外来蓝领农民工城市定居意愿影响因素——以广东省东莞市为例

以外来蓝领(即工厂、企业中的外来产业工人)高度集聚的广东省东莞市为例,基于814份有效调查问卷数据,采用Logistic模型和描述性统计分析,结合预假设及反馈验证,揭示了外来蓝领工人城市定居意愿的影响因素。回归结果显示:工资收入、产权住房、工作时间、是否已婚、生活满意度等经济、环境、家庭和心理因素均对外来民工的定居意愿产生显著的影响;而年龄、性别、户口性质、受教育水平等因素未通过显著性检验,既反映现有文献中存在的争议,也反馈了当地的真实情况。相关统计分析发现,拥有资格证书、本地户口及其赋予的福利权利、良好的居住环境也有助于提高外来蓝领农民工的定居意愿。最后,讨论了提高外来蓝领工人城市定居意愿的政策启示。     

Outmigration,economic dislocation,and reassessment of the labor resource in the Russian far north

Location in Russia's economic space plays a major role in the development paths taken by its diverse regions. For example, certain regions on the former Union's periphery may eventually prosper as a result of evolving transborder economic ties. Other peripheries of Russia may well languish. This paper examines what economic transition could mean for one of these latter regions, Kraynyy Sever, the Far North. Kraynyy Sever was an administrative construct during the Soviet period used to delineate an area in which wage increments and costs of living bonuses were applied as part of a program to recruit workers for tours of northern service. These incentives were paid to attract workers to this extremely cold area. The region stretches from the Kola Peninsula in the northwest, across the Nenets okrug and Komi republic, then broadens in Siberia and the Far East to encompass everything north of the 60th parallel. There is a subregion along its southern margin, known as Regions Equivalent to the Far North, in which slightly lower increments and bonuses were paid. There is now an unjustifiably large population in the region and net out-migration appears likely, definitely from areas failing to boast mineral development of world significance.     

Direct foreign investment: a migration push-factor?

Policymakers and analysts now recognize that US military activities abroad contribute to the creation of refugee flows into the US. Previously, immigration into the US was viewed as a result of inept and failed domestic policies in the countries of origin. Results show that recent immigrants to the US come from countries with neither the poorest nor the largest population growth rate in the less developed world. However, the sending countries received US direct foreign investment (DFI) in the 1970s, particularly labor intensive investment in export manufacturing. Significant levels and concentrations of DFI promote emigration through: 1) the incorporation of new segments of the population into wage labor and the associated disruption of traditional work structures, 2) the feminization of the new industrial work force and its impact on the work opportunities of men, and 3) the consolidation of objective and ideological links with the highly industrialized countries where most foreign capital originates. The data suggest an examination of the causes of emigration on a much more specific level than that of underdevelopment, poverty, and population growth. These facts carry immediate policy implications for US immigration organizations: 1) if US firms in export processing zones recruited workers from the pool of unemployed--mostly prime-age males--rather than expanding the labor supply by recruiting young women, thereby disrupting unwaged work structures, and 2) if these firms would desist from having high turnover rates among workers, then the migration impact of this type of development would be minimized.     

居住选择对流动人口城市居留意愿的影响——基于一项对福建省流动人口的调查

采用2015年福建省流动人口抽样调查数据,使用序次回归模型,系统分析由住房产权类型、居住区位、居住家庭化程度和住房支付能力衡量的居住选择如何影响流动人口的城市居留意愿。结果发现：当将长期居住意愿、户籍迁移意愿和永久定居意愿3部分指标的加和定义为城市居留意愿指标时,流动人口在城市居留意愿远低于预期,真正愿意将长期居住、户籍迁移、永久定居三者统一起来的流动人口不足二成。回归模型结果表明,居住选择的确对流动人口的城市居留意愿产生显著影响,在控制流动人口的个人、家庭特征和流动状况等变量后,拥有住房所有权、居住在中心城区、与家人一起居住和更高的住房支付能力的流动人口,更愿意在城市永久定居。     

Employer Recruitment and Hispanic Labor Migration: North Carolina Urban Areas at the End of the Millennium

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

A Review of “Spatial and Environmental Injustice in an American Metropolis: A Study of Tampa Bay,Florida”

