古老的海胆

正海胆是棘皮动物门海胆纲动物的统称,是海洋里的古老生物,许多灭绝种是古生代和中生代的标志化石,现存900余种。海胆分布世界各海洋,其中以印度洋-西太平洋区种类最多。海胆垂直分布从潮间带到水深7000米,栖息于各种底质,包括硬的石底、贝壳底和珊瑚礁底,软的沙底、泥沙底及软泥底。楯形海胆多潜伏在沙滩表面。心形海胆穴居在沙底或泥沙底。     

海胆和海参的四环素标记

近年来,我国的水产养殖事业蓬勃发展,海参作为海珍品养殖对象日益受到人们的重视,海胆的人工养殖也正在探索中。但对海参和海胆生物学方面的研究却报道得很少,特别是标记方法和生物学方面的资料更少。本文仅介绍一种新的棘皮动物标记法——四环素法,并且通过对标记部位的测量来计算其生长。 从50年代中期开始,人们就发现四环素能够固着在骨骼上,到60年代,许多资料都证实了四环素能够在哺乳动物的骨骼和牙质上固着。由于四环素在紫外线照射下能够发出明亮的萤光,所以给检测带来了方便。Kobayashi和Taki于1969年首次成功地利用四环素对海胆进行了标记,用来研究海胆壳的生长过     

基于线粒体16S rRNA与COI基因序列的刻肋海胆属系统发育研究

本研究以16S rRNA和细胞色素氧化酶I(Cytochrome oxidase subunit I,COI)基因片段序列为标记,以杂色角孔海胆(Salmacis sphaeroides)为外群,基于距离法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)和最大似然法(ML)分别构建分子系统树,对刻肋海胆属(Temnopleu rus)进行了系统发育学研究.结果表明,哈氏刻肋海胆、细雕刻肋海胆、T.alexandri三者亲缘关系较近,芮氏刻肋海胆和T.michaelseni亲缘关系较近.两个基因片段的核苷酸替代速率顺序为COI＞ 16S rRNA.以3.49％/百万年的核苷酸分歧速率应用于5种海胆的COI基因片段,推断5种海胆分化事件主要发生在约500～590万年前,为中新世晚期(Late Miocene)或上新世早期(Early Pliocene).     

东海大陆架区海胆分类研究

海胆是重要的大型海洋底栖生物类群之一，某些海胆既是人工养殖对象，又是捕捞对象。因此，对海胆进行分类研究，摸清其地理分布特点，对合理利用海胆资源以及生物多样性研究都可提供基本科学依据。 对我国海胆的分类学研究始于1948年，当时张凤瀛先生对青岛的6种海胆进行了描述(张凤瀛，1948)。1957年张凤瀛和吴宝铃先生对广东沿海的37种海胆进行了研究(张凤瀛等，1957)。张凤瀛先生等1964年在《中国动物图谱，棘皮动物门》中记录了30种我国常见海胆(张凤瀛等，1964)。廖玉麟先生在20世纪70年代对西沙群岛的棘皮动物进行了分类研究，其中包括26种海胆(廖玉麟，1978)。 中国科学院海洋研究所于1958-1982年在东海大陆架进行过多次的综合性海洋调查。调查范围:26°~33°45′N，122°~129°E。该海域的底栖生物种类繁多，多样性丰度高。本文对中国科学院海洋研究所历年采自东海大陆架的海胆进行了较系统的研究，共包括21种，隶属于7目、11科、17属。其中有11种在我国是首次记录。名录如下，有*者为新记录。     

西沙群岛的棘皮动物 Ⅲ.海胆纲

本文是西沙群岛棘皮动物研究报告的第三部分一海胆纲。根据的材料是中国科学院海洋研究所1956-1958和1975年先后在我国西沙群岛采集的标本。研究了海胆纲标本共192个。鉴定为26种(包括3亚种),分隶于7目,13科,21属,内有一新种,有8种在我国动物区系中是增添的(下列名录中有*号者)。 本文所描述的海胆类,是依据 Mortensen(1928-1951)在“海胆专著”(A monograph of the Echinoidea)的分类系统排列的。     

