Morphological signatures of fault lines in an earthquake prone zone of southern Baromura hill,north-east India: a multi sources approach for spatial data analysis

This paper aims to assess the morphological signatures of tectonic features (faults) on the basis of multi sources spatial data analysis. For that purpose, the present authors selected the southern part of Baromura hill of Tripura, which has been discussed very little in the scientific literatures. An extensive field work was done in the assumed faulted areas to understand the geomorphic signatures of faulting. In the field, GPS was used for fixing the ground control points. Scanned Survey of India (SOI) topographical sheets, SPOT PAN and Land sat band-5 was used for digital analysis. An old DEM on IRS LISS-III FCC was also consulted for final mapping. Two clear lineaments (Faults) were detected from field observation on southern Baromura hill. Apart from these, another one was found in the outer part of this hill range. An attempt was made to explain the morphological signatures of those faults by density slicing on radiometric data based on emittance of different physical components. Finally a geomorphic map with main tectonic features of Baromura was prepared for future disaster management planning.     

Seismic assessment in southern Baromura hill,northeast India,considering geophysical aspects

This paper aims to assess the geophysical signatures like morphology and structure of a fault line, which is situated in a part of southern Baromura hill of Tripura, northeast India. In this work manual observations and technical applications were adopted for understanding the morphological and structural characters of the fault line. As tectonic mapping is one of the main objectives of this study, the remote sensing technique was used to prepare a tectonic map of the study area. Geothermal range of the area was measured by unsupervised classification of Landsat TM thermal infrared band (band 6). The classified thermal band was overlaid by another classified shortwave infrared band (band 7 of Landsat TM), which explains the structural evidences of the study area. In addition, an automated digital elevation model (DEM) was prepared to assess the morphological characters of the study area particularly near the confluence of R. Maharani and R. Gumti. To analyse the structural condition of the faulted zone, resistivity characters of the rocks were measured by “vertical electrical sounding” (VES) method. The electrical resistivity character of this area strongly supports that a displacement occurred in this place. Finally an attempt was made to explain the character of faulting on the basis of morphological signatures and structural evidences for future disaster management planning.     

Using topographical attributes to evaluate gully erosion proneness (susceptibility) in two mediterranean basins: advantages and limitations

Empirical multivariate predictive models represent an important tool to estimate gully erosion susceptibility. Topography, lithology, climate, land use and vegetation cover are commonly used as input for these approaches. In this paper, two multivariate predictive models were generated for two gully erosion processes in San Giorgio basin (Italy) and Mula River basin (Spain) using only topographical attributes as independent variables. Initially, nine models (five for San Giorgio and four for Mula) with pixel sizes ranging from 2 to 50 m were generated, and validation statistics were calculated to estimate the optimal pixel size. The best models were selected based on model performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve and the generalized cross-validation. The best pixel size was 4 m in the San Giorgio basin and 20 m in the Mula basin. The finest resolution was not necessarily the best; rather, the relationship between digital elevation model resolution and size of the landform was important. The two selected models showed an excellent performance with AUC values of 0.859 and 0.826 for San Giorgio and Mula, respectively. The Topographic Wetness Index and the general curvature were identified as key topographical attributes in San Giorgio and Mula basins, respectively. Both attributes were related to the processes observed in the field and described in the literature. Finally, maps of gully erosion susceptibility were produced for each basin. These maps showed that 22 and 20 % of San Giorgio and Mula basins, respectively, present favourable conditions for the development of gullies.     

Application of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery to structural mapping of the upper section of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

