综合评估环境场影响的热带气旋路径客观相似预报模式

提出一个综合评估环境场影响的热带气旋路径客观相似预报模式。模式应用热带气旋参数、初始和未来环境场，构造客观的相似判据。通过定义非线性的相似指数综合评估历史热带气旋样本在多元判据下的相似程度，从而找到相似样本。应用相似样本的历史路径进行坐标变换和相似指数的权重综合，得到预报路径。模式检验和预报试验表明该模式具有预报技巧。     

环境场对东海登陆热带气旋陆地路径的影响

采用合成分析的方法,对比分析了在华东南部沿海登陆,维持较短陆地路径和维持较长陆地路径的两类热带气旋的环境场变化,结果表明：环境场对登陆热带气旋的陆地路径的维持有重要影响。当西北太平洋副热带高压迅速加强西伸;中低层低压环流迅速减弱;中低层环境热力条件差,海洋水汽输送中断;高层水平流场呈纬向型,青藏高原反气旋环流相对较弱而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流强大,中纬带西风急流强大时,环境场的配置使热带气旋周围的高层水平辐散弱并衰减,低层水平辐合弱并衰减,热带气旋的对流被抑制,仅能维持较短路径很快就减弱消亡。反之,当西北太平洋副热带高压减弱东退,西风槽南压;低层低压环流长时间维持;中低层环境热力条件好,海洋水汽输送通畅;高层水平流场呈经向型,青藏高原反气旋环流相对强大而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流减弱东退,中纬带西风急流较弱,低空东南风急流强大时,环境场的配置使热带气旋周围高层水平辐散强并维持,低层水平辐合强并维持,热带气旋的对流通畅,能维持较长生命史和较长的路径。     

热带气旋路径客观预报的若干问题

对多时刻环境因子与热带气旋路径相关的统计分析表明，初始时刻环境场因子对热带气旋路径的预报能力随预报时效的增长而下降；未来时刻环境因子的预报能力高于初始时刻环境场因子；对于一定预报时效的热带气旋路径，具有较高预报能力环境场因子出现时刻大多不与预报时效同时刻；对于４８￣１２０小时的预报时效，初始时刻后４８－７２小时的环境场因子具有较高的预报能力。对ＮＷＰ产品进行统计释用的热带气旋路径预报模式优于用初如     

环境场和热带气旋后部暴雨的关系

利用１９５３～１９９４年台风年鉴和历年的天气图及１９９５年９５０４、９５０５号热带风暴过程的卫星云图、天气图、湿静力能场以及本地区逐日雨量资料，分析环境场对热带气旋后部暴雨的激发作用。结果表明：热带气旋在广东电白、阳江沿海登陆东北移或者沿电白、阳江或附近东北移后，如果西北面有弱的冷空气系统影响，而北部湾东面、南面又出现偏南风急流，则第二天开始，北部湾沿海出现暴雨天气，若北部湾有稳定的低压，则暴雨天气持续两天以上。     

基于气候系统模式FGOALS-g2的热带气旋活动及其影响的动力降尺度模拟

热带气旋是气候模拟关注的重要对象,但是,由于当前的气候系统模式分辨率较低,难以合理再现热带气旋分布特征,因此,动力降尺度就成为一种有效的手段。本文使用区域气候模式RegCM3,对中国科学院大气物理研究所气候系统模式FGOALS-g2的模拟结果进行动力降尺度,基于热带气旋路径追踪法,从热带气旋的路径、强度和降水三个方面,检验了动力降尺度在热带气旋模拟能力上的增值。结果表明,动力降尺度结果大幅提升了热带气旋路径频率的模拟,较之全球模式,其与观测的路径频率分布的空间相关系数从0.57提升至0.74;区域模式模拟的热带气旋强度与观测更为一致,全球模式难以模拟40 m s?1以上风速的热带气旋,区域模式能够模拟风速为60 m s?1的热带气旋;在热带气旋降水方面,降尺度后的热带气旋降水贡献率和平均热带气旋降水强度均有所改善,在西北太平洋区域较之全球模式,区域模式将热带气旋降水贡献率和降水强度提高了10%和4.7 mm d?1。动力降尺度后TC（tropical cyclone）的模拟技巧得到提升的区域为西北太平洋区域,但在中国南海区域,技巧提升的不显著甚至有所下降。关于动力降尺度结果在西北太平洋区域的技巧提升,分析表明能够更好体现CISK（Conditional Instability of the Second Kind）机制是主要原因,区域模式模拟的水汽增多、正涡度增强、上升运动增强而垂直风切变减弱都有显著贡献。     