紫海胆浮游幼虫人工诱导变态试验

海胆人工苗个体生长差异很大［１］。浮游幼虫变态参差不齐是造成附着后个体生长差异的重要原因。所以,人工诱导浮游幼虫变态在海胆苗种生产中具有重要的现实意义。作者于１９９９年在紫海胆 (Ａｎｔｈｏｃｉｄａｒｉｓｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｉｎａ)人工育苗试验中,发现紫海胆浮游幼虫变态时间差异很大,早的１１ｄ(受精后 )即变态,而迟的２５ｄ仍未变态。１材料与方法１．１材料人工催产、授精,人工培育的紫海胆幼虫,采用受精后１８ｄ的八腕长腕幼虫进行实验。１．２方法１．２．１５００ｍｌ玻璃烧杯,每个放紫海胆浮游幼虫约１００只,用…     

刻肋海胆科4种海胆叉棘超微结构的研究

叉棘是海胆的重要组成器官。不同种类海胆叉棘结构的异同,不仅有助于海胆的种类鉴定,对海胆生物学研究同样具有重要意义。实验采用扫描电镜技术,对刻肋海胆科中4种海胆的常见叉棘进行研究。结果表明:4种海胆常见叉棘均分为4种类型:球形叉棘、三叉叉棘、三叶叉棘、蛇首叉棘;各种叉棘的显微结构特征具有明显的种间差异。建议将叉棘结构作为物种鉴定的依据。     

中间球海胆人工育苗附着基改良及不同规格种苗养殖效果的比较

人工育苗是我国培育中间球海胆养殖业种苗的主要手段,然而传统的海胆附着基的人工育苗效果不尽如人意,尤其是在控制稚胆剥离损伤方面。目前,海上吊笼养殖是中间球海胆人工养殖最主要的养成方式之一,而随着室内工厂化养殖技术的更新和优化,海胆的室内工厂化养殖产业发展迅速并受到广泛关注。为探明以软质塑料膜作为中间球海胆附着基的育苗效果以及不同规格种苗养殖的效果,分别使用硬质波纹板和软质塑料膜作附着基进行中间球海胆人工育苗,并开展了大、小两种规格（壳径分别为0.5 cm和2.0 cm）的海胆种苗室内工厂化养殖和海区养殖研究,旨在明确软质塑料膜替代传统硬质波纹板作海胆育苗附着基的可行性以及中间球海胆室内工厂化养殖和海区养殖效果的优劣。实验结果表明：软质塑料膜在采苗效率方面与波纹板无异,但在促进稚胆生长和提高存活率方面优势显著（p<0.05）;在不同规格中间球海胆种苗的工厂化养殖和海上养成研究中,相同养殖条件下,养殖12月龄的大规格种苗相较于小规格种苗在生长和存活方面优势显著（p<0.05）,同时工厂化养殖能确保更高的养殖成活率和更优的生长性能（p<0.05）,然而中间球海胆的工厂化养殖在...     

东海大陆架区海胆分类研究

海胆是重要的大型海洋底栖生物类群之一,某些海胆既是人工养殖对象,又是捕捞对象。因此,对海胆进行分类研究,摸清其地理分布特点,对合理利用海胆资源以及生物多样性研究都可提供基本科学依据。 对我国海胆的分类学研究始于1948年,当时张凤瀛先生对青岛的6种海胆进行了描述(张凤瀛,1948)。1957年张凤瀛和吴宝铃先生对广东沿海的37种海胆进行了研究(张凤瀛等,1957)。张凤瀛先生等1964年在《中国动物图谱,棘皮动物门》中记录了30种我国常见海胆(张凤瀛等,1964)。廖玉麟先生在20世纪70年代对西沙群岛的棘皮动物进行了分类研究,其中包括26种海胆(廖玉麟,1978)。     

柔海胆科(Echinothuriidae)3个属叉棘超微结构的研究

海胆的叉棘是海胆御敌、清除体表异物的重要器官,其形状在海胆的分类上具有重要意义。本文通过扫描电子显微镜对西太平洋海山区柔海胆科软海胆属Araeosoma、兜海胆属Sperosoma和革海胆属Hygrosoma的叉棘形态与结构特征进行研究,并提供了柔海胆科属的检索表。结果表明:柔海胆有三种常见的叉棘形式,三叉叉棘、三叶叉棘和指状叉棘。三叉叉棘和三叶叉棘在3个属中均存在,指状叉棘只在软海胆属中存在,三叶叉棘和指状叉棘的超微结构变化比较细微,三叉叉棘的超微结构特征具有明显的种属间差异。建议将叉棘的种类和结构作为柔海胆科的分类依据。     