Structural maps are traditionally produced by mapping features such as faults, folds, fabrics, fractures and joints in the field. However, large map areas and the spatially limited ground perspective of the field geologist can potentially increase the likelihood that not all structural features will be identified within a given area. The ability to recognise and map both local and regional structural features using high-resolution remote sensing data provides an opportunity to complement field-based mapping to help generate more comprehensive structural maps. Nonetheless, vegetation cover can adversely affect the extraction of structural information from remotely sensed data as it can mask the appearance of subtle spectral and geomorphological features that correspond to geological structures. This study investigates the utility of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and airborne multispectral imagery for detailed structural mapping in vegetated ophiolitic rocks and sedimentary cover of a section of the northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Visual enhancement techniques were applied to a 4-m airborne LiDAR digital terrain model and 4-m airborne multispectral imagery to assist the generation of structural lineament maps. Despite widespread vegetation cover, dykes and faults were recognisable as lineaments in both data sets, and the predominant strike trends of lineaments in all resulting maps were found to be in agreement with field-based structural data. Interestingly, prior to fieldwork, most lineaments were assumed to be faults, but were ground-verified as dykes instead, emphasising the importance of ground-truthing. Dyke and fault trends documented in this study define a pervasive structural fabric in the upper Troodos ophiolite that reflects the original sea-floor spreading history in the Larnaca graben. This structural fabric has not previously been observed in such detail and is likely to be continuous in adjacent regions under sedimentary cover. This information may be useful to future exploration efforts in the region focused on identification of structurally controlled mineral and groundwater resources. Overall, our case study highlights the efficacy of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery for extracting detailed and accurate structural information in hard-rock terrain to help complement field-based mapping.     

月表线性构造自动提取新方法研究:以澄海地区月岭为例

月岭作为月球表面上最常见的线性构造之一,可以反映月球区域性的构造特征和应力状态,对研究月球地质演化有着重要意义。前人对线性构造的解译方式通常是以人工目视解译为主,应用遥感影像数据和激光高度计数据等对月表线性构造进行解译和提取。随着数据精度的提高,以及对研究效率的要求,形成一种行之有效的线性构造自动提取方法具有必要性。文中以地形曲率为原理,借鉴前人应用地形曲率提取地表特征线的方法,以“嫦娥一号”CCD2C影像数据和LOLA激光高度计数据和LRO的宽视角影像数据为基础,以澄海为研究区域,进行线性构造的自动提取。研究区试验结果表明,文中提出的基于地形曲率的方法是可行的,并与人工解译的月岭结果进行对比,发现精确度更高,反映地形变化更为明显,为进一步研究构造演化提供基础,提高解译效率和精度。     

Response of vegetation pattern to different landform and water-table depth in Hailiutu River basin,Northwestern China

The spatial distribution of vegetation pattern and vegetation cover fraction (VCF) was quantified with remote sensing data in the Hailiutu River basin, a semiarid area in North China. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) values for 4 years from 2008 to 2011 and field observation data were used to assess the impact of climate factors, landform and depth to water table on vegetation distribution at large scale. In the VCF map, 74 % of the study area is covered with low and low–medium density vegetation, 24 % of the catchment is occupied by medium–high and high-density vegetation, and 2 % of area is bare soil. The relationship between NDVI and climate factors indicated that NDVI is correlated with relative humidity and precipitation. In the river catchment, NDVI increases gradually from landform of sand dune, eolian sand soil to river valley; 92.4 % of low NDVI from 0.15 to 0.3 is mostly distributed in sand dunes and the vegetation type is shrubs. Crops, shrubs and some dry willows dominate in eolian sand soil and 82.5 % of the NDVI varies between 0.2 and 0.35. In the river valley, 70.4 % of NDVI ranges between 0.25 and 0.4, and grass, dry willow and some crops are the main plants. Shrubs development of Korshinsk peashrub and Salix psammophila are dependent on groundwater by analyzing NDVI response to groundwater depth. However, NDVI of Artemisia desertorum had little sensitivity to groundwater.     

Correlation of lineaments and groundwater quality in Dasht-e-Arjan Fars,SW of Iran

The NE-oriented Dasht-e-Arjan graben is located 65 km west of Shiraz and has resulted from the active Kare-e-Bas fault segmentations. This extensional graben bounded by two fault system east-Arjan and west-Arjan to the Shahneshin and Salamati anticline. In these study using Landsat 7 ETM images with resolution 2.5 m and directional filtering in the four azimuths and semi-automatic technique for linear structure in the study area. Using the obtained data from extracted lineaments, the rose diagrams of the main strike lineaments are well confirm with field measurements of faults with N56° ± 4°E direction. The structural lineaments of the study area show that the Dasht-e-Arjan area is underlain by the limestone, sandstone, and marl. LANDSAT imagery of the area has been analyzed and interpreted in order to determine the lineament and groundwater quality across the area. The fracture is structurally controlled and mostly influences both the groundwater and surface water pollution and flow directions in the Dasht-e-Arjan. Using visual interpretation, determining the lineaments on the satellite image is very difficult and subjective, and it requires an experienced interpreter. In this study, the lineament analysis is undertaken to examine the orientation of the lineament, the relationship between lineaments and tectonic features and groundwater quality. Lineament density maps show that the lineament density is high around areas. Areas having high lineament density represent areas with relatively high groundwater pollution. Field observations agreed with the results from the analysis of the imagery.     

