐渐弱化。人口变动的区域分化明显：沿海城市群的空间连绵化逐渐形成了强吸引力、高承载力的沿海人口增长带,东北地区几乎转向全面的人口收缩,中部各省依托省会展开的人口竞争依然激烈,川渝黔地区普遍实现了人口的止降回增,西北地区则面临人口收缩风险。此外,区域人口增长的驱动因素逐渐从经济要素主导转为经济要素和舒适性要素并重,各地区舒适性的差异可能将成为影响未来人口空间格局变化的重要因素。     

Reflectance spectroscopy: a new approach for reconstructing penguin population size from Antarctic ornithogenic sediments

Reflectance spectroscopy has several advantages compared to traditional chemical methods in paleolimnology. It requires little cost, involves minimal or no sample preparation and is rapid. There has, however, been limited use of reflectance spectroscopy in polar paleolimnological studies. This paper explores the application of reflectance spectroscopy to reconstruct historical changes in penguin population size in the maritime Antarctic. Two ornithogenic sediment cores on Ardley Island, Antarctica were analyzed. Penguin droppings and weathered soils were analyzed as reference materials. Principal component analysis and linear mixing modeling were performed on the spectral data to estimate the proportion of penguin guano in the sediments and these values were used to infer historical penguin population numbers. Historical penguin population size versus time, reconstructed from reflectance spectra, and population numbers inferred from previous geochemical analysis of bio-elements, were quite similar. Our results illustrate the feasibility of rapidly inferring historical changes in penguin population size using reflectance spectroscopy on Antarctic ornithogenic sediments. Our findings suggest that this technique has potential for reconstructing past population numbers of other seabirds and mammals using lake sediments influenced by animal excrement.     

Population distribution in China-characteristics,components, determinants since 1949

lintroductionPopulahondistribuhonisaSynthesizedindicatorofthephysical,socialandeconomicsituation,whichalsoexertSsiofcantimpactonsocio-economicdotlopment.AnhonalPOpulationdistributionhasbecomeamajorgoalofPOpulahonanddevelopmentregulationin~deVelopingcountriesinland1983).ChinaisavaStandPOpulouscountly.ItSvariousregionshaVedifferentphysical,economicandhistoricalcondihonsaswellascurrentPOpulationchacteristjcs.Populationdistribuhonvallesfromregiontoregion.RahonalPOpulahondistribuhonisanimPO…     

Regional population trends in the city of Moscow during the 1979-1989 intercensal period

"This article investigates regional population trends in the city of Moscow during the intercensal period of 1979-1989. Results indicate that the Outer Zone grew more rapidly than the Inner Zone, which experienced population decline overall. As a result, the population of Moscow continued to shift to the Outer Zone. Although the Inner Zone still had a higher population density, the density gradient between the zones had flattened appreciably. Regional population growth rates were strongly and positively related to changes in housing space."     

近50年来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕地变化及其成因

利用 195 0～ 2 0 0 0年的统计和普查数据 ,对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲近 5 0年来耕地数量变化及区域差异进行分析 ,并探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。近 5 0年渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲耕地面积经历了 3个增长期和 2个减少期的变化。经综合分析发现影响渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲耕地变化的主要驱动因素是 5次大的政策变动 ,耕地需求增加与非农业部门占用 ,导致土壤肥力下降 ,沙化、盐渍化等问题出现。     

Ecological and population changes in fishing communities of the North Atlantic Arc

In the decades since World War II, large-scale ecological changes have affected fishing communities across the northern Atlantic. Substantial declines hit their historically important resources, most notably the Atlantic cod. Such declines were often accompanied by increases in other, previously less exploited, species. Interactions between fishing pressure and environmental variation have driven ecological change. Ecological changes in turn reshaped the fisheries, contributing to altered demographic profiles of fisheries-dependent communities. Many places lost population, especially through out-migration of young adults. Broad social forces also contributed to these trends, but the timing and geographical details of population changes often correspond to specific fisheries/ecological events.