Small macro‐benthic invertebrates influence the survival,growth and behaviour of juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in the laboratory

Recent settlers of many marine benthic invertebrates are cryptic, which exposes them to a suite of animals that differs from those they may experience as adults, potentially resulting in interactions causing mortality and/or reducing growth. Previous field experiments have indicated that such is the case with small juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis but which taxa are responsible for the mortality and reduced growth was not determined. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of small macro‐benthic invertebrates, specifically chitons, scaleworms and larger juvenile conspecifics, as well as the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms, on the mortality, growth and behaviour of small (<3 mm) juvenile sea urchins. The likelihood of survival of small juvenile sea urchins was lower in the presence of larger juvenile sea urchins or with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms than in the absence of animals. The small juvenile sea urchins survived and grew the best when they were with chitons and scaleworms. The behaviour of small sea urchins with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms was more cryptic than the behaviour of urchins with scaleworms. This study indicates that interactions with the suite of small organisms living amongst cobbles can affect survival, growth and behaviour of small juvenile sea urchins, and that larger juvenile sea urchins can be a source of mortality for smaller conspecifics.     

Fitness‐related consequences shed light on the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis

We know of no comparative assessment on the benefits and costs of long‐term covering and sheltering behaviors in sea urchins. The present study investigated the long‐term effects of conditions suitable for sheltering and covering behaviors on fitness‐related traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis. In general, conditions suitable for covering and sheltering behaviors significantly affected the fitness‐related traits of G. crenularis in a long‐term laboratory study of 31 months. Glyptocidaris crenularis kept in conditions suitable for sheltering behavior (bricks with openings) showed significantly lower test size, body weight, organ (test, lantern, gonad and gut) weights, gonad index and slower gonad development than those kept in conditions suitable for covering behavior (presence of shells) and the control conditions (without conditions for covering and sheltering). However, the index of maximum pressure resistance of the test was significantly higher in G. crenularis kept in the sheltering conditions than those in the covering and control conditions. The present study provides new insight into the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors and has implications for the conservation and aquaculture of sea urchins.     

Low densities of sea urchins influence the structure of algal assemblages in the western Mediterranean

Numerous studies of interactions between urchins and algae in temperate areas have shown an important structuring effect of sea urchin populations. These studies focused almost wholly on the effect of high urchin densities on laminarian forests. In contrast, algal communities below 5–6 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean are characterised by low sea urchin densities (<5 ind m⁻²) and the absence of laminarian forests. No previous research has addressed sea urchin/algal interactions in this type of community. To determine the effect of the most abundant echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus, on well-established algal communities in this area, we performed a removal–reintroduction experiment in rocky patches located between 13 and 16 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean, where sea urchin densities ranged between 0.9 and 3.4 ind m⁻². After 6 months, the cover of non-crustose algae was significantly higher in the plots from which sea urchins had been removed than in control plots (84 vs 67% cover). These removal plots reverted to their original state upon reintroduction of sea urchins. The non-crustose algae consisted of turfing and frondose forms, with the former representing some 70% of the non-crustose algal cover. Change in the cover of turfing algae was responsible for the significant increase in algal development in the sea urchin removal plots. The response of frondose algae to the treatment varied between algal species. It is concluded that grazing by P. lividus exerts a significant effect on habitat structure, even in communities with low sea urchin densities, such as those found in vast areas of the Mediterranean sublittoral.     

HY-2卫星雷达高度计时标偏差估算

卫星雷达高度计是海洋遥感监测的重要传感器之一,测高系统和定轨系统是高度计重要的组成部分。若两系统使用不同的系统时钟,则获得的轨道高度和卫星测距值之间可能会存在一个时标偏差,该时标偏差会降低卫星雷达高度计的海面高度测量精度。针对HY-2卫星雷达高度计的时标偏差问题,本文分析了时标偏差对测高精度的影响,介绍了一种使用自交叉点数据估算时标偏差值的方法,并基于HY-2卫星雷达高度计第21个周期数据开展了时标偏差修正实验。时标偏差修正后HY-2自交叉点的海面高度差值(也称"不符值")分布收敛程度有了明显的提高,其RMS均方根值从24.7 cm减小到了7.0 cm,HY-2与Jason-2互交叉点的不符值的RMS也从16.6 cm减小到了7.3 cm。这表明本文介绍的时标偏差修正方法可有效地提高HY-2卫星雷达高度计的测高精度。     