Terrain characteristics and longitudinal,land use and land cover profiles behavior—a case study from Vamanapuram river basin,southern Kerala,India

The morphology of Vamanapuram river basin (VRB), southern Kerala, India has been studied by preparing longitudinal profiles from the source of VRB at Chemmunji Mottai (1,717 m) to its mouth at Muthalapallipozhy (Lakshadweep Sea). Survey of India topographical maps, Geocoded Satellite Imageries, Microsoft Excel and GIS software ILWIS 2.1 are used in this study. The morphometric analysis reveals that there are 1,489, 347, 79, 21, 6, 2 and 1 first-, second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, sixth- and seventh-order streams, respectively, in VRB, which are responsible for the present-day landform genesis. The mean bifurcation value of VRB is 3.49. The Ponmudi hills receive the highest rainfall in VRB in the Western Ghats Region and Attingal, the lowest in the Coastal Strand Plain. The six land use and land cover profile sections show the distribution of land use–land cover with respect to elevation and depth to water level. The study reveals that mid and high lands generally occupy lower order streams up to fourth order and generally originate from linear ridge, hill crest, rocky slope (scarp face), side slope (S3)/slope 10–15° and hilly terrain.     

南昌梅岭花岗岩地貌景观特征及其形成发育规律

花岗岩地貌具有独有的景观特征和演化规律,本文对江西南昌梅岭地区新元古代花岗岩地貌景观特征、空间分布规律和成因演化规律进行了系统分析与总结.梅岭花岗岩地貌主要发育于新元古代花岗岩之上,并在岩性、区域断裂和气候控制的风化侵蚀作用下,逐步形成了以崩塌倒石堆积、石蛋为特色的花岗岩低山丘陵地貌;新生代以来,梅岭地区长期受到太平洋...     

Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in vegetation recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat data

The 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 damaged the ecology of northwestern Sichuan, China. This study assessed ecological changes within a few years of the earthquake through satellite observations of vegetation dynamics in the earthquake area. As an ecological indicator, the fractional vegetation cover was extracted using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on multi-year Landsat images and was validated using airborne images. We found that the entire mountainous disaster area had recovered by 68.45 % 3 years after the 2008 earthquake. After rapid recovery of vegetation in 2009, the recovery process slowed. The vegetation recovery rate (VRR) in the area heavily damaged by landslides was slightly lower but nearly that of the entire disaster area. In addition, because of differences in the proportions of soil and rock in the damaged areas, recovery of vegetation in the southwest portion of the study area was slower than in the northeast areas. Topographic analysis of vegetation recovery patterns indicated that damage to vegetation was closely related to slope, while recovery of vegetation was more sensitive to elevation. The landscape analysis showed that the recovery rate (65.21 %) of the excellent vegetation cover type was slower than the overall VRR. This study suggests that vegetation recovery is a slow ecological process and that ecological restoration should be implemented in mountainous regions affected by the earthquake.     

Analysis of Ezinepazarı–Sungurlu Fault Zone (Turkey) using Landsat TM data and its kinematic implications

The study area is located between Çorum and Amasya along the Ezinepazar?–Sungurlu Fault Zone (ESFZ) which is regarded as the splay of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). By this study, the 1/25,000 scaled geological map of the study area was prepared, and its stratigraphic and tectonic characteristics were unraveled as a result of palaeontological and petrographical analyses of the samples collected from different rock units. Particularly, geologic ages of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Ferhatkaya and Carcurum and Middle Eocene Çekerek formations were provided from palaeontological determinations. Using Landsat TM and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 3 (SRTM 3) data of the region, the borders between the rock units and the tectonic characteristics in the study area were clarified by spectral and spatial enhancement methods. Kinematic characteristics of ESFZ obtained from the young sedimentary rocks along both sides of the fault zone were also inferred in this study. Understanding the kinematic and geometrical characteristics of the faults is important in terms of the seismotectonics of the region. In the statistical study conducted on the basis of the directions of the lineaments indicates the highest concentrations in general between N 50° - 60° E and N 60° - 70° E. Band 7 of the study area was enlightened in SE direction taking into consideration the relation of the geologic structures in the region with NAFZ and ESFZ and their general strike directions. Along with the formation of NAFZ, the region has undergone a counterclockwise rotation of approximately 20°–30°, which has developed between the “splay” faults in the south block of that fault. These faults are strike-slip faults formed under the compressional regime roughly in a NW–SE direction. It is noted that this tectonic regime has developed under compression in NW–SE direction, which was dominant in similar kinematic analysis studies conducted on NAFZ.     