9414 号热带气旋移动路径异常影响因子的数值研究

文章运用一个10层原始方程模式对9414号热带气旋（DOUG）（下称TC）的异常路径进行了数值模拟,对该TC路径异常的主要原因作了探讨,并在数值模拟基础上研究了各因素在TC移动中所起作用的大小。结果表明：环境流场演变是造成该TC移动路径突变的最主要原因,而TC自身结构对其移动突变的影响相对较小。     

1306号热带气旋“温比亚”非对称降水的环境场特征

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°逐6h全球格点资料以及区域自动站降水资料、FY-2E卫星云图与多普勒天气雷达拼图资料,分析2013年第6号热带气旋(TC)"温比亚"在广西造成的非对称降水的环境场特征。结果表明,受副热带高压西南侧稳定而深厚的东南气流引导,"温比亚"西北行深入到广西中部,有利于广西出现较大范围暴雨。200hPa上TC流出气流的中心偏于其中心的南侧,为降水不对称分布提供了动力背景;TC风场分布明显不对称,导致涡度、散度动力场结构呈不对称分布;低层辐合区主要分布在TC中心南侧,整层水汽通量辐合中心位于TC中心南侧,从而使暴雨集中在TC中心南侧。环境风垂直切变矢量指向TC移动路径的左侧,有利于TC移动路径左侧出现强的对流及降水,结合水汽辐合条件,可将其作为TC暴雨落区预报的一个判据。相对湿度(RH)呈均匀分布,假相当位温(θse)呈准对称分布,表明TC降水的非对称分布主要由动力因子而非热力因子引起。     

热带气旋环境场相似检索方法的对比分析

比较了欧氏距离、相似离度、相似系数、相关系数及最优相似系数等作为气象格点场相似性度量的适用性,结果发现以“距离”为主的算法无法准确地反映环境场中的一些特定系统的位置和强度,相似检索效果较差;而相似离度、相似系数、相关系数及最优相似系数可分别考虑两个场之间的形状和强度、空间分布及变化趋势,能找到较相似的场,可供业务参考。通过将不同指标检索到的相似环境场的演变对热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)路径的影响量引入到TC路径预报中,检验其业务应用效果,发现单纯移向的预报效果好于路径预报,路径预报中相似离度的效果稍好于其他方法,而移向预报中最优系数法最好。另通过相似环境场检索,能找到由相似环境场所对应的相似历史TC,并依据不同度量性指标得到一个历史相似TC集,为台风业务、科研提供参考。     

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD ON TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK AFTER LANDFALL FROM EAST CHINA SEA

1 INTRODUCTIONThe past few years have seen work on themaintenance and decaying mechanisms of tropicalcyclones (TCs) over land. Statistic study has been onthe landfall frequency and location of TCs and theirmaintenance, decaying, transition, intensification anddissipation for the past 32 years[1] and that (1) thedeeper water accumulates on land,the more favorableit would be for the maintenance of low pressures andvast lakes,and the surface of large rivers and large-sized reservoirs can sl…     

一个适用于长时间积分的大气模式的加热和耗散的调整方案

大气模式设计是数值天气预报和数值模拟的一个具有根本性的问题。在这方面,Lorenz[1](1960)和Arakawa[2](1962)都发表过许多精辟的见解,至今仍具有指导意义。但是,随着原始方程模式的应用和工作的深入,用作预报和模拟的模式,已普遍从本世纪50年代以绝热无耗散的模式为主发展为现在以非绝热有耗散的模式为主。遗憾的是,如何针对后一种模式进行设计,发表的原则性论文还很少,这不能不说是大气模式设计中的美中不足。我们知道,在这类模式中,系统是开放的,大气和外界之间有质量和能量交换,过程是不可逆的。由于这种过程还不十分清楚,也没有足够的系统的观测,考虑这种过程是不容易的。在现有的模式中,对次网格尺度加热和耗散的考虑,一般多采用参数化方法。这些方法大多是根据各自的观测基础,独立提出的;而且,许多参数是由经验决定的,任意性很大。这样,就难免造成加热和耗散之间的虚假的不平衡。对于较长时间的积分来说,会出现明显的系统性误差,影响预报质量。这是一个不可忽视的问题。本文目的则是通过对流场和质量场等的变分调整,使上述不平衡得以克服。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