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

城市规模与高管工资溢价区域差异分析

利用2008—2017年中国A股上市公司和地级市层面数据,采用回归模型进行实证分析并作检验后发现：① 高管薪酬显著地受相邻地区同行薪酬的正向影响,但更多地还是由公司情况及高管自身水平决定;② 城市规模和城市的集聚经济正相关,集聚经济对高技能劳动力的工资水平有促进作用,形成工资溢价,不同城市规模产生的集聚经济效应是产生工资溢价的主要原因;③ 不同规模城市等级对高管薪酬的影响呈现差异化特征,因为不同城市厂商的生产率水平不同,大城市能够为高技能劳动力提供更好的学习机会,表现为水平效应和增长效应;④ 房屋价格对工资有正向影响,人均绿地面积的提高及城市居住环境的改善,会使工资水平有所上升,但超大城市可能因其生活成本及房价过高等因素的影响对高管薪酬正向影响相对减弱。     

城市住房负担对上海流动人口居留意愿的影响

居留意愿被认为是影响流动人口居留决策的重要因素,而大城市不断增加的住房负担,日益成为制约流动人口居留意愿和行为的关键因素。鉴于既有研究中关于住房负担对流动人口居留意愿影响及其群体差异性考虑的不足,论文以上海为例,基于2012年和2017年流动人口动态监测调查问卷数据,采用二元Logistic回归模型,分析流动人口居留意愿的影响因素及其变化,并探讨住房负担对流动人口居留意愿与决策行为的影响。研究发现：① 房租收入比增加对于流动人口的居留意愿具有明显抑制作用,特别是低教育程度和低技术职业群体更加敏感;② 房价/房租的快速增长加重流动人口的住房负担,增加其实际居留难度,流动人口“想留不能留”将可能迫使其产生居留意愿的改变;③ 城市住房负担持续增加率先对较低劳动技能群体产生“驱离”效应,而压力进一步加剧则将导致更多流动人口迁出或被迫降低生活质量。建议城市政府为流动人口尽量提供更具包容性、可支付和多元化的住房。     

Tensiti: a social and physical development in Lae,Papua New Guinea

The implementation of an ‘appropriate’ housing subdivision in Lae, Papua New Guinea represents a new approach in creating an acceptable environment for the urban poor. The unique hexagonal design of the Tensiti development and its aims and policy implications are discussed. It appears that at least some of the urban poor of Lae now live in a settlement which satisfies the demands of town planners, urban administrators and the realities of the settlers' basic needs and resources.     

京津冀农业劳动力及其老龄化研究

京津冀地区作为中国经济发展的重要区域之一,其农村地区农业劳动力的减少与老龄化已成为关系农业、农村与农民利益的重要问题。为此,本文对京津冀地区县域农业劳动力数量与其老龄化的时空演变进行了分析,探讨了农业劳动力数量与其老龄化之间的耦合关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下京津冀不同县域农业劳动力及其老龄化的特征,提出不同类型未来农业劳动力的发展方向,拓宽了乡村地理学的研究视角。结果表明：① 京津冀地区农业劳动力数量整体呈下降趋势,北京周边和东部沿海地区农业劳动力数量下降趋势明显;② 农业劳动力的年龄整体呈老龄化趋势,北部地区老龄化程度最为严重;③ 京津冀县域农业劳动力数量与农业劳动力老龄化程度的耦合特征可划分为慢速-轻度老龄化、慢速-重度老龄化、快速-深度老龄化、快速-中度老龄化四大类型区。     

Migratory Patterns and Settlement Experiences of African Australians of Refugee Background in Murray Bridge,South Australia

In the past decade Australian immigration policy has emphasised settlement of refugees/humanitarian entrants in rural and regional locations, in preference to metropolitan areas. The settlement outcomes of a case study of African humanitarian entrants of South Sudanese background in Murray Bridge, a regional centre in South Australia, are examined. These participants were self-settled secondary movers from metropolitan Adelaide. The factors which attracted them were centred on employment. Settlement outcomes for Murray Bridge respondents were better than their urban counterparts, in terms of both housing and employment outcomes. However, some later left Murray Bridge because of a lack of opportunities for tertiary education. The results highlight issues of sustainability of settlement and retention, in regional centres in Australia, and of the fluidity of attraction and retention factors and therefore settlement in regional centres.     