Groundwater potential index in a crystalline terrain using remote sensing data

Demand for groundwater for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes has increased due to uncertainty in the surface water supply. Agriculture is the main occupation of the rural people in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Development of groundwater in the district is very less, indicating a lot of scope for further development of groundwater resources. However, assessment of groundwater conditions, particularly in a crystalline terrain, is a complex task because of variations in weathering and fracturing zones from place to place. Systematic studies for evaluation of groundwater potential zones have been carried out in a crystalline terrain of the district. Information on soils, geological formations and groundwater conditions is collected during the hydrogeological survey. Topographical and drainage conditions are derived from the Survey of India topographical maps. Geomorphological units and associated landform features inferred and delineated from the Indian remote sensing satellite imagery (IRS ID LISS III FCC) are moderately buried pediplain (BPM), shallow buried pediplain (BPS), valley fills (VF), structural hill (SH), residual hills (RH), lineaments and land use/land cover. A groundwater potential index (GPI) is computed for relative evaluation of groundwater potential zones in the study area by integrating all the related factors of occurrence and movement of groundwater resources. Accordingly, the landforms, BPM, BPS, VF, SH and RH, of the area are categorized as very good groundwater potential zone, good to moderate groundwater potential zone, moderate to poor groundwater potential zone, poor to very poor groundwater potential zone and very poor groundwater potential zone, respectively, for development and utilization of both groundwater and surface water resources for eliminating water scarcity. This study could help to improve the agrarian economy for better living conditions of the rural people. Taking the total weight-score of the GPI into account, a generalized classification of groundwater potential zones is evaluated for a quick assessment of the occurrence of groundwater resources on regional scale.     

Temporal and spatial changes of karst rocky desertification in ecological reconstruction region of Southwest China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD), as a process of soil degradation, is a limiting factor on enhancing the life condition of people in Southwest China. Fortunately, Chinese governments at different levels had taken it seriously, and the ‘Green for Grain’ program was initiated to treat and protect the fragile environment. In order to assess the dynamic change of KRD and improve the treatment of it in the future, Pingguo County, one of the ‘one hundred typical counties for karst rocky desertification control in China,’ was chosen as the study area. The results indicated that the evolution process of KRD landforms in the county might be divided into two phases: degradation phase (1994–2001) and ecological reconstruction phase (2001–2009). In the degradation phase, the area of non-KRD landform decreased from 1,132.02 km² in 1994 to 1,056.42 km² in 2001. In this phase, the area of non-KRD landform lost 5.51 % to KRD landforms, which mainly transferred to slight KRD landform with an area of 35.55 km² counting for 3.14 %. In another hand, the area of non-KRD gained 27.85 km², mainly from the slight KRD landform. As a result the area of non-KRD was reduced, meaning that the evolution of KRD became serious. In this phrase, the dynamic change degree of the slight KRD landform was the minimum, and the area of it was the largest among the three KRD landforms. Therefore, transition of slight KRD landform was the main transition type in this phase. The area of slight KRD landforms increased 38.77 km² in the county, which mostly took place in the middle and southwest karst regions. In ecological reconstruction phase, the area of non-KRD landform increased to 1,091.90 km² in 2009. In this phase, non-KRD landform gained an area of 22.82 km² and lost an area of 26.73 km², major of which from or to the slight KRD landform. Therefore, the area of non-KRD landform was increased, implying that the evolution of KRD became alleviated. In this phase, transition of slight KRD landform was also the dominant transition type. The decreased area of slight KRD landform was the largest among severe, moderate and slight KRD cases in the southwest karst region, where the ecological reconstruction projects were initiated. The efficient degrees of KRD landforms in southwest karst region were the largest in the four karst regions in this county. This study results may provide a consultant for rocky desertification control and ecological restoration in the future.     