The impact of rising sea temperature on innate immune parameters in the tropical subtidal sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter

Ocean temperatures are rising throughout the world, making it necessary to evaluate the impact of these temperature changes on sea urchins, which are well-known bioindicators. This study evaluated the effect of an increase in temperature on the immune response of the subtidal Lytechinus variegatus and the intertidal Echinometra lucunter sea urchins. Both species were exposed to 20 (control), 25 and 30 °C temperatures for 24 h, 2, 7 and 14 days. Counting of coelomocytes and assays on the phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading of coelomocytes were performed. Red and colorless sphere cells were considered biomarkers for heat stress. Moreover, a significant decrease in the phagocytic indices and a decrease in both cell adhesion and cell spreading were observed at 25 and 30 °C for L. variegatus. For E. lucunter, the only alteration observed was for the cell proportions. This report shows how different species of sea urchins respond immunologically to rising temperatures.     

Evidence for a positive relationship between juvenile abalone Haliotis midae and the Sea urchin Parechinus angulosus in the South-Western Cape,South Africa

Previous field observations have suggested an association between the urchin Parechinus angulosus and juveniles of the abalone Haliotis midae. To test the generality and nature of this association, surveys were carried out at five sites between Cape Point and Danger Point in the kelp beds of the South-Western Cape, South Africa. These showed that both species occupy primarily hard substrata, showing preferences for encrusting coralline algae. They also confirmed a strong, positive relationship between urchins and juvenile abalone. Of the juvenile abalone sampled, more than 98% were found beneath sea urchins. All small (3–10 mm) and medium-sized(11–20 mm) juvenile abalone were under urchins, whether on flat or vertical reef, or in crevices. A small proportion (～10%) of larger juveniles(21–35 mm) was not found under urchins, and in these instances they occupied crevices instead. These findings are of particular importance in terms of their implications for the lucrative commercial abalone fishery in South Africa, indicating that urchins are of critical importance to the continued survival of viable abalone populations. There has been a dramatic decrease in natural populations of sea urchins over the past five years in the heart of the abalone fishing grounds, and the present findings suggest that this will lead to recruitment failure of abalone, because juvenile abalone seem dependent on the urchins. The long-term consequences for the industry may be crucial.     

Boulders or urchins? Selecting seeding sites for juvenile Haliotis midae along the Namaqualand coast of South Africa

The extent to which the relationship between juvenile abalone Haliotis midae and sea urchins Parechinus angulosus is induced by their physical habitat along the Namaqualand coast of South Africa was investigated. Correlation analyses between the proportion of abalone utilising sea urchins for refuge and the proportion of habitat defined as exposed were computed from 28 experimental seeding sites in Port Nolloth on the north-west coast of South Africa. A highly significant positive correlation was found (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). It was concluded that, along the Namaqualand coast, under-boulder habitat was the most important factor determining the survival of juvenile abalone (size 12–26mm). Site selection should therefore be based on the suitability of the physical substratum to provide shelter for juvenile abalone along that coast.     

Patterns of Activity of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus in the Bay of Port-Cros (Var, France, Mediterranean)

Abstract. Tagged individuals of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus followed in Port Cros Island showed mostly nocturnal movements, with individual peaks of activity which were not coordinated for the population during the night period. The straight line distance travelled in 24 h has a mean value of 49 cm, with a range of 0 to 240 cm. Neither sea urchin size nor depth affect activity. The urchins living on rocky substrate moved significantly more than those on seagrass beds. From one day to another, the distance travelled by the population of urchins varies significantly; this is not related to season. The activity is negatively correlated with the mean wind speed; during a period of turbulence lasting several hours, movement was significantly oriented to the deep. Periods of inactivity of 1 or 2 days were observed; they are not coordinated for the individuals followed, and the relation between feeding and movement is not clear. Urchins seem to stay in a quite small area, at least for some months.     

防海胆食害藻礁的设计及实验研究

人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果.为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的.研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据.