近年来我国普通劳动者工资变化及其对农地利用的影响

利用农村固定观察点数据、《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》、全国农业统计数据等,对近年来我国普通劳动者工资的变化特征及其对我国农地利用的影响进行了分析。结果表明：近年来我国普通劳动者工资的增长速度和幅度明显要快于农产品和农业生产资料价格的增长速度。我国东部发达地区的部分省份,其复种指数已经出现了明显的下降趋势,物质和服务投...     

Contracts for Contentious Politics: Day Labor Hall Practices and the City of Cincinnati

Using an empirical study of a political protest, this paper examines a set of interdependent contracts symbolizing both the nodes of scalar interaction and the hegemonic nodes of resistance. The study focuses on a contentious political campaign aimed at the City of Cincinnati, a recycling facility, and a day labor temp agency initiated by contracted day laborers who hand-sorted garbage from recycling materials and suffered from adverse working conditions and alleged wage violations. A discussion of the rise of contingent labor through implementation of neoliberal deregulation policies is integrated with Jürgen Habermas' concepts of the lifeworld and the system providing an explanatory framework for understanding lifeworld colonization through flexible labor practices and the subsequent impetus behind the contentious political campaign. Using survey data, the shared lifeworld of day laborers is described. The study also examines how the position of protest participants affected the tactics and outcomes of the contestation. [Key words: day labor, contingent labor, living wage ordinances, Habermas.]     

Planning for growth in a natural resource boomtown: challenges for urban planners in Fort McMurray,Alberta

Between 2000 and 2010, the population of the city of Fort McMurray, Alberta increased by 80%, mainly due to the expansion of oil extraction projects and subsidiary industries. Population growth of this magnitude has significant consequences for city planning. While Fort McMurray struggles to keep up with enormous numbers of in-migrants, the cost of living in the city has skyrocketed. Using interviews with city planners and field experience in the city, in this paper I examine the current challenges faced by urban planners in Fort McMurray against the backdrop of global economic decision-making, corporate influence, and commodity dynamics. While the recession of 2008 gave city planners some breathing room, they still struggle with gathering accurate census information and predicting population growth, providing affordable housing, and balancing short-range planning with their long-term goals. Attempts by city planners to address these challenges could provide a contemporary model for urban planning in rapidly growing, resource-dependent communities.     

劳动力回流的驱动因素与就业行为研究进展

全球化与经济一体化的深入促使劳动力的空间流动更为频繁,并呈现外出与回流并存的格局。作为发展中人口大国,中国的劳动力回流现象不断增多,流动“双向化”趋势日趋明显。本文从劳动力回流理论、回流动因、回流者的就业行为与影响机制入手,对国内外已有文献进行梳理分析,发现在回流理论中,主张成功/失败的经济理论长期占据主导地位,但这一分析范式开始受到社会学理论的挑战。回流决策不仅受外出者自身经济因素所驱使,而是在社会联系、地方经济政策环境等因素的综合影响下产生的。回流劳动力并不是简单的经济上的“失败者”,他们通过物质资本和人力资本积累,表现出更强的就业能力,通过自主创业等活动,促进了家庭收入的增加和家乡经济多元化。但由于制度环境及经济发展特点的差异,中国国内劳动力回流的动因与就业行为具有自身特点。最后,从回流理论、回流的空间效应及新生代农民工回流等方面对中国未来的回流研究进行了展望。     

自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制探析——以黄山汤口为例

随着旅游移民现象不断演变和研究的深入,大量旅游劳工移民在迁入地的半定居和永久性定居行为开始受到国内外学者的关注。中国一些著名的自然观光地因开发早、区域人力资源供给不足等原因,吸引了大量外来企业主的迁入和集聚,因而成为研究旅游企业主移民的合适案例地。本文以黄山汤口为例,以旅游劳工移民中的企业主移民为研究对象,运用回归分析判别移民定居意愿的支持因素,并据此构建结构方程模型,探讨生活满意度、经营满意度、继续经营意愿、社会融合意愿、总体感知对移民定居的影响,进而分析中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制。研究表明：① 与国外发达经济体旅游企业主移民相比,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民男性比例明显偏高且更为年轻,其家庭主要收入高度依赖迁移后的工作。经营收益情况是其考虑后续定居的重要前提条件。因此,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居意愿可分为购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿。② 探索性分析表明,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民的购房定居和退休定居意愿的影响因素包括经营满意因素、生活满意因素、社会融合状况。③ 结构方程模型检验显示,衡量经营目标和动机的总体感知变量对继续经营意愿有替代作用。移民经营满意度是其定居意愿的本质驱动力。④ 社会融合意愿和总体感知构成了购房定居意愿的直接驱动力。除经营满意度外,对居住条件等生活因素的满意与否是购房定居意愿的间接驱动力。⑤ 退休定居意愿最强的直接驱动力是购房定居意愿,总体感知既是其直接弱驱动力又通过购房定居意愿对其产生影响,其余变量均是其间接驱动力。     

THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF LABOR: NORTH AFRICAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN FRANCE*

Since World War II, migrant labor has contributed significantly to Western Europe's economic growth. Initially, industries recruited and hired migrant workers to overcome labor shortages and downward demographic trends within the domestic work force. Since the recession of the mid-1970s, however, migrant labor has faced increasing job loss and restricted entry to many Western European countries. Throughout the postwar period, state immigration policy has supported industry, initially by assisting in the recruitment, and more recently, facilitating the repatriation of migrant workers. Economic and social disparities between developed core and underdeveloped peripheral countries are linked to international labor mobility. Certain sectors in the core benefit from the reserve labor force while emigration from peripheral countries partially contributes to these countries' economic problems. These issues are explored through a case study of the employment of North Africans in the French automobile industry.     

从市区到市郊:二战后联邦政府主导下的美国郊区化运动

二战后,为解决严重的住房短缺问题,美国联邦政府一方面继续鼓励发展郊区住宅,如为退伍军人制定优惠贷款政策、修建州际高速公路,另一方面发起了城市更新运动,试图通过拆除城市中心衰败社区来改善居住环境,为城市中心的发展注入新的活力。然而,这些政策在推动郊区化的同时,也加剧了城市中心的衰落。这些政策的实施,既塑造了战后美国城市面貌,也对诸如城市暴乱、社会分化等问题负有责任。     

CBO Performance in the Shelter Sector: A Study of La Piña and Lebrón,Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic

The current global housing policy, the enabling approach, emphasizes the need for governments to encourage community participation in the shelter sector. This research examines the role of the government and community-based organizations (CBOs) in the housing sector and analyzes how they interact. To determine whether governments and CBOs are participating in the shelter sector as advocated under the approach, this study examines the role of two CBOs engaged in upgrading shelter for the poor in Santo Domingo, the Dominican Republic. This research demonstrates that the enabling approach can be effective if the government is supportive and CBOs are engaged in the planning, decision-making, and implementation of the housing project. This study finds that cooperation between the implementing NGO, CBOs, and households is crucial for the success of the housing project. The study also demonstrates how the enabling policies employed in Santo Domingo, including low-cost labor and use of low-cost building materials, help overcome obstacles encountered under previous housing policies such as displacement and affordability issues.     

Beyond affordable shelters: Subsidized housing and surrounding environments for pedestrian safety

Beyond the provision of affordable housing itself, planners and policymakers have raised concerns as to whether subsidized housing developments provide “suitable living environments” for the nation's poor. Despite numerous concerns regarding unfavorable living environments and the neighborhood context of subsidized housing, we have limited understanding as to whether built environments around subsidized housing ensure pedestrian safety. This study addressed this gap by examining how built environments around Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) sites affect pedestrian-vehicle crashes in Austin, Texas. We employed the two-level negative binomial regression to clarify the impacts of street segment-level and neighborhood-level built environments on pedestrian crashes around LIHTC complexes. We found that higher speed roads, traffic-generating land uses, higher transit stop densities, and higher four-or-more-leg intersection densities may hinder pedestrian safety. Conversely, local roads as well as single-family residential parcels and connected sidewalks along street segments may enhance pedestrian safety around LIHTC complexes. Our results may inform planners and policymakers on how to enhance pedestrian safety for subsidized housing by modifying surrounding environments and how to provide better site selection considerations for subsidized housing to ensure pedestrian safety.