Geomorphic observations from southwestern terminus of Palghat Gap,south India and their tectonic implications

The region around Wadakkancheri, Trichur District, Kerala is known for microseismic activity, since 1989. Studies, subsequent to 2nd December 1994 (M =4.3) earthquake, identified a south dipping active fault (Desamangalam Fault) that may have influenced the course of Bharathapuzha River. The ongoing seismicity is concentrated on southeast of Wadakkancheri and the present study concentrated further south of Desamangalam Fault. The present study identifies the northwestern continuity of NW–SE trending Periyar lineament, which appears to have been segmented in the area. To identify the subtle landform modifications induced by ongoing tectonic adjustments, we focused on morphometric analysis. The NW–SE trending lineaments appear to be controlling the sinuosity of smaller rivers in the area, and most of the elongated drainage basins follow the same trend. The anomalies shown in conventional morphometric parameters, used for defining basins, are also closely associated with the NW–SE trending Periyar lineament/s. A number of brittle faults that appear to have been moved are consistent with the present stress regime and these are identified along the NW–SE trending lineaments. The current seismic activities also coincide with the zone of these lineaments as well as at the southeastern end of Periyar lineament. These observations suggest that the NW–SE trending Periyar lineaments/faults may be responding to the present N–S trending compressional stress regime and reflected as the subtle readjustments of the drainage configuration in the area.     

A monitoring framework for land use around kaolin mining areas through Landsat TM images

Sustainable management of land requires regular acquisition of qualitative information regarding the status of its use. It is especially important to track the changes relating to the land’s competitive development needs such as mining. The field-based monitoring of a mine with a wide footprint is expensive and time-consuming. Remote sensing techniques have been developed and demonstrated as cost-effective alternatives for the conventional methods of land use/land cover (LULC) monitoring. In this study, the land cover changes that occurred between the year of 2000 and 2009 in a kaolin mining and processing area in the Kutch region of India are mapped using two Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images. For this purpose, the spectral signature of the land covers including vegetation cover and kaolin were determined and matched filtering (MF) method was applied to classify the images. The overall accuracy of the classified 2009 image was estimated for the kaolin and the vegetation cover to 89.5 and 86.0 % respectively. The change in the land use which occurred from 2000 to 2009 were quantified and analysed for both classes. This study provided a practical framework for rapid mapping of the land cover changes around open-cut kaolin mining area using freely available Landsat data.     

1∶25万常德市幅构造-沉积地貌类型划分及其对江汉—洞庭盆地第四纪地质与环境研究的启示

1:25万常德市幅自西向东跨武陵隆起和江汉—洞庭盆地,具复杂的第四纪隆-凹构造格局。以详细地表调查和大量第四系钻孔资料为基础,以第四纪构造活动、沉积作用以及现今地势高低和地貌形态特征为主要依据,对1∶25万常德市幅进行了构造-沉积地貌类型的划分与编图。构造-沉积地貌类型是以第四纪地质作用为依据对传统地貌类型和地貌单元所作的分解和细化。研究区共厘定出抬升剥蚀中低山(Ⅰ)、抬升剥蚀丘陵(Ⅱ)、沉积-抬蚀丘陵(Ⅲ)、沉积-抬蚀岗状平原(Ⅳ)、残坡积岗状平原(Ⅴ)、孤山(Ⅵ)、沉降沉积-抬蚀岗状平原(Ⅶ)、沉降沉积-抬升波状平原(Ⅷ)、稳定沉积低平原(Ⅸ)、沉降沉积低平原(Ⅹ)等10种构造-沉积地貌类型。详细的解析表明,不同构造-沉积地貌类型的地表高程、第四纪地壳升降特征、风化剥蚀和沉积作用等各具特征。构造-沉积地貌类型的划分及其地貌图的编制,不仅反映出地表地理环境暨地貌特征,同时提供了直观表达不同地区第四纪地层、构造特征及其反映的地质与环境演化过程的有效途径,有助于促进和深化江汉-洞庭盆地第四纪地质与环境研究。     

Morphometric classification of the biosphere reserve “Eastern Carpathians” (Central Europe) with self-organizing map

In this paper, we propose a semiautomatic method for landscape analysis of biosphere reserve Eastern Carpathians with both spectral and morphometric constituents. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) has provided digital elevation models for approximately 80 % of the earth’s land surface. SRTM data are used to calculate first derivatives (slope) and second derivatives of elevation (such as minimum curvature, maximum curvatures, and cross-sectional curvature) by fitting a bivariate quadratic surface with a window size of 9 by 9. Together with multispectral remote sensing data like Landsat 7 ETM+ with 28.5 m raster elements, these data provide comprehensive information for the analysis of the landscape in the study area. Unsupervised neural network algorithm—self-organizing map—divided all input vectors into inclusive and exhaustive classes on the basis of similarity between attribute vectors. An optimal self-organizing map with 21 classes using 1,000 iterations and a final neighborhood radius of 0.05 provided a low average quantization error of 0.3394 and was used for further analysis. Morphometric analysis, spectral signature analysis, and feature space analysis are used to assign semantic meaning to the classes as landscape elements according to form, cover, and slope, e.g., deciduous forest on ridge (convex landform) with steep slopes. The results revealed the efficiency of self-organizing map to integrate SRTM and Landsat data for landscape classification. This makes it possible to develop an alternative method for fast assessment and comparison of landscapes over large areas. This procedure is reproducible for the same applications with consistent results.     

Influence of vegetation factors on biological soil crust cover on rehabilitated grassland in the hilly Loess Plateau, China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) perform essential ecosystem functions in arid and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide. The formation, development, and distribution of BSCs are influenced by changes in multiple environmental factors, including changes in the vascular plant community. The influence of changes in vegetation factors on BSC cover in 8-, 12-, and 16-year-old rehabilitated grasslands were studied in the hilly area of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The rate of degradation of BSCs underneath litter (P < 0.01) and the degradation cover of BSCs (P < 0.05) differed significantly between the 8- and 16-year-old successions. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the main vegetation factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover differed among the 8-, 12-, and 16-year-old rehabilitated grasslands. Basal cover, phytomass, and litter cover were the main vegetation factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover on 8-year-old rehabilitated grassland. Phytomass, litter thickness, and litter cover were the main factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover on 12-year-old rehabilitated grassland. On 16-year-old rehabilitated grassland, Pielou evenness index, litter thickness, and litter biomass were the main vegetation factors influencing degradation of BSC cover underneath litter, whereas basal cover, litter thickness, and litter biomass were the main vegetation factors influencing the degradation cover of BSCs. At particular stages of herbaceous succession, vegetation factors can have a large influence on changes in the community’s basal cover and litter, which are key factors influencing changes in BSC cover. The degradation of BSCs underneath litter may be a result of complicated eco-physiological processes.     

土壤生态分区与土地利用规划研究——以四平市幅为例

研究区属松辽盆地内的断陷平原，按区域地质构造、地貌单元及生态类型整体相似，可统一将本区划为土壤生态区；按区内次级地质构造和地貌单元及生态类型的局部差异，将本区划分为剥蚀构造岗丘生态亚区、波状黄土台地（平原）生态亚区、河谷漫滩及平坦冲积平原亚区；按微地形、成土母质、土壤类型的不同，进一步划分土壤生态片。此种划分客观反映了土壤生态条件和生产力的差异，有利于土地资源潜力的充分发挥和科学的管理。这是一种新的土地利用规划尝试。     

Analyzing and modeling of a large river basin dynamics applying integrated cellular automata and Markov model

Historical and exact information about the land use/land cover change is very important for regional sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to determine the rapid changes in land use/land cover (LULC) pattern due to agriculture expansion, environmental calamities such as flood and government policies over Upper Narmada basin, India. Multi-temporal Landsat satellite images for years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2015 were used to analyze and monitor the changes in LULC with an overall accuracy of more than 85%. Results revealed a potential decrease in natural vegetation (? 9.52%) due to the expansion of settlement (+ 0.52%) and cropland (+ 9.43%) from 1990 to 2015. In the present study, Cellular Automata and Markov (CA–Markov), an integrated tool was used to project the short-term LULC map of year 2030. The projected LULC (2030) indicated the expansion of built-up area along with the cropland and degradation in the vegetation area. The outcomes from the study can help as a guiding tool for protection of natural vegetation and the management of the built-up area. Additionally, it will help in devising the strategies to utilize every bit of land in the study area for decision makers.