A barotropic prirnitive equation model is used to simulate the tropical cyclone motion.Tropical cyclonemovements under different environmental flow backgrounds were examined and sensitivity of tropical cyclonetracks were discussed.Conclusions of practical significance have been obtained in this paper.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WITH AN OPERATIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF TYPHOON TRACKS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA REGION

Experiments for short range forecasting of typhoon tracks over the South China Sea Region were carried out using limited-area numerical model recently developed by the authors.Due to the shortage of sounding data over the sea, typhoon circulations are usually obtained incompletely from objective analysis, or with significant deviation of the centre from reality.Therefore a set of schemes for typhoon initialization are proposed here to construct a bogus typhoon with the circulation being consistent with the physical processes included in the limited-area model.Based on the schemes bogus data over the model grids are created and analysed together with conventional observational data.Then the normal model initialization scheme is issued to further modulate the model typhoon with the numeriCal modeel.Some experiments of sensitivity in various aspects are conducted for further improvement of typhoon track predictions.The experimental results for a number of typhoon landing in southern China in 1993 and 1994 shows that the limited-area model is capable of predicting typhoon tracks in the southern China region.     

AN OBJECTIVE PREDICTION SCHEME FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALLS IN EASTERN CHINA

The landfall of tropical cyclones in the eastern part of China falls in the category of small probability events. Constructing a step function with intervals adequately divided can help reflect the non-linear distribution of conditional probability for a landfall event. For the prediction of landfall event probability, factors applying the step function in transformation are superior to the standardized factors that are linearly related. The prediction scheme discussed in the work uses transformation factors of step function to formulate prediction models for tropical cyclones making landfalls in eastern China, through screening with non-linear correlative ratios and REEP analysis. Classified models for statistic-synoptics, statistic -climatology and statistic-dynamics have been constructed using initial field data and numerical prediction output. Forecasting skills have been improved due to ensemble of predictions using these classified models. As shown in forecasting evaluations and experiments, the scheme is capable of predicting tropical cyclones that make landfalls in eastern China.     

STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC REGION WITH CLASSIFICATION MODEL

Accurate simulation of tropical cyclone tracks is a prerequisite for tropical cyclone risk assessment. Against the spatial characteristics of tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region, stochastic simulation method based on classification model is used to simulate tropical cyclone tracks in this region. Such simulation includes the classification method, the genesis model, the traveling model, and the lysis model. Tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region are classified into five categories on the basis of its movement characteristics and steering positions. In the genesis model, Gaussian kernel probability density functions with the biased cross validation method are used to simulate the annual occurrence number and genesis positions. The traveling model is established on the basis of the mean and mean square error of the historical 6 h latitude and longitude displacements. The termination probability is used as the discrimination standard in the lysis model. Then, this stochastic simulation method of tropical cyclone tracks is applied and qualitatively evaluated with different diagnostics. Results show that the tropical cyclone tracks in Northwest Pacific can be satisfactorily simulated with this classification model.     

AN OPERATIONAL STATISTICAL SCHEME FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE INDUCED RAINFALL FORECAST

A non-parametric method is used in this study to analyze and predict short-term rainfall due to tropical cyclones(TCs) in a coastal meteorological station. All 427 TCs during 1953-2011 which made landfall along the Southeast China coast with a distance less than 700 km to a certain meteorological station- Shenzhen are analyzed and grouped according to their landfalling direction, distance and intensity. The corresponding daily rainfall records at Shenzhen Meteorological Station(SMS) during TCs landfalling period(a couple of days before and after TC landfall) are collected. The maximum daily rainfall(R-24) and maximum 3-day accumulative rainfall(R-72) records at SMS for each TC category are analyzed by a non-parametric statistical method, percentile estimation. The results are plotted by statistical boxplots, expressing in probability of precipitation. The performance of the statistical boxplots is evaluated to forecast the short-term rainfall at SMS during the TC seasons in 2012 and 2013. Results show that the boxplot scheme can be used as a valuable reference to predict the short-term rainfall at SMS due to TCs landfalling along the Southeast